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TRANSACTIONS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
’ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
BV@ RY VE EE YOR AGR
1409.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
LONDON AND BUNGAY.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., ,
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN AND CoO,,
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK.
a owian Institue
o 22) Oe
MAY 14 1919
1909-1910.
frog Lime L
V5 AGT
Sa
DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.
Part rr {(ERans, p. 1-828) was published 4 June, 1909.
peels AC. ry 329-438, Proc., i-xxxii) was published 20 Sept., 1909.
eve (|e 439-514, °,, xxxin=lxxx))) 5 ol Dees ges,
Hy Jhoeweeleum) | 5. 30 Mar., 1910.
v
3
<
.
=
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
FouNDED, 1833.
INCORPORATED BY Royat CHARTER, 1885.
OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1910-1911.
President.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D.
Vice-Presidents.
KARL JORDAN, Ph.D.
GEORGE BLUNDELL LONGSTAFF, M.D.
CHARLES OWEN WATERHOUSE.
Treasurer.
ALBERT HUGH JONES.
Secretaries.
HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.
ComMANDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.
Librarian.
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S., A.L.S.
Otber Members of Council.
Pror. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.
G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.ZS.
MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.LS., F.Z.S., etc.
THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S.
ALBERT HARRISON, F.L.S., F.C.S.
SELWYN IMAGE, M.A.
HUGH MAIN, B.Sc.
ROWLAND E. TURNER.
JAMES W. TUTT.
Resident Inbrarian.
GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.H1st.S.
ey ee
Cys)
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Explanation of the Plates Vili
List of Fellows... ae oe ee ais ns asc - ix
Additions to the ee ae se 3 as cas = ep XKVI
Errata... Se bs see eee a ee 0 os Pry LoS
MEMOIRS.
PAGE
1. On the Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus, Fab., Hoplitis phyllo-
campa, n. sp.,and Eulophonotus myrmeleon, Feld. ; with descrip-
tions of the Imagines of the two Heterocera. ay RoLanD
TrimeNn, M.A., F.R.S. oS ae vas
II. Descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from Boliviaand Peru. ven E
Meyrick, B.A., Ss. ae ae es a tes
III. Revision of the Australian and Tasmanian MMJalacodermidae. By
ArtuHuR M. Lea, F.E.S., Government Entomologist, Tasmania
IV. Studies of the Blattidae. By R. Suetrorp, M.A., F.L.S.
VY. Birds as a Factor in the Production of Mimetic Resemblances
among Butterflies. By Guy A. K. MarsHatt, F.Z.S.
VI. New Malayan Rhynchota. By W. L. Distant, F.E.S.
VII. On the Origin and Ancestral Form of are 17 ding ae
By H. Sr. J. Donisruorre, F.Z.S.
VIII. On the Colonisation of New Nests of Ants by fog Raa cues
Coleoptera. By H.Sr. J. Donistuorr:, F.ZS.
IX. On Some New and Little-known pecearice Lycaenidae. By
Hamitton H. Druce, F.L.S., ete. ... “ce ie
X. A description of the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera, with a
view to giving a simpler and more certain Nomenclature to the
Alary System of Jurine. By Craupr Mortery,F.Z.S..
XI. New Genera of British “haa tdae eae: sks FRED. ieee
F.LS., F.E.S., F.R.M.S8 za 6c
XII. On a new genus and species of Noctuidae from Britain. ae Sir
GrorGE F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., ete. ...
XIII. A list of Chrysids taken by the writer in two visits to iets.
Jerusalem and Jericho, with descriptions of new species. By
the Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A., F.E.S. ae sa web se
XIV. An Account of some Experiments on the Edibility of certain
Lepidopterous Larvae, By H. Evrrineuam, M.A., F.Z.8 eS
. 431
. 439
449
. 461
. 465
. 471
(aya)
PAGE
XV. On the Characters and Relationships of the less-known groups of
Lamellicorn Coleoptera, with descriptions of new species of
Hybosorinae, etc. By GiLBert J. ARROW, F.E.S. eee ... 479
XVI. Two remarkable forms of Mantid oothecae. By R. SHELFORD,
ee aes a aa ... 009
M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8.
Proceedings for 1909 oe ‘iss ies ate Pris af ... I-)xxxvi
President’s Address a ae as “ae one tus .. [Xxxvii
General Index ae wae ee EE ae es ie es exliii
Special Index eT ies Ba0 a ae me wee ec exlix
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate I. See pages 1- 12 | Plate XVI. See pages 461-463
Plates II-VI. i 45-251 | Plate XVII. 5 509-514
Plates VII-IX. ae 253-327 | Plates A, B Ce See Xiv-xvili
Plate X. i 385-396 Plate C { eeedinen | iii
Plate XI. % 431-438 Plates D,E,F 8 elxii
Plates XII-XV. + 448-459
(pie)
Rist of Fellows
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Date of
HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.
1900 Auvurivitutus, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.
1905 Bottvar, Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid.
1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.
1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.
1906 GANGLBAUER, Custos Ludwig, Hof-Musewm, Vienna.
1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.
1908 OseErTHUR, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.
1906 Reuter, Professor Opo Morannat, The University, Helsingfors,
Finlond.
1895 ScuppgER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
1885 SNELLEN, P. C. T., Rotterdam.
1893 WarrEenwyt, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28,
Vienna.
1898 Wetsmann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden.
FELLOWS.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Marked * deceased during the year.
Date of
Election.
1908 AcKERLEY, F. B., c/o Messrs. Clarke Bros., and Brown, Ltd., P.O.
Box 2215, Johannesburg, South Africa.
1901 ¢ AparR, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.
1877 Avams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.8., 50, A shley-gardens, Victoria-
street, S.W.
1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.
1902 ApkxKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.
1885 AbxKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, 8.E.
1904 Acar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.
eae
1904 AxpeERsSON, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts.
1899 ANpDREws, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S8.0., Kent.
1908 AnprRos, Thomas G., Ph.D., Wilton-house, 31, St. Saviour’s-road,
Jersey.
1901 Awnrne, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.
1908 + AntRAM, Charles B., The Insectarium, Kanny-Koory, Silchar
P. 0., Cachar, India.
1907 Arnoxp, G., M.Sc., University of Liverpool, Liverpool.
1899 + Arrow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, 8.W.; and British
Musewm (Natural History), Cromawell-road, 8.W.
1907 AsuBy, Sydney R., 119, Greenvale-road, Hltham-park, Kent.
1886 Armorg, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.
1850 ¢ AveBuRY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S.,
etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
1901 Bacot, Arthur W., York Cottuge, York-hill, Loughton, Essex.
1904 ¢ BaGnaLL, Richard §., Penshaw Lodge, Penshaw, Durham.
1909 BaGwE.L-PurREFoy, Capt. Edward, 34, Sloane-Court, S.W.
1903 Baupock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.
1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.
1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer.
1886 BareaGul, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,
Florence, Italy.
1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Malvern, Natal, South Africa.
1887 * Barker, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, 8.E.
:1902 Barraup, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.
1907 Barter, H. Frederick D., 113, Richmond-park-road, Bourne-
mouth,
1894 + Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.
1904 Bayne, Arthur F., c/o Mrs. Freeman, Castle-street, Framlingham,
Suffolk.
1908 Bayrorp, E. G., 2 Rockingham-street, Barnsley.
1896 + Bearg, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., 10, Regent Terrace,
Edinburgh.
1908 BrcHeEr, Major Edward F., Cranfield Howse, Polzeath, St. Minver,
Cornwall.
1908 Beck, Richard, Sandihayes, Bitterne Park, Southampton.
1905 Brprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.8., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds.
1899 Brpwe 1, Ernest C., Bonnicot, The Grove, Coulsdon, Surrey.
1903 Brxu-Marury, H. W., c/o Messrs. Chiazzari and Co., P.O. Box 3,
Point 8.E., Natal.
1904 Brnersson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.
1897 Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings.
1906 Bernratt, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.
1885
1895
1880
1891
1904
1904
1889
1885
1909
1904
1886
1903
1907
1891
1902
1904
1892
1888
Chee
BerHune-BakeEr, George T., F.L.8., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
Brvay, Lieutenant H.G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich.
BIGNELL, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash.
BuaBeEr, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W.
Buack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.
Buarr, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.
BuANDFoRD, Walter F. H., M.A,, F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens,
Ladbroke-grove, W.
Buatuwavyt, Lt.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle House, Batheaston, Bath.
BLENKARN, Stanley A., Norham, Cromwell-road, Beckenham.
Buss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing, W.
BioomFigeLtD, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory,
Hastings.
Bogus, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet.
Bonnet, Alexandre, 54, Boulevard Bineau, Newilly-sur-Seine,
Seine, France.
Boortu, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth.
Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.
Bourgeois, Jules, Ste. Marie-awx-Mines, Markirch, Germany.
BouskE 1, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton.
Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.
1894 + Bowuzs, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.
1852 f Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E.
1893
1905
1907
1904
1877
1870
1894
1909
1902
1878
1904
BraBant, Edouard, Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),
France.
BRACKEN, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfre Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.
Brain, Charles Kimberlin, Government Experimental Station, Rose-
bank, Cape Colony.
BRIDGEMAN, Lieut. The Hon. Richard O. B., R.N., H.M.S.
“ Bramble,” China Station.
Briees, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N.
Devon.
Briaes, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N.
Devon.
Bricat, Percy M., Fairfield, Wimborne-road, Bournemouth.
Britten, Harry, Prospect House, Salkeld Dykes, Penrith.
Brovueuton, Captain T, Delves, R.E., R. A. and R. E. Mess, Malta.
Broun, Major Thomas, Mount Albert, Auckland, New Zealand.
Brown, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B.
1886 * Brown, John, 123, Mawson-road, Cambridge.
1909
Bryant, Gilbert E., Fir Grove, Esher, Surrey.
1898 + Bucnan-Heppury, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-
1907
Hepburn, Prestonkirk.
Boueip, Arthur, F.S.A., Wimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somersetshire.
1902 Buuer, Arthur Percival, Royal Societies Club, S.W.
( oxid - 9)
1896 | Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc., F.L.S8., F.Z.8., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., Hastry,
1909
S.0., Kent.
Burrows, The Rey. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-
Hope, Essex.
1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Lilies, Penge-road,
1883
1902
1905
1904
1902
1885
1898
1880
1889
1890
1894
1892
1895
1898
1868
1890
1895
1906
1900
1900
1903
Beckenham.
Butter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 56, Cecile-Park, Crouch End, N.
Butter, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.
BUTTERFIELD, Jas. A., B.Sc., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead.
Byatt, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (via Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.
Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. “ Attentive,’ Home Fleet.
CaMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e., Byrnllwydwyn,
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.
CanbDEzE, Léon, Mont St. Martin, 75, Liége.
CanspALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E.
Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, S.W.; and c/o Fredk. DuCane
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W.
Capper, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.
Caracciono, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British
West Indies. 2
CARPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, 8.W.
CARPENTER, G. H., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin.
CARPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.
CaRRINGTON, Charles, Meadowcroft, Horley, Surrey.
CarTER, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., Eccleshall Castle, Staffordshire.
Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C., and
Government House, Nassau, Bahamas.
Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales.
CarTER, J. W., 28, Mannheim-road, Bradford.
Cassau, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man.
CaTtrLE, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolnshire.
1889 } Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.
1900
1871
1891
1897
1902
1908
1889
1909
1909
1908
CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham.
CHAMPION, George C., F.Z.8., A.L.S., Lrprartan, Heatherside,
Horsell, Woking ; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.
CuapMANn, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., Betula, Reigate.
CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o Mrs. G. Lindgrin, 75, North-street, Greyville,
Durban.
CueETtI, Chourappa, The Government Museum, Bangalore, India.
Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.
Cuuss, Ernest C., The Rhodesia Museum, Bulwwayo, South Africa.
Crark, C. Turner, F.Z.S., 90, The Mall, Newport, Isle of Wight.
CuarK, Edgar L., Congella, Natal.
1867
1908
1908
1904
1873
1899
1906
Cus.)
CriarKk, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Harl’s Court, 8.W.
CLUTTERBUCK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathwville-road, Gloucester.
CLurreRBvcK, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United
Provinces, India.
Cockayne, Edward A., 16, Cumbridge-square, London, W.
Coz, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
CoLuin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
CottincE, Walter E., M.Sc., Director of the Cooper Research
Laboratory, Berkhamsted.
1901 * Connotp, Edward, F.Z.S., 1, St. Peter’s-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
1892
1867
1895
1909
1906
1890
Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcott House,
Taunton.
Cox, Herbert Ed., Claremont, Jamaica.
CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester,
Craw zy, W. E., Tollerton Hall, Nottingham.
CrawsHay, The Rev. George A., M.A., Melchbourn Vicarage,
Sharnbrook, 8.0., Beds.
Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.
1880 f Crisp, Sir Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., 17, Throgmorton-avenue, E.C.,
1907
1902
1908
1908
1901
1900
1907
1886
1905
1903
1898
1908
and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames.
Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Hyde-terruce, Leeds.
CruTtwELL, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Ewelme
Rectory, Wallingford.
Cuupin, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., Zhe Palace Hotel, Shanghai.
Curtis, W. Parkinson, Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset.
Dapp, Edward Martin, Annastrasse 6, Zehlendorf, bei Berlin.
Daue.isH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgov.
Dames, Felix L., 13, Humboldt-strasse, Steglitz, Berlin.
Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath,
S.E.
Davinson, James D., 32, Druwmsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.
Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle.
Day, G. O., Sahlatston, Diimcan’s Station, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia.
Dewar, W. R., Government Entomologist, Fruit Land, Ontario,
Canada.
Distant, Wm. Lucas, Shannon-lodge, Selhwrst-road, South Norwood,
S.E.
Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Presipent, Fellow and
Bursar of Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford.
Dogson, H. T., Jvy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.O., Surrey.
Dosson, Thomas, Park Avenue, The Park, Sharples, Bolton.
Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland.
Douiman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.
Dotiman, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W,
1906
1891
1885
1908
1884
1867
1900
1894
1907
1906
1883
1890
1865
1904
1902
1886
1884
1900
1900
1886
1903
1878
1886
1903
1908
1909
1899
1890
1907
1900
1861
1886
1908
( “xiv }
Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University, Birmingham.
DonistHorPe, Horace St. John K., F.Z.8., 58, Kensington-mansions,
South Kensington, 8.W.
Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., Ardmore, Passage West,
County Cork.
Dovetas-Crompron, Sydney, Carlton House, Kew-green, S.W.
Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 48, Circus-road, St. John’s
Wood, N.W.
Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood,
N.W.
Drory, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.
Duperon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington.
Durr, YEEND, Tokyo, Japan.
DUKINFIELD-JoONES, E., Castro, Reigate.
Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford.
Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.
Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., West House, Simondsbury,
Bridport, Dorset.
EcKForD, Geurge, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane,
Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland.
EDELSTEN, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.
Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.
Epwarbs, Stanley, F.L.8., F.Z.S8., 15, St. Germans-place, Black-
heath, S.E.
Exxiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.
Exuis, H. Willoughby, Holly Hill, Berkswell, Warwickshire.
Ex.is, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.
ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.S., Hastgarth, Westoe, South
Shields.
Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS. F.LS., F.Z.S., Colesborne,
Cheltenham.
Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, London, N.
ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. W.
Eustace, Eustace Mallabone, B.A., Challacombe Rectory, Parra-
combe, R.S.O., N. Devon, and Wellington College, Berks.
Evans, Frank J., The Botanical Department, Trinidad, B. WI.
FarMBoRoUGH, Percy W., Lower Edmonton, Middlesex.
Farn, Albert Brydges, Breinton Lodge, near Hereford.
FratuHErR, Walter, c/o British Somaliland Fibre and Development
Co., Berbera, Somaliland, E. Africa.
FetruaM, H. L. L., P. O. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.
Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 8.E,
Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.
Frnwick, Norman Percival, Junior, The Gables, New-road, Esher.
1889
1878
1900
1874
1905
1900
1898
( xv )
Frrnaxp, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.
Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W.
Firtu, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
Fitcu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon.
Fieer, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bowrnemouth.
Fiemyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co.
Waterford.
Fueroumr, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Wynton Hollow, Worple-road,
Wimbledon, S.W.
1883 + FLercuEr, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.
1905
1885
1900
1898
1880
1908
1896
1888
1903
1908
1891
FLoERsHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W.
Foxxer, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands,
FounKkss, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultwral College,
Newport, Salop.
Fountatng, Miss Margaret, Quex Lodge, West End-lane, West
Hampstead, N.W.
Fow1er, The Rey. Canon, D.Sc, M.A., F.L.S., Harley Vicarage,
near Reading,
Fraser, Frederick C., M.D., I.M.S., Trichinopoly, India.
FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.
FREMLIN, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Wereworth, Maidstone.
FrENcH, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia.
Froaeatt, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, 138, George-
street, Sydney, New South Wales.
FrowHawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh.
1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal
1900
1907
1876
1898
1887
1892
Colony.
Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.
Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Camos.
Fuuier, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, §.E.
FULLER, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
GaHaN, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford
Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-
road, S.W.
GARDE, Philip de la, R.N., Manor House, Shaldon, Teignmouth.
1890 GarRDNER, John, Laurel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool.
1901 + GARDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales.
1899 GeELDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford.
1906 +t Gisps, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Kitchener's Meads, St.
1908
1907
1902
Albans.
GIFFORD, Walter M., Kecanmoker-street, Honolulu, Hawai.
Gites, Henry Murray, Perth, W. Australia,
GILLANDERS, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick.
( sevr #)
1904 Gru1AtT, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex.
1865 | GopMan, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., South
Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.
1890 GoxLptHwalrT, Oliver C., Berisal Lake, near Sandown, I. of Wight.
1886 + Goopricu, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near
Bristol.
1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.
1898 Gorpon, J, G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown-
shire.
1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown-
shire.
1855 Gornam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., Highcroft, Great Malvern.
1909 Gowpbey, Carlton C., B.Sc., Uganda, British East Africa.
1891 + GREEN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon ; and Mote Hall, Bearsted, Kent.
1894 GreEEN, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, 8.E.
1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Cricklewood, N.W.
1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, Frithknowl, Elstree, Herts.
1893 | GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.
1888 GrirFitHs, G. C., F.Z.S., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Clifton, Bristol.
1894 GrimsHAw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
1905 Grist, Charles J., Apsley, Banstead, Surrey.
1869 Grosk-SmiTH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde
Park, W.
1909 Grosvenor, G. H., M.A., 3, Blackhall-road, Oxford.
1906 Guryyess, H. 8. A., Chesterfield, Blackrock, Cownty Dublin.
1906 GuRNEY, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.
1906 Hatt, Arthur, 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon.
1890 +t Hatt, A. E., Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts.
1885 Haut, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.
1898 Hamuiyn-Harris, R., D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Toowoomba Grammar
School, Queensland, Australia.
1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stunhope-
gardens, S.W.
1891 Hansury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Brockhurst, E. Grinstead.
1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 3757, Indiana Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.
1903 Hare, E. J., Dunham, Boscombe, Hants.
1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex.
1897 | Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South
Woodford, Essex.
1881 Henry, George, Ivy Bank, 112, London-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell-road, 8.W.
1903 Herrop, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton,
Beds.
( Jxvae ”)
1908 Hewirr, C. Gordon, D.Sec., Central Experimental Farm, Dept. of
Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.
1876 | Hituman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.
1907 Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Quex-lodge, West End Lane,
Hampstead, N.W.
1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,
Lytham.
1902 Hots, R.S8., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.
1887 Hottanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pitisburg,
Penn., U.S.A.
1898 Houtman-Hunt, C. B., Rim Estate, Jasin, Malacca.
1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.LS., 30, Thurlow-road,
Rosslyn Hill, N.W.
1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen.
1903 Hovaeurton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.
1907 +} Howarp, C. W., Entomologist Department of Agriculture, Box 255,
Lourengo Marques, Portuguese Hast Africa.
1900 Howes, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand.
1907 Howtert, Frank M., M.A., The Agricu’tural Department, Pusa,
Bengal, India.
1865 + Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol,
1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New
Zealand.
1907 Huauus, C. N., 3, Wyndham Place, Bryanston-square, W.
1897 Image, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Filzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W.
1908 Irpy, Captain Leonard Paul, Brook House, Eastry, S.0., Kent.
1891 IsapEtn, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall.
1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Assistant Entomologist, Department of
Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia.
1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Baulham-park-road, 8.W.
1907 Jacopr, Professor A., Ph.D., Director of the R. Zoological and
Anthrop.-Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony.
1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.
19C8 Jerrrey, G. W., The Alpine Gold Mining Co., Barberton, Transvaal.
1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, Lewes.
1899 Jennines, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.
1909 JxEpson, Frank P., Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands.
1886 JoxHn, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.
1907 Jouwnson, Charles Fielding, Mayfield, Brinington Crescent, Stockport.
1889 Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,
Co. Armagh.
1908 Jotcry, James J., 62, Finchley-road, N.W.
( xviii)
1888 Jones, Albert H., TREASURER, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.
1894 + JorDaNn, Dr. K., Vick-PRrestDENT, The Museum, Tring.
1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.
1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House,
Monaghan.
1884 Kappgt, A. W., F.LS., Linnean Society, Burlington House, W.
1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.
1896 + Kaye, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.
1907 Kertuy, Albert Ernest McClure, Assistant Entomologist, Department
of Agriculture, Natal, S.A.
1902 Kemp, Stanley W., The Indian Museum, Calcutta.
1890 Kenrick, Sir G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birming-
ham.
1904 KerrsHaAw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.
1901 KerrsHaw, John C., care of P.O., Macao, China.
1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.
1900 Krys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth,
1889 Kune, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economie Entomology at the West of
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-
side, Glasgow.
1861 KrrBy,Wilham F., F.L.8., Wilden, 46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W.
1893 KirKaupy, George Willis, 2553, Punnin-avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii.
1889 KLapALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.
1887 | Kuen, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.AS., Hatherlow, Raglan-road,
Reigate.
1908 Kwyipsen, Jens Marius, Noerre Nebel, Denmark.
1868 Lana, Colonel A. M., C.B., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford,
1900 * Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-
Seu.
1901 Laruy, Percy I., Fox Hall, Enfield.
1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
1908 Lawn, G. W., Tudor House, Wealdestone, Harrow.
1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania.
1901 Lxricu, George F., 45, Cuthbert’s Buildings, West-street, Durban,
Natal.
1909 LrtcH-CLars, Reginald L., c/o Messrs. Allen & Gledhill, Solicitors,
Singapore.
1892 Lxsuin, J. Henry, 45, Cecil Mansions, Marius-road, Balham, 8.W.
1898 Lerxasringr, Ambrose G., Guards Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.
1903 | Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks,
1898 Lewis, E.J., F.L.S., “ Stainmore,” South Hill, Bromley, Kent.
1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells.
1902 Lewis, J. H.
(orgie!)
1908 + Lewis, John Spedan, Spedan Towers, Hampstead, N.W., and 277,
Oxford-street, W.
1892 Lieutroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
1908 Lister, W. K., Street End House, Ash, near Dover.
1903 Lirrier, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Lawnceston, Tasmania,
1865 f Luewetyn, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart., M.A., F.LS.,
Penllergare, Swansea.
1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor.
1885 ¢ Luoyp, Robert Wylie, I, 5 and 6, The Albany, Piccadilly, W.
1903 LorrHouse, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
1908 Lonespon, D., 20, Holland-park, W.
1904 } Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.D., Vicz-PrusipEnt, Highlands,
Putney Heath, 8.W.
1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cupe
Town, S. Africa.
1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.
1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South
Australia.
1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, Sowth Australia.
1909 Lucas, Dr. T. P., Wakefield-buildings, Adelaide-street, Brisbane,
Australia.
1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on-Thames.
1904 Lurr, W. A., La Chawmiére, Brock-road, Guernsey.
1880 Lupron, Henry, Devonia, Torquay.
1903 LyeE.L, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.
1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.GS., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal,
Canada.
1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, Addlestone, Surrey.
1906 McCarrison, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras.
1887 M‘Doueat., James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, S.E.
1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.
1900 Macxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.
1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford,
N.E.
1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Grakam’s Town, Cape Colony.
1887 Manpers, Lieut.-Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., F.ZS., c/o Sir C.
McGrigor, 25, Charles-street, St. Jumes’s-square, 8. W.
1892 Mansprings, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertree, Liverpool.
1894 | MarsHaLL, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.
1895 MarsHatL, Guy Anstruther Knox, F.Z.S., 6, Chester-place, Hyde
Park-square, W.
1896 MarsHatt, P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines,
Dunedin, New Zealand.
1856 ¢ MarsHatt, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O.,
Kent.
(exces)
1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham.
1895 Massey, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.
1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House,
Dovercourt, Harwich.
1887 MarruHews, Coryndon, Blackfriars’ House, Plymouth.
1900 Maxwett-Lerroy, H., Entomologist to the Government of India,
Agricultural Institute, Pusa, Bengal.
1899 May, Harry Haden, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1904 MeapE-Watpo, Geoffrey, Hever Warren, Edenbridge, Kent.
1872 + Metpo.a, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., 6, Brunswick-square,
W.C.
1885 Metvitt, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Mede Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.
1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.
1906 Merriman, Gordon, 96, Pinchley-road, Hampstead, N.W.
1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Michael’s, Oxford.
1888 Mryer-Darcts, G., 5, Viale Poggio Imperiale, Florence.
1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.
1894 Mraz, Louis Compton, F.R.S., Norton Way, N. Letchworth.
1908 Mrppueton, Ivan E., 11, High-street, Serampore, Bengal.
1883 Mines, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.
1906 MircHeLt-HepGes, Frederic Albert, 70, Claverton-street, South
Belgravia, W.
1905 Mirrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W.
1896 Moserty, J. C., M.A., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton.
1879 Monreiro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,
Lisbon.
1902 Monteomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-
road, North Acton, W.
1899 Moore, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.
1907 Moors, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Holmefield, Oakholme-rd., Sheffield.
1886 Moreay, A. C. F., F.L.S., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.
1889 + Moricr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.
1895 + Morey, Claude, The Hill House, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk.
1907 Mortimer, Charles H., Wigmore, Holmwood.
1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.
1900 Moser, Julius, 59, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.
1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield.
1907 Movuron, John C., The Hall, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts.
1901 + Murr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Experiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, H.7T.
1869 + Mitier, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren-
zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.
1872 + Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 48, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road,
S.W.
1906 Muscuamp, Percy A. H., Institut, Stiéfa, nr. Zurich, Switzerland.
1909 Musuam, John F., 53, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks.
Ce et, » )
1903 Neave,S. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.
1896 NesHam, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W.
1889 Nevinson, Basil George, M.A. F.Z.8., 3, Tedworth-square,
Chelsea, S.W.
1901 Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.
1907 Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.
1909 NewstEap, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester.
1890 Newstead, R., Johnston Tropical Laboratory, University, Liverpool.
1900 NicHott, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire.
1909 NicHoxson, Gilbert, M.A., M.D., The Cancer Hospital, London, 8.W.
1886 NicHoxtson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.
1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.
1878 NorripGr, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.
1895 Norse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.
1908 Nurses, H. A., Botanical Department, Trinidad, B.W.TI.
1877 Opertutr, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.
1893 ¢ OaLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.
1873 OuivierR, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.
1895 Paces, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E,
1898 * PauuiseR, H. G., Holmwood, Addlestone, Surrey.
1907 Prap, Clement H., Bow 252, Bulwwayo, South Africa.
1883 PérRincuEY, Dr. Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South
Africa.
1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento-
mology, Honolulu, Hawaii.
1879 PrErRxKiIns, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.
1907 + Perrins, J. A. D., Ardross Castle, by Alness, N.B.
1900 Puiuips, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, The Cottage, Parkwood-road,
Tavistock.
1897 Puurtuips, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.8.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-
park, W.
1903 { Puiuurrs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, High-
bury, New Park, N.
1901 Pickert, C. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex.
1891 PuirRce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
1901 PirrarD, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Ilemel Hempstead.
1903 PincHER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Glowcester-
road, Kensington, S.W.
1885 Pou, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Driebergen, Netherlands.
1870 ¢ Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersjield.
1884 + Poutton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.
1905 Powe tt, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.
1906
1908
1878
1908
1904
1893
1900
1907
1874
1893
1898
1898
1894
1853
1908
1905
1892
( Wo eoeia?
Pratt, H.C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States,
Kuala Lumpur, Malay States.
Pratt, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.
Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.
PripEavx, Robert M., Woodlands, Brasted Chart, Sevenoaks.
PrISKE, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing.
Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E.
Rarinpow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W
Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, 3, Albert Mansions, Lansdowne Road,
Croydon.
REED, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
Rerp, Captain Savile G., late R.E., The Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.
Reuton, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.
Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.
Ripina, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Standlands, Buckerell, Honiton.
Ripon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S.,F.L.8.,
etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
Rippon, Claude, M.A., 28, Walton-street, Oxford.
Rospinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor.
Rosinson, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Catford, 8.E.
1869 | Ropinson-Dovaras, William Douglas, M.A, FLS., F.R.GS.,
1908
1909
1886
1907
1868
Orchardton, Castle Douglas.
Rogers, The Rev. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Rabai, Mombasa, British
Fast Africa.
Rotiason, Wm. Alfred, Lamorna, Truro, Cornwall.
Ross, Arthur J., Glanmor, Berkhamstead.
RosENBERG, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W.
Rotuney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper
Norwood, 8.E.
1894 | Roruscaitp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S8., F.Z.S.,
Arundel-house, Kensington Palace Gardens, W.
1888 | RoruscHintp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.8., F.Z.S., 148,
1890
1887
1903
1898
1892
1899).
1905
1906
Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.
RouriepcE, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.
RowLaANnD-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow
Weald.
Row.anps, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, nr. Bromsgrove.
RussELL, A., Wilverley, Dale-road, Purley.
RussELL, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.
Ryxes, William E., B.A., 14, Arthur-street, Nottingham.
St. Quintin, W. H., Scampion Hall, Rillington, York.
Sampson, Colonel F. Winns, 20 Arundel Mansions, S.W., and Junior
Carlton Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.
Gee. be vig
1865 | SaunpERs, Edward, F.R.S., F.L.S., St Ann’s, Mount Hermon,
Woking.
1861 + SaunpErs, G. S., F.L.S., Littlethorpe, Furze Hill, Burgh Heath,
1886
1901
1907
1881
1909
1862
1902
1886
1905
1901
Surrey.
SaunDERS, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
Scuaus, W., F.Z.S., c/o The American Legation, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Scumassman, W., Bulah Lodge, London-road, Enfield, N.
Sconuick, A. J., 8, Mayfield-road, Merton Park, Wimbledon.
Scort, Hugh, B.A., University Musewm of Zoology, Cambridge.
Saarp, David, M.A.. M.B, F.RS., F.LS., F.ZS., Lawnside,
Brockenhurst, Hants. ; and University Museum of Zoology and
Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.
Suarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E.
Suaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.
SHELDON, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.
SHELFORD, Robert, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., University Musewm
(Hope Department), Oxford.
1900 | SHEPHEARD-Watwyy, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.
1887
1909
1904
1902
1904
1902
1907
1906
1901
1898
1885
1908
1889
1898
1898
1889
1896
1900
1895
1882
1908
1884
1894
Sicu, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W.
SILvERLOcK, Oscar C., Allington, Burbage-road, Herne Hill, S.E.
Simmonps, Hubert W., c/o Messrs. Kircaldie and Stames, Limited,
Wellington, New Zealand.
SLADEN, Frederick William Lambart, The Firs, Ripple, Dover.
Suiprer, The Rev. T. J. R. A., M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich.
Storer, Gerard Orby, F.Z.S., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly, W.
Sty, Harold Baker, Mapledean, Ringley-avenue, Horley.
SMALLMAN, Raleigh 8., Homeside, Devonshire Park, Eastbourne.
Smirn, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln.
Sorr, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 9, Merridale-road,
Wolverhampton.
SourtH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
Speyer, Edward R., Ridgehurst, Shenley, Herts.
StanDEN, Richard §., F.L.8., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex.
Strargs, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Limes, Swanley Junction,
Kent.
StesBinG, Henry, Norham House, Sheen-road, Richmond, Surrey.
Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury.
STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald.
Strupp, E. A. C., Kerremens, British Columbia.
Strupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.
Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
SWIERSTRAY, Commr. T., Ist Assistant, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.
SWINHOE, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 6, Gunterstone
road, Kensington, W.
SwInHog, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.
( Ssesxay. 7)
1876 Swinton, A. H., c/o Mrs. Callander, Vineyard, Totnes.
1908 Tatzor, G., 11, Palace Gardens, Enfield.
1893 Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A.
1903 'Taynor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds,
1909 Trriey, Alfred M., 22, Avenue-road, Scarborough.
1901 TxHompson, Matthew Lawson, 40, Gosford-street, Middlesborough.
1892 TuHornuEy, The Rev. A. M.A., F.LS., 17, Mapperley-road,
Nottingham.
1907 Tittyarp, R. J., B.A., The Grammar School, Sydney, New South
Wales.
1897 Tomutn, J. R. le B., M.A., Stoneley, Alexandra-road, Reading.
1907 Tones, Alfred Ernest, Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.
1907 TraGarpHu, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden.
1859+ Trimen, Roland, M.A, F.RS. F.LS., 133, Woodstock-road,
Oxford.
1906 TryHANE, George E., Pedro Mequel Canal Zone, Panama,
1906 TuLLocuH, Captain James Bruce Gregorie, The King’s Own Yorkshire
Light Infantry; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, 8.W.
1895 Tunawry, Henry, 13, Begmead-avenue, Streatham, S.W.
1898 Turner, A. J., M.D., Wicksham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.
1893 TurneR, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-road, St. Catherine’s Park,
Hatcham, 8.E.
1906 Turner, Roland E., 21, Emperor’s Gate, 5.W.
1894 ‘Turner, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon.
1886 Turt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S.E.
1904. TyLEcorE, Edward F.8., M.A., The Lodge, Ringstead, Kings Lynn.
1893 Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.Z.8., Port of Spain, Trinidad,
British West Indies.
1904 + Vauauan, W., Cocogalla, Madulsima, Ceylon.
1866 VERRALL, George Henry, M.P., Sussea Lodge, Newmarket.
1897 Vicr, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester.
1909 Viner, Leopold A., The Carmelite Stone House, Rye, Sussex.
1895 WacueEr, Sidney, F.R.C.S8., Dane John, Canterbury.
1901 Wappineron, John, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds.
1899 Wank, Albert, 11, Starkie-street, Preston, Lancashire.
1897 WarnwricuHt, Colbran J., 45, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth,
Birmingham.
1878 Watker, James J., M.A, R.N., F.LS., Secretary, Aorangi,
Lonsdale-road, Summertoun, Oxford.
1863 + WauLacr, Alfred Russel, O.M., D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS.,
F.Z.S., Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset.
1866 | WausincHaM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.8., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., High Steward of the eee of Ciabridgs Mer oa
Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, 8.W.
1886
1908
1869
1901
1904
1893
1908
1908
¢> sexy)
WarrREN, Wm., M.A., 33, Western-road, Tring, Herts.
WaRREN, Bernard C. 8., The Avenue, Amersham.
WATERHOUSE, Charles O., Vice-PREsIDENT, Ingleside, Avenue-
gardens, Acton, W.; and British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell-road, S.W.
WaterHouss, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Royal Mint, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia.
Watson, The Rev. W. Beresford, St. Martin's Vicarage, St. Philip,
Barbados, W. Indies.
Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, 8.E.
WELLMAN, F. Creighton, M.D., Ciudado de Senhores Silva & Lopes,
Ponevuclben Africa Occidental (wid Lisbon).
West, F, E., c/o Messrs. Gamlin & Gamlin, 314, Gray's Inn- and:
W.C:;
1876 | WEsTERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W.
1886
1906
1907
1906
19038
1896
1894
1900
1881
1905
1888
1892
WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich.
WHEELER, The Rev. George, M.A., 37, Glowcester-place, W.
Wuite, Harold J., 42, Nevern-sq., Kensington, S.W.
WIcKWAR, Oswin 8., Charlemont, Gregory-road, Colombo, Ceylon.
Wiaerns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda.
Witemay, A. E., 9, Warwick-road, Clifton Vale, Margate.
Wottey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O0., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada.
Woop, H., Kennington, near Ashford, Kent.
.Woop, The Rev. Theodore, Zhe Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth
Common, S.W.
WoopsriDGE, Francis Charles, The Briars, Gerrard’s Cross, 8.O.,
Bucks.
Yersury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy
Club, Pall Mail, 8.W.
YoupatE, William Henry, F.R.M.S., Daltonleigh, Cockermouth.
(i SSaeva)
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY
During THE YEAR 1909.
Arrow (G. J.). [See Ruwenzori Expedition.]
Austen (E. E.). Illustrations of African Blood-Sucking Flies other than
Mosquitoes and Tsetse-Flies. London, 1909.
By Exchange.
[See Ruwenzori Expedition. ]
Bacor (A.). [See Prout (L. B.).]
Bat (E. D.). Leafhoppers of the Sugar Beet.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 66, Pt. 4, 1909.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Bautou (H. A.). Insect Pests of Cacao.
[Imp. Dept. Agric., West Indies. Pamphlet Ser. No. 58, 1909. ]
The Dept.
Banks (N.). Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects.
[U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bull. No. 67, 1909. ]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Barrett (C.G.). The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Vols. X, XI.
19
05-07. Purchased.
Beare (Prof. T. Hudson). Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1908.
[Entom. Rec. Vol. X XI, No. 2, 1909.] The Author.
Bencrsson (S.). Beitrage zur kenntnis der Palaiarktischen Ephemeriden.
[Lunds Univ. Arss., N.F., Afd. 2, Bd. 5, No. 4, 1909. ]
The Author.
BERICHT uber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in Gebiete der Entomologie
wahrend des Jahres 1907. Published in 1909. By R. Lucas
and G. Seidlitz. Purchased.
BeERLESE (Antonio). Gli Insetti, Vol. I, Fasc. 31-35,1909. By Exchange.
BIBLIOTHECA ZOOLOGICA FENNIAE.
{Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica, 24, No.1,1909.] The Soctety.
Bineuam (C. T.). [See Ruwenzori Expedition. |
BialsDELL (F. E.). Monographie Revision of the Coleoptera belonging to
the Tenebrionide Tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United States,
Lower California and adjacent Islands.
[U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bull. No. 63, 1909.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Boarp OF AGRICULTURE AND FisuERIEs. Report of the Intelligence Division,
Pt. II, Proceedings under the Destructive Insects and Pests
Acts, 1877 and 1907, and the Board of Agriculture Act, 1889,
for the year 1908. London, 1909.
Board of Agric. and Fisheries.
Borrvar (I.). Catalogo Sinoptico de los Ortdépteros de la Fauna Iberica.
Coimbra, 1900. The Author.
[See Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum. |
(eexven |)
BorcuMann (F.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |
Bovis (A.), [See Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum.]
Bruges (C. T.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |
Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F.D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
BULLETIN OF THE SLEEPING SIcKNEss BurEAv. No. 3, Jan., 1909. London.
The Bureau.
CarPENTER (G.H.). Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in Ireland
during the year 1907.
[Econ. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. I, Pt. 15, 1908. ]
- Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in Ireland during the
year 1908.
[Econ. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. I, Pt. 16, 1909.]
The Society.
Casry (T. L.). Studies in the American Buprestidae.
[Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. XI, 1909. ] The Author.
CaupEtt (A. N.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |
Cuampion (G. C.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, |
CHITTENDEN (F.H.). Control of the Mediterranean Flour Moth (Ephestia
kuehniella, Zell.) by hydrocyanic-acid gas fumigation.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No, 112, 1909.]
The Parsley Leaf-Miner (Acidia fratria, Loew).
The Parsley Stalk Weevil (Listronotus latiusculus, Boh.).
The Celery Caterpillar (Papilio polyenes, Fab.).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 82, Pt. 2, 1909.]
The Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab.)
(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 11 Revised, 1909. ]
———— The Hop Flea-beetle.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 66, Pt. 6, 1909. ]
The Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata, Fab.).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 31, 1909.]
—-—— The Pea Aphis.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 43, 2nd ed., 1909.]
——-—— The Common Red Spider.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 104, 1909.]
—-—— The Lima-bean Pod-borer (Etzella zinckenella, Treit.).
The Yellow-necked Flea-beetle (Disonycha mellicollis, Say.).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 82, Pt. 3, 1909.]
—-—[See Howanrp (L. 0.).]
and Russett (H. M.). The Semitropical Army Worm.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 66, Pt. 5, 1909.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
CocKkERELL (T. D. A.). Fossil Diptera from Florissant, Colorado.
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXVI, Pt. 2, 1909.]
—— Catalogue of the Generic Names Based on American Insects and
Arachnids from the Tertiary Rocks, with Indications of the
Type Species.
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXVI, 1909.]
—-— Fossil Insects from Florissant, Colorado.
[Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXVI, 1909.]
The Author.
Descriptions of some Bees in the U.S. National Museum.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVI, 1909.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
[See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ]
(> sepa: ))
CoLEorTERouM CaTaLocus. Junk (W.) editus a Schenkling (S.). Berlin,
1909-10.
Pars 1. Gestro (R.). Rhysodidae.
» 2. Borchmann (F.). Nilionidae, Othniidae, Aegialitidae, Petrii-
dae, Lagriidae.
. Borchmann (F.). Alleculidae.
. Hagedorn (M.). Ipidae.
. Gestro (R.). Cupedidae, Paussidae.
. Wagner (H.) Curculionidae.
. Schonfeldt (H. von). Brenthidae.
. Roon (G. van). Lucanidae. Purchased.
MAD ef
Crospy (C. R.). On certain seed-infesting Chalcis-flies.
[Cornell Univ., Coll. Agric., Dept. Entom., Bull. No. 265, 1909. ]
The University.
Daut (FRIEDRICH). Die Lycosiden oder Wolfspinnen Deutschlands und
ihre Stellung im Haushalte der Natur.
|Abh. Kaiserl. Leop.-Carol. Deutsch, Akad. Natur. Bd. LXXXVII,
No. 3, 1908. ] By Exchange.
Datta TorrE (W. von). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |
DarwiN-WALLACE CELEBRATION. Thursday, July 1, 1908, by the Linnean
Society of London.
[An account of the Celebration published by the Society, 1908.]
The Linnean Soctrety.
Davis (J. J.). Biological Studies on Three Species of Aphididae.
[U. = Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Technical Ser. No. 12, Pt.8,
1909. | U. S. Dept. Agric.
Distant (W. L.). [See Ruwenzori Expedition. |
DonisTHORPE (H. St. J. K.). Formica sanguinea, Ltr., at Bewdley, with
an account of a slave-raid, and description of two gynandro-
morphs, etc.
[Zoologist, Dec. 1909. | The Author.
Foret (A.). Fourmis de Barbarie et de Ceylan.
[Bull. de la Soc. Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 1909. |
The Author.
Fow er (W. W.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]
[See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ]
FrEncH (C.). Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, Pt. IV. Mel-
bourne, 1909. The Author.
FROGGATT We W.). Report on Parasitic and Injurious Insects, 1907-08.
[N. 8. W. Dept. Agric., 1909. ] The Department.
a be New South Wales Dept. Agric. Official Report. ]
GADEAU DE KERVILLE (H.). Voyage Zoologique en Khroumirie (Tunisie).
Paris, 1908. The Author.
Gauan (C. J.). [See Ruwenzori Expedition. |
Gatvaeni (Egon). Lepidoptera. Beitrage zur kenntnis der lepidopteren fauna
der Adriatischen inseln.
{Mitt. Natur. Ver. Univ. Wien, Jahr. VII, fen The Author.
Garters (B. M.). Bee-keeping in Massachusetts.
(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 75, Pt. 7, 1909.]
U. S. Dept. Agric.
GeEsTRo (R.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |
Gipps (A. E.). Five Weeks in the Vosges.
[ Entomologist, 1909. | The Author.
—_—_—— Lepidoptera observed in Hertfordshire in the Year 1907.
[Trans. Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XIV, Pt. 1, 1909. ]
The Author.
(io. Daa
Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pts. CCIII-CCVI, 1909;
Diplopoda, by R. I. Pocock; Jnsecta, by L. Bruner, G. C.
Champion, T. D. A. Cockerell, W.W. Fowler, A. P. Morse,
R. Shelford, and Lord Walsingham. The Editor.
GreEEN (E. E.). Entomological Notes 1-4, and Reviews of Dr. Howard’s
Circulars.
[Tropical Agriculturist, XX XIII, 1909. ] The Author.
Haceporn (M.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]
Haipay CoRRESPONDENCE. [Includes letters from many well-known British
and Continental entomologists received during the most active
period of his life.| (Bound in 7 volumes.)
E. P. Wright.
Hammar (A. G.). The Cigar Case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella, Fernald).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 80, Pt. 2, 1909.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Hameson (Sir G.F.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British
Museum. Noctuidae, Text and Plates. Vols. VII and VIII.
London 1908, 1909. By Exchange.
[See Ruwenzori Expedition. |
HenvEt (F.). [See Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum. |
Heron (F. A.). [See Ruwenzori Expedition. ]
HerybeENn (L. von). Catalog der Coleopteren von Sibirien.
[Berlin 1880-81. Nachtrag i, 1893; ii, 1896; iii, 1898. ]
By Exchange.
Hinps (W. E.) and Yotuers (W. W.). Hibernation of the Mexican Cotton-
_ Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis, Boh.).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom.,Bull. No. 77, 1909.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Hrrsr (A. S.). [See Ruwenzori Expedition. ]
Hopexrs (A. D. P.). Observations relating to, Transmission of Sleeping
Sickness in Uganda, Distribution and Bionomics of Glossina
palpalis, and to Clearing Measures, 1909. The Author.
——-—— [See Progress Report of the Uganda Sleeping Sickness Camps,
Dec. 1906 to Nov. 30, 1908. London 1909.] The Author.
H pexiss (H. H.). The Mite, Pediculopsis graminum, Reut.
[New York Agric. Exp. Sta., Techn. Bull. No. 7. 1908.]
The Author.
Horxins (A. D.). The Genus Dendroctonus.
LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 17, Pt. 1,
1909. }
—-— Bark-beetles of the Genus Dendroctonus.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., No. 83, Pt. 1, 1909.]
—-— Insect depredations in North American forests.
LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 58, Pt. 5, 1909.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Horn (Walther). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]
Hovutspert (G.) et Monnor (E.). Faune Entomologique Armoricaine.
Coléopteres 76° famille Cérambycides (Longicornes). 2nd ed.
Rennes, 1908. By Exchange.
Howarp (L. O.). Report of the Entomologist for 1909.
——— House Fleas.
LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 108, 1909. |
(| xxx)
Howarp (L.0O.). Economic loss to the people of the United States through
Insects that carry disease.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 78, 1909. ]
and CHITTENDEN (F.H.). The Green-striped Maple Worm (Anisota
rubicunda, Fab.).
[U.S8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 110, 1909.]
The Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina, Fab.).
[U.8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 109, 1909.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Hunter (W. D.). What can be done in destroying the Cotton Boll Weevil
during the winter.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 107, 1909.]
—— Boll Weevil Problem, with special reference to means of reducing
damage.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Farmer’s Bull., No. 344, 1909.]
U. S. Dept. Agric.
Janet (Charles). Histogénése du Tissu adipeux remplacgant les Muscles
vibrateurs histolysés aprés le Vol nuptial, chez les reines des
Fourmis.
[Compt. rendus des Séances de Acad. Sciences. Paris, 1907.]
The Author.
JEANNEL (R.) Coléoptéres (Second Série).
[Arch. Zool. Expérimentale et Générale, Vol. XLI, No. 6, 1909.]
Etude sur le genre Speonomus, Jeann.
[L’Abeille, Tome XX XI, 1908. ]
Coléoptéres Cavernicoles Vivants et quelques remarques sur leur
biologie.
[Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1908. ]
Adelopsella, Nouveau genre oculé.
[Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1908. ]
Coléoptéres Cavernicoles Nouveaux ou peu connus des Pyrénées
(note préliminaire).
[Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1909. | The Author.
JENNE (EH. L.). The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) in the Ozarks.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 80, Pt. 1, 1909. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
JOHANNSEN (O. A.). [See Wrytsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]
Jongs (P. R.). The Grape-leaf skeletonizer.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 68, Pt. 8, 1909.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Junk (W.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |
Kerremans (Ch.). Monographie des Buprestides. Vol. III, Livr. 13-19
Vol. IV, Livr. 1, 2. 1909. Purchased,
Kertksz (C.). Catalogus Dipterorum. Vol. V. Bombyliide, Therevidae
Omphralidae.
[Mus. Nat. Hung., 1909.] Purchased,
KIEFFER (J. J.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |
Kirpy (W. F.). [See Ruwenzori Expedition. ]
Kuunt (P.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. ]
Lea (A. M.). [See Wyrsman’s Genera Insectorum. |
Lerroy (H. Maxwell). Indian Insect Life. Calcutta, 1909.
The Author.
Notes on the Indian Scale Insects (Coccidae).
[Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., Vol. II, No. 7, 1908.]
The India Office.
(jxme: *)
Martatr(Ch.). How to control the San José Scale.
. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 42, 5th ed.
" 1909.) U.S. Dept. Ayric.
Marsuatt (G. A, K.), [See Ruwenzori Expedition. ]
Monnot (E.). [See Hoursert (G.). ]
Mornritt (A. W.). Fumigation for the Citrus White Fly.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No, 76, 1908.]
——— and Yoruers (W.W.). Preparations for Winter Fumigation for
the Citrus White Fly.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 111, 1909. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Morse (A. P.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
Moss (A. Miles). A Trip into the Interior of Peru. Lima, 1909.
The Author.
Mouttrton (D.). The Orange Thrips.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 12, Pt. 7,
1909. ]
-———— The Pear Thrips (Euthrips pyri, Daniel).
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 68, Pt, 1 (Rev.), 1909.]
——_—— The Pear Thrips and its Control.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 80, Pt. 4, 1909. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
New Sourn Watgs, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Official Report on Fruit-
Fly and other Pests in various countries, 1907-08, by Froggatt
(ive Mae The Department.
Newstead (R.). The Food of some British Birds.
[Suppl. Journ. Board Agric., Vol. XV, No. 9, Dec. 1908.]
Board of Agriculture.
Nickert (Ottokar). Beitrage zur Insekten-Fauna Bohmens. VI. Die Motten
Bohmens (Tineen). Prag, 1908. L. B. Prout.
OxserTHiR (C.). Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée. Fasc. I.—111,
Rennes, 1904-1909. The Author.
PéRinGvuEY (L.). Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa.
[Trans. Royal Soc. 8. Africa, Vol. I, Pt. 1, 1909.]
Seventh Contribution to the South African Coleopterous Fauna.
[Ann. South African Mus., Vol. V, 1908.]
——_-— Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae. (Based on the several journeys
of Dr. L. Schultze to Central Africa, 1903-1908.)
The Auther.
PHILLIPS ie F.). Brief Survey of Hawaiian Bee-keeping
U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 55, Pt. 5, 1909.]
The Status of Agriculture in the United States.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 75, Pt. 6, 1909.]
—-— The Slender Seed-corn Ground-beetle (Clivina impressifrons, Lec. Mh
(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 85, Pt. 2, 1909. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Pierce (W. Dwight). A Monographic revision of the Twisted Winged insects,
comprising the order Strepsiptera, Kirby.
[U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. No. 61, 1909.]
Studies of North American Weevils.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX VII, 1909. |
The Smithsonian Instttution.
(ea -)
PoPENoE (C. H.). The Colorado Potato Beetle in Virginia in 1908.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 82, Pt. 1, 1908.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Prout (L. B.) and Bacot(A.). On the Cross-Breeding of Two Races of the
oth Acidalia virgularia.
[Proc. Royal Soc., B., Vol. LX X XT, 1909.]
The Authors.
QUAINTANCE (A. L.). [See WyrsmAn’s Genera Insectorum. ]
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———— Capsidae Argentinae.
[Ofvers. Finska Vetens.-Soc. Férh. 1909. |
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(co xkut ~ +)
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c
(). xpewiv’ >)
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(/watxv- )
Periodicals and Publications of Societies.
AMERICA (NORTH).
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and 4, 1909. The College.
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Purchased.
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Vol. L, Part 3; Vol. LI, Parts 1 and 2, 1909.
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Annual Report, 1908.
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AMERICA (SOUTH).
BRAZIL.
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WEST INDIES.
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ASIA.
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By Exchange,
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(ean: ))
AUSTRALASIA.
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By Exchange.
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By Exchange.
Vienna. K.-k. zoologische-botanische Verein (Gesellschaft) in Wien,
Verhandlungen. Band LIX, 1909. By Exchange.
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BELGIUM.
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FRANCE.
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6-10, 1908. Purchased.
CHATEAUROUX. Le Frélon. Tome XVI, parts 11 and 12; XVII, parts 1-6,
Purchased.
Paris. L’Abeille. Vol. XX XI, No. 3 (1909). Purchased.
Soc. Entom. de France. Annales, Vols. LX XVII, Parts 3 and 4;
LXXVIII, Parts 1 and 2, 1909. By Exchange.
Tovutovuse. Bulletin de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Toulouse. Tome XLI, 1909.
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GERMANY.
BERLIN. Deutsche entomologische Gesellschaft. Deutsche entomologische
Zeitschrift. Bd. LIII, 1909. By Exchange.
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XXIII. Beiheft 1, 1909. By Exchange.
FRANKFORT. Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft. Bericht 1908-
09. By Exchange.
MECKLENBURGH. Zeitschrift fiir systematische Hymenopterologie und
Dipterologie. Herausgegeben von Fr. W. Konow. Jahr. I-VII,
VIII. Hefts 1-8, 1901-1908. By Exchange.
Scuwapacn. Entomologische Blatter. Jahr. IV,1908. By Exchange.
Srertin. Entomologischer Verein. Entomologische Zeitung. Jahr. LXX,
1909. By Exchange.
WIrsBADEN. Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbiicher. Jahr.
LXII, 1909, By Exchange.
( (mxxvii >)
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
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Reports. 1908.
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Report and Proceedings. 1909. The Society.
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City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. Trans-
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Entomologist (The). 1909. R. South.
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The Society.
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Zoologist (The). 1909. The Publisher.
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Entomologische Berichten. Vol. II, Parts 42-48, 1909.
By Exchange.
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By Exchange.
Portici. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria. Vol.
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Portict and Firorencr. Redia, Giornale de Entomologia. Vol. V, 1908:
Vol. VI, Fase. 1, 1909. Purchased.
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S. Fier. Brotéria. Revista de Sciencias Naturaes do Collegio de 8. Fiel,
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( xxxviili })
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Moscow. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Bulletin. 1908.
By Exchange.
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1908; XIV, Parts 1, 2, 1909. F. D. Godman.
Revue Russe d’Entomologie. Tome VIII, 1908.
SWEDEN.
Srockuorm. Arkiv for Zoologi. Vol. V, 1909. By Exchange.
Entomologisk Tidskrift. Arg. 30. 1909.
By Exchange.
SWITZERLAND.
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XXXVI, Fasc. 1, 1909. By Exchange.
ScHAFFHAUSEN and Berne. Schweizerische entomologische Gesellschaft.
Mittheilungen. Bd. XI, Hfts. 2-10, 1905-09.
By Exchange.
( \mxxix: |)
ERRATA.
TRANSACTIONS.
Page 8, line 14 from top, for gueinziz read gutenzt?.
Page 73, line 2 from bottom, for she vead the.
Page 359, line 6 from bottom, for rabbiae read vrabbacae.
Page 404, line 12 from bottom, for acevorum read acervorum.
Page 407, line 4 from bottom, for myrmecophilous read myrmecophilus.
Page 417, line 12 from top, for Thzasophilia read Thiasophila.
Page 422, line 15 from bottom, for fuliginosis read fuliginusus.
Page 434, line 16 from bottom, for Pseudolycoena read Pseudolycaena.
PROCEEDINGS.
Page x, bottom line, for Mymecocoris read Myrmecoris.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate XIV, Explanation, for 10 read 11, and for 11 read 10.
eh one ae
( ahd Lo ra hie ek wilt
: ‘ +), ote oa ere
ride’, tice S DE prey
sa a cut} P
poe to Re
ee at heist
a " ; w - i>
Le : : te hee Ws sy 7 ae
vel th Split 2
THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
For THE YEAR 1909,
Wednesday, February 3rd, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Dixry, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents.
The President announced that he had nominated Dr. Karn
JoRDAN, Ph.D., Dr. GEorce Buunpett Lonestarr, M.A., M.D.,
F.R.C.P., and Mr. Caartes OwrEN WarterHovuseE Vice-Presi-
dents for the Session 1909-10.
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. Lrorotp ARNon VIDLER, of the Carmelite Stone House,
Rye, was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Election to the Council.
The President announced the resignation of Professor
Epwarp B. Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., as a member of the
Council, and the election of Professor Taomas Hupson Bzarz,
B.Sc., F.R.S.E., to serve in his place.
Exhibitions.
PotyMorPHIO EastERN Papitios.—Dr. K. Jorpan exhibited
some Oriental Papilios illustrating polymorphism. Almost
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1909, A
(it)
everywhere between Ceylon, Eastern China and Singapore,
two Papilios are found, dissimilis and clytia, which have long
been considered distinct species. More recently acquired evi-
dence, however, decidedly points to these two insects being
but forms of one species. Although they have not yet been
bred from the eggs of one female, both have been reared from
one batch of larve, which appeared to be all alike. The
chrysalis, too, is the same in both Papilios, and the two insects
have been observed in copuld. Morphology affords further
evidence of weight. Theallied species of this group of mimics,
such as P. veiovis, epicydes, slateri, etc., differ very markedly
in the genitalia. Even the various geographical representa-
tives of P. clytia and dissimilis (namely flavolimbatus from the
Andamans, panopinus from Palawan, palephates from the
Philippines and echidna from the Lesser Sunda Islands), show
some slight distinctions in these organs. Therefore, if clytia
and dissimilis were distinct species, one should expect that
they too differed in the genitalia. However, we do not find
any structural difference whatever. Although clytia and dis-
similis do not actually intergrade, there occur rather frequently
in North India specimens of clytia in which the dissimilis-
streaks are more or less indicated. All this shows distinctly
that we have to do with one dimorphic species.
P. clytia does not occur on the Greater Sunda Islands, but
is represented by geographical races on the Andamans, on
Palawan, the Philippines, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. All
these outlying forms are monomorphic, the southern ones (Anda-
mans and Lesser Sunda Islands) being of the dissimzlis-type,
and the northern ones (Palawan and the Philippines) of the
clytia-ty pe.
This being so, the question at once arises, which species fills
up the large gap in the area of distribution of P. clytia, and
how does that Papilio vary? There occurs indeed a near
ally of P. clytia on the Greater Sunda Islands, namely P. para-
doxa. This Papilio extends northward to Assam and Palawan
and eastward to Java, 2. ¢. its area of distribution overlaps
with that of P. clytia in the north. P. paradoxa is structur-
ally different from all the races of P. clytia. Itis individually
variable, especially in the ?, and has developed into quite a
a3)
number of geographical forms. All these geographical races
of paradowa differ from each other a little in the genitalia.
In the same countries and even in the same localities as P.
paradoxa, there flies the much rarer P. cawnus, the well-known
mimic of Huploearhadamanthus. This P. caunus is in structure
exactly the same as P. paradoxa, the various geographical
races showing the same minute differences as the races of
paradoxa. What conclusion have we to draw from this state-
ment of facts? We think, only one interpretation is admissible.
If P. clytia and dissimilis are one species, P. paradoxa and
caunus also are forms of one species only.
Mimicry or OrrentaAL CockroacH aND Bererie.—Mr. 0.
E. Janson showed a cockroach and a beetle from Celebes,
exhibiting a remarkable case of mimicry. The first was
apparently an undescribed species of Prasoplecta, or an allied
genus; and the latter he had identified as Coelophora formosa,
Crotch.
Mr. G. A. K. Marsnatu pointed out the notable similarity
of structural detail as well as of the general scheme of colour
and marking.
Mr. ©. O. WaTERHOUSE remarked that many Blattidae were
good mimics of the Coccinellidae.
ATTACK BY Earwic ON AGROTIS VESTIGIALIS, Rort.—Mr. W.
Parkinson Curtis sent for exhibition two specimens, a $ and
9 of Agrotis vestigialis, Rott., obtained August 19th, 1908, at
Studland, Purbeck, Dorset. When working the sandhills he
saw the dead ? apparently sitting on the grass, and then
noticed that she had a part of the ¢ genitalia attached to her.
He then found the g, which a common earwig was busily
engaged in devouring. The earwig seemed in no wise anxious
to relinquish its prey, but as the ¢ was lifted, it dived into the
herbage and he failed to capture it. The ¢ was quite freshly
killed, and so was the ?, in fact the rigor of the muscles had
not set in. The earwig had evidently found the pair in copuld,
and had seized the g by the head, the insect in its frantic
struggles having apparently torn away the genital valves and
partially eviscerated itself, so far injuring the 9 internally as
to cause death. The earwig had then eaten the maxillary
appendages and the greater part of the head of the g, and was
A2
(mp)
continuing its meal. He had never observed any other attack
by this species on Lepidoptera that he could recall.
Dr. T. A. Coapman felt it impossible to accept the conclu-
sions arrived at by the exhibitor with regard to the earwig.
An earwig would probably not attack a living Agrotis ; if it
did the Agrotis would probably repel it successfully. Suppos-
ing it to attack with all its strength it could not produce the
damage observed, and again the damage to the two moths
as recorded and exhibited on the specimens shown, would not
result in their dying there and then on the spot. It seemed
evident then that some accident had happened to the moths,
whether from some bird or beast there was no evidence to
show, but the part of the earwig was merely that of a petty
pilferer, coming to regale himself on the feast provided.
Swarms oF Locusts aND DraGonF.igs IN AFRicA.—Mr. C. O.
WateRHOUSE exhibited a specimen of Acridiwm peregrinum
from a swarm that visited Las Palmas, Grand Canary, in
October 1908. Dr. Taylor, who sent the specimens to the
Natural History Museum, states in his letter that the authori-
ties had killed fifty tons of these locusts, and he estimated
that there were 150 tons more. Mr. Waterhouse said 16
locusts weighed one ounce, but allowing 15 to the ounce (as
the specimens may have lost in weight), one ton would repre-
sent 537,600 locusts, and the 200 tons 107,520,000. Besides
these the vessels reported that the sea was in many places
covered with them. He also exhibited a dragonfly, 7ramea
basilaris. This species occurred in such numbers on one
occasion in Portuguese Congo that the natives mistook them
for a swarm of locusts. They rested on the trees for the
night and went off next day.
THE saws oF Saw-FLies.—The Rev. F. D. Morick exhibited
photo-micrographs (magnif. about 210 diam.) of the “‘saws” in
10 British sawflies—species of the genus Dolerus. After briefly
alluding to the specific characters presented by them, to certain
points in which all alike differed from the ordinary tenon-saws
employed by carpenters, he invited suggestions which might
account for these differences. Thus, whereas in a carpenter’s
saw the teeth point away from the handle (or base) of the
tool towards its apex, in the insect’s saw they point from the
May, i)
apex towards the base. Might it be inferred from this that
the insect’s saw is made to cut not like the carpenter’s saw by
a push (outwards or forwards), but by a pull (inwards or back-
wards), and if so, is it because the latter movement involves
less risk or damage to these delicate structures through bend-
ing or breakage? Again, what can be the use of certain
extremely fine denticulations (so small as to be only just
visible in the photographs) on the teeth themselves, not at
their apices, nor on that side of them which on the hypothesis
above would be their cutting edge, but at the base of each
tooth close to the sinus separating it from the tooth next
adjoining, so that it was difficult to see how their presence or
absence could assist the cutting action of the teeth? Might it
be that in some way they helped to clear the cut and prevent
clogging—the very “wide-set’’ of the teeth in most of the
saws shown suggesting that this had to be provided ‘for—or
to make the saw less liable to ‘‘ pinch,” 7. e. become jammed in
the cut, and remove any obstacle that might be met with in
withdrawing it when its work was done? Very little if any-
thing seemed to have been put on record, from actual observa-
tion of the process, as to the manner in which these saws were
actually employed ; and the exhibitor mentioned that although
he had long collected sawflies, both in England and abroad, he
had never been so fortunate as to see one actually at its
work.
A discussion followed in which Prof. T. Hupson Brare
supported on the whole the hypotheses suggested by the
exhibitor.
Dr. T. A. CHapMAN was strongly of opinion that the name
‘‘saw” for these instruments, though well describing their
general appearance, was question-begging as regards their
function. They were really knives, all their cutting was done
during the forward movement, the notches being merely a
ratchet to hold one “ saw ” in place whilst the other advanced,
as they alternately moved. The “saw” must get in before it
could (if it did) saw, but if it can get in without sawing, it
can go on without doing so. The angle at which the margin
lies makes it certain that especially towards the point of the
instrument, the least retraction would free the saw without
( vi)
doing any cutting.* The action is precisely that of a bee-
sting.
A point, not mentioned by the exhibitor, came up in the
discussion, viz. that the saws were paired and not single saws.
This would, no doubt, in some way affect the manner of their
working, but as to how it would do so, no definite suggestions
were offered. The exhibitor inclined to think—considering
the structure of their ‘attachments ”—that the saws work
simultaneously and not, as some have thought, alternately, but
he said that he did not venture to argue in defence of this
thesis without further investigation.
Wednesday, March 3rd, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Drxny, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. Francis Hamiuron Lyon of Addlestone, Surrey, was
elected a Fellow of the Society.
Lahibitions.
MENDELISIM IN ACIDALIA VIRGULARIA, Hp.—Mr. L. B.
Prout, on behalf of himself and Mr. A. Bacot, brought for
exhibition a very extensive series of Acidalia virgularia, Hb.,
bred in ten successive generations from various crossings of
the London and Hyéres race, which had been undertaken with
a view to the further study of Mendelism. The results showed
non-Mendelian inheritance, there being no segregation with
pure and hybrid forms in definite proportions ; and thus sup-
ported Mr. Bacor’s opinion that such were only to be expected
in cases of hybridization of forms in which Natural Selection
had virtually eliminated intermediates, or in other words, that
apparent Mendelian phenomena were manifestations of selective
purity, rather than of gametic purity.
* Reaumur describes the alternate movement of the saws ; he clearly
believed that this involved withdrawal of one, during which actual sawing
took place, but his account, a better one than any one has given since,
leaves me satisfied that what he saw, was alternate advance, without
retraction.—T. A. C.
(mit)
A discussion followed in which Mr. Bacot, Dr. T, A,
Cuapman, Mr. G. Meapre-Watpo and the PrestpEnt took part,
Mr. A. Harrison pointing out that in similar experiments
conducted by himself with Mr. H. Martn with British Pieris
napt x P. var. bryoniae from Switzerland carried through three
generations, they had quite failed to obtain Mendelian pro-
portions, but in the case of Aplecta nebulosa the Mendelian
proportions were absolute. (Cp. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1907, p. liv.)
PupaL COLORATION oF Preris.—Mr. H. M. Epetsten showed
a living pupa of Pieris rapae attached to a blade of Clivia, the
deep green pigment assimilating closely to the coloration of
the leaf.
Hyprip Zyearna.—Mr, R. Apxin exhibited a hybrid?
between Zygaena filipendulae and Z. achilleae, taken by Mr,
A. W. Renton in the neighbourhood of Oban, N.B,
Mr, J. W. Turr expressed his opinion that the form was an
aberration of Z. jilipendulae, and that in nature the two species
were unknown to pair,
Papers.
Mr. Hamitton H. Drucs, F.L.S., F.Z.S., communicated a
paper “On some new and little known Hesperiidae from
Tropical West Africa.”
Mr, G. A. K. Marsnatz, F.Z.8., read a paper entitled
‘‘ Birds as a Factor in the production of Mimetic Resemblances
in Butterflies.” He explained that one of the chief criticisms
directed against the theories of mimicry was to the effect that,
on the whole, birds did not destroy butterflies to any appreci-
able extent ; he had therefore collected together all the available
evidence bearing on the question. As indicating the extent of
such observations, it was stated that these records refer to a
considerable number of species of both birds and butterflies,
as might be judged from these approximate figures: Palaearctic
Region: 33 birds, 34 butterflies; Ethiopian: 26 birds, 26
butterflies; Oriental: 27 birds, 46 butterflies; Nearctic:
46 birds, 20 butterflies. Unfortunately in the Neotropical
Region, from which the greatest amount of evidence might
have been expected, such exact observations had been almost
VEL)
entirely neglected. It was contended that the negative evidence
on this subject, which appeared to have been very generally
accepted, was really of very little scientific value, because in
no case had it been shown that the observer had any adequate
knowledge of the actual food-habits of birds, or that any
careful and exhaustive inquiry had been made into the subject,
Instances were also cited to show how very easily destruction
of this kind might be overlooked ; while negative evidence
derived from an examination of the contents of birds might
be very misleading, owing to the fact that in so many instances
the butterflies’ wings are not swallowed, so that any recognition
of the remains becomes extremely difficult. Finally, it was
urged that the large body of evidence resulting from merely
casual observations indicated that the assumption that birds do
not eat butterflies to any extent is certainly premature, and
that a fuller inquiry will probably show it to be entirely
unfounded.
A discussion followed in which Mr. A. W. Bacor, Mr. H.
Row.anp-Brown, Mr. H. Mary, Mr. A. E. Toner, Mr. H. M.
Epetsteyn, Mr. J. W. Turr and other Fellows, gave their
experiences on the subject, Mr. W. Swarp suggesting that
the actions of the sparrow, as a domesticated bird, was not
evidence for conditions which exist in the case of purely
natural species. Dr. T. A. Coapman suggested that the paucity
of observations on the point was largely due to the shyness of
birds eating in the presence of human beings. Mr. W. J.
Kaye said that he had never observed birds attacking butter-
flies in tropical South America, and Commander J. J. WALKER
gave similar testimony with regard to the many Australasian
and other oversea localities visited by him.
Wednesday, March 17th, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Capt. E. Bacnett-Purrroy, The Cottage, East Farleigh,
Maidstone; Mr. Stanuey A, Bienxarn, 44 Romola Road,
( ix )
Tulse Hill, S.E.; Mr. Leonarp Box, the Floral Nurseries,
Hailsham, Sussex, and 28 St. James’s Street, Bedford Row,
W.C.; Mr, Henry Brirren, Prospect House, Salkeld Dykes,
Penrith ; the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, of Mucking Vicarage,
Stanford-le-Hope, Essex; and Mr. W. A, Rotuason, “ Lamorna,
Truro, were elected Fellows of the Society,
Obituary.
The decease was announced of Capt. Freprrick Hatiam
Harpy, R.A.M.C., a Fellow of the Society.
Visitors.
M. A. Janet, member of the Entomological Society of
France, and M. Sevrertn, member of the Entomological
Society of Belgium, were present as visitors.
Exhibitions.
Forms or RumIcrlIA PHLAEAS, AND Pueserpi1.—Mr. H.
Rowianp-Brown exhibited two extreme forms of Rumicia
(Chrysophanus) phlaeas from Alten, Norwegian Finnmark, and
the Mediterranean region—Greece, Syria, Corsica, and the
south of France. He drew attention to the apparent identity
of the form from arctic Europe—hypophlaeas, Bdv.,—with the
species described as americanus, D’Urb., from North America.
He also showed series of Plebeius argyrognomon, Brgstr., taken
by him at Alten, and Abisko Swedish Lapland; P. argus, L.,
var. corsica from Vizzavona, and la Foce, and P. argus,
approaching ab. bella, H. Sch., from Digne, Basses-Alpes.
Mr. H. Hamitton Drucez also brought for exhibition exam-
ples of Plebeius argus, L., taken by him in various localities in
Russia.
GyNANDROMORPHOUS EucHLor.—Mr. G. Mrapr-Watpo ex-
hibited a gynandromorphous example of Huchlie cardamines,
bred from a larva found at Hever, Kent. The wings on the
right side showed the male characters, on the left the female,
the orange apical coloration showing faint traces on the latter
as seen in HL. ewphenoides 9.
OviposiTIoN oF Cornopia.—Mr. H. M. Epetsren brought
for exhibition stereoscopic photographs of the anal segments of
Coenobia rufa 9, showing the spines. These spines are
(eo)
driven into the dead stems of Juncus lamprocarpus, making
a longitudinal slit, they are then opened, and the ovipositor
thrust into the pith and the ova deposited in small bunches,
Ovipositor and spines are then withdrawn, and the cut,
closing up, is hardly visible.
ABERRANT FORM OF CHRYSOPHANUS HIPPOTHOR, L.—Mr. W.
ScuMAssMAN showed on behalf of Mr. H. Welte a curiously
marked 9 of Chrysophanus hippothoé caught on July 22nd,
1908, at Goeschenen, Switzerland. The black spots, forming
the marginal row on the underside of the two fore-wings and
one of the hind-wings, were elongated. The other hind-wing
and the wings on the upper side were normal.
Mammots Scare Insect or RuopEsta.—Mr. C. O. WatER-
HOUSE sent for exhibition living males and immature females
of the Mammoth Scale Insect which infests the M’sasa tree in
Rhodesia. Also a dead example of the fully grown female
scale. These were recently received from Mr. J. Cameron
of the Department of Agriculture, of Rhodesia. The males
were in abundance in white cocoons among dead leaves under
the trees. They are what are known in collections under
the generic name Monophloebus. The female has been named
Lophococcus maximus by Mr. Lounsbury.
CoLEOPTERA AND HEMIPTERA NEW TO Britatn.—Mr. EH, A.
Butter exhibited one species of Coleoptera, and five of
Hemiptera recently added to the British Fauna; viz. (a)
Myrmecopora brevipes, Butl., from Tintagel, Cornwall, a
species allied to M. uvida, Er.; (6) Cymus obliquus, Horv.,
from Ashburnham, Sussex, in the Hastings district, a species
allied to C. glandicolor, Hahn. ; (c) Empoasca butleri, Edw.,
and £. populi, Edw., the former from dwarf sallows on the
sandhills of Caermarthenshire, and the latter from Lombardy
Poplars, Highgate ; and (d) on behalf of Mr. Jas. Edwards,
Typhlocyba frustrator, Edw. and 7’. fratercula, Edw. (together
with a sketch of the appendages of the oedeagus in each
case), both from Colesborne, Gloucestershire. These two
species were described by Mr. Edwards in April 1908, but
by an oversight they were omitted from the new catalogue
of British Hemiptera which has recently been published.
Mr. Butler also showed the unique example of Mymecocoris
( xi)
gracilis, Sahlb., taken by him at Fleet, Hants, in August
1903.
Inguries To Crronup Brrtitr—Mr. G. J. Arrow ex-
hibited examples of a Cetoniid beetle, Dicronorrhina (subg.
Neptunides) manowensis, Moser,* to show injuries of a
remarkable character which he was quite at a loss to explain.
The first specimen was quite normal, the second had each
elytron perforated just behind the middle in an exactly sym-
metrical manner, the third had the perforations in an
apparently incipient stage, the superficial chitin having dis-
appeared at the same spot, and in a fourth specimen there
was a discoloration on each side. In all the marks were per-
fectly symmetrical and occupied exactly the same position.
The specimens were sent from Chirinda, Rhodesia, by Mr.
Guy Marshall’s collector.
PotymorpuHic PapiLio AND Styx INFERNALIS.—Dr. K. JoRDAN
exhibited the polymorphic Papilio lysithous and P. hectorides
from Brazil and the models which they imitate. The ex-
hibit illustrated a phenomenon observed in various groups of
butterflies : that a mimetic species is broken up into a number
of very different-looking individual varieties, which are all
specifically the same, while the imitated models are specifically
distinct from one another. He also exhibited both sexes of
the peculiar Peruvian butterfly Styx infernalis apparently
regarded by Staudinger as a Pierid. Dr. Schatz made a
mistake in describing the foretarsus of the ¢ as being fully
developed. The distal segments of this tarsus are more or less
completely fused and the claws are absent. The insect is
decidedly an Erycinid in the structure of the antenna,
thorax, legs, neuration and the egg.
Mimetic Locust.—Dr. Jorpan also showed, on behalf of
the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, an <Acrotylus which Mr.
Rothschild had observed in some numbers in the desert on the
Upper Nile. The colour of these small locusts so closely
agrees with that of the sand and the pebbles (also exhibited)
that, when settled, the insects disappear entirely from view.
CLERUS FORMICARIUS WANTED—Mr. H. St. J. DonisTHoRPE
* This insect, although described by Moser as a variety of D. polychron,
Thoms., is very distinct.—G. J. A.
fosge-c) ea
read a letter from Mr. E. E. Green of the Botanic Gardens,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, inviting Fellows of the Society to send
him living specimens of Clerus formicarius for introduction
into Ceylon.
DiscussIoN ON THE TWO SIMILAR SPECIES PLEBEIUS ARGUS
(AEGON) and P. arcyroenomon.—Mr. J. W. Turr opened a
discussion on the affinities of the two Palaearctic species
Plebeius argus, L., (aegon, Schiff. ; argyrotoxus, Brgstr.), and
P. argyrognomon, Brgstr. (argus, auctorum). He said that
there was great confusion from the earliest description
onwards as between the two species, and cited the following
authorities :—
1758. Linné, Systema Naturae, 12th ed., p. 483—argus, blue
butterfly with silvery blue spots beneath. Also zdas,
p. 488, an Indian species.
1761. Linné, Fauna Suecica, 2nd ed., p. 283—argus, with
same references. Also idas, p. 284—and suggesting it
as the ? of argus (not therefore idas of the 10th ed.).
1767. Linné Systema Naturae, 12th ed., pp. 789-90—argus,
with same description, but zdas referred as 2 to
same species.
1775. Schiffermiiller, Wien. Verz., p. 183 (note), referred
Linné’s argus to the non-British insect now known
as argyrognomon, and described aegon as another
species, distinguishing it clearly as the species we
know as aegon.
1787. Schneider, Syst. Besch., p. 252
iiyeenBerehausen .,. : p. 15 ; flowed Schiffermiiller.
Hiibner, Illiger, Laspeyres, Herbst, Ochsenheimer, Oken,
Gédart, Boisduval, Duponchel, Freyer, Herrich-Schiiffer, and
a whole army of other reputable authors followed his con-
clusion—calling our species aegon, the non-British species
argus.
Fabricius, Lewin, Haworth, Stephens, Curtis, Wood, West-
wood, etc., maintained the Linnean name argus for aegon.
Stephens supported this by pointing out that in the
“ Linnean collection” at Burlington House there were no
argus as understood by the continental entomologists.
(exami: 4)
In 1853, Wallengren (apparently only knowing one species
our British one) said it was Linné’s argus. Afterwards, know-
ing both, he maintained our British insect as argus.
In 1871, Kirby in his “ Synonymic Catalogue” called our
species argus.
In 1882, Schéyen wrote a critical review (Ent. Tids., 111,
pp. 34, 100), concluding that the Linnean argus was our aegon.
In 1901, Staudinger followed the conclusion of the Scan-
dinavians, and since then every one has followed Staudinger.
On the descriptions we should have followed Schiffermiiller.
On the fact that there are still in the Linnean collection at
Burlington House, besides four examples of awegon labelled as
English in Smith’s handwriting and one without any label,
two specimens, a ¢ labelled “1074,” the “ Faun. Suec.” number
of Linne’s argus, and a 2 labelled ‘‘ 1075, idas,” the Faun. Suec.
number of Linne’s idas—we are inclined to agree with the
advisability, now that the change has become effective, of
maintaining argus for our aegon, and argyrognomon for the
continental insect so long known as argus.
Mr. Tutt next drew attention to the remarkable distribution
and local races of our British Plebetus argus (aegon), pointing
out that in Britain we have three distinct forms, a chalk-hill,
a heath, and a moss or moorland form. On the continent,
in Northern (except the far north) and Central Europe the
type occurred as the form of the plains, In the high Alps
philonomus, Brgstr. (= aegidion, Meissner), was the racial form ;
aegiades, Gerh., occurred in Central Europe on the heath land ;
the var. corsica, Bellier, was confined to Corsica, and further
east in Asia Minor the form orientalis, with its ab. bella,
H.-Sch. From west to east of the Palaearctic region the chief
racial forms of argus were distributed as follows :—
pyrenaica, Tutt.
hypochionoides, Tutt
hypochiona, Ramb.—white underside,
bejarensis, Chpmn.
Spanish . . +casaicus, Chpmn.
braiuelasensis, Tutt.
vigensis, Tutt.
Pyrenean . } French Pyrenees.
(xe: 7)
ver orientalis, Tutt, and ab. bella, Gerh.
Asiatic . . sifanicus, Grm.-Grshm.
| salon Tutt.
koreana, Tutt.—large, like bejarensis.
Japanese . fecal Butl.—small (without metallic
| spots.
pseudaegon, Butl.—mountain form.
P. argyrognomon has an almost exactly similar range in the
Palaearctic area. Its range of variation is also almost parallel
with that of P. argus, the large eastern race from Japan
equalling the var. koreana in size. The Corsican forms of the
two species, much alike on the upperside, are very distinct on
the underside; P. argyrognomon var. corsica with black-
centred ocellated spots, P. argus var. corsica with the centres
grey or pale brown (wing of the ground colour). The Alpine
race too is smaller, the southern races larger, so that both
species appear to show a parallel range of variation in the
mountain, plain and southern forms respectively. Structur-
ally and superficially considered the two species present
several marked differences. For instance (a) in argyrognomon
the spine on the front tibia is absent: (0) the shape of the
wings in argus is more rounded): (c) the wing-fringes wider :
(Zz) in argus the ground colour of the undersides is pale to
white, in argyrognomon the colour is more uniformly grey: (@)
there is a difference in the angulation of the row of transverse
spots on the underside of the forewings, those of argus being
more curved under the discoidal lunule: (f) the androconia
in argus are elongated (8 to 9 rows of points run across each),
in argyrognomon they are rounded (10 to 12 rows of points) :
(g) the conspicuous white hair scales in argyrognomon are
absent in argus: (h) the genitalia show marked differences
in both species : and lastly (7) the early stages, and life-history,
are entirely different, and whereas argyrognomon has two
broods in the year, argus has only one.
Dr. T, A. Coapman then showed lantern slides of prepara-
tions of the larvae at their various instars of P. argus (aegon),
and of the first stage of argyrognomon also, for comparison,
and of various points in the larval and pupal external
( xv )
anatomy and of the male accessory appendages of argus,
argyrognomon and other species for comparison, and of the
tibiae of these species showing how far they differed in the
so-called tibial spine. Commenting upon them, he said—
“Tn examining the tibial spines of argus and argyrognomon
I found a curious reversion in one specimen of argus from
Spain; the tarsus is normally (in the g) in one piece, all the
joints and terminal claw being fused together without trace of
articulation. The first Spanish specimen I examined had the
tarsus, however, divided into three joints. I wondered, of
course, whether this might bea character of the Spanish races,
but I failed to find another such specimen, the Spanish
and others absolutely agreeing. There is an ambiguity in
calling this a tibial spine, it is the extremity of the tibia itself.
What is usually called the tibial spine is a separate process
not present in these species.
“The comb-like end of the clasp of P. argus presents greater
variation than one would quite expect, the total number of
teeth varying within considerable limits, and the presence or
absence of one or several minor or ill-developed teeth at either
end of the series is another point in which there is great
inequality in different specimens. The opposite clasps of one
individual differ very frequently, and a different number of
teeth to the comb may be found in specimens from one locality.
There is probably also some geographical variation, but this I
have not demonstrated.
“We may conclude that considerable differences in this
portion of the clasp do not interfere with complete syngamy
in the species. The tendency to variation is obviously suffi-
ciently strong easily to establish a new species, if a section of
the present species could be segregated for no very long time.
We may also conclude that these special and formidable pro-
cesses do not correspond with any portion of the female
appendages similarly differentiated, else four prongs to the
comb would not be equally useful with five, six, seven, or eight.
“The great difference between the genitalia of argus and
argyrognomon has suggested to me the question as to whether
these two species are really so closely related as we suppose.
It is open to us to believe that they are from different portions
Ge 58 9)
of the Plebeiid stock that have approximated as a matter of
mimicry, or since both are common, but rarely, if ever, common
together, that they have approximated as occurring under
very similar conditions, and in a slight variation of those con-
ditions each capable of taking the place of the other. We
find that the dorsal armature differs very much, and in these
Lycaenids the dorsal armature usually has generic rather than
specific value. Taking icarus or bellargus as an average
Plebeiid, we find in argus each lateral member of the dorsal
armature is long, slender, curved and slightly hooked at the
tip, and the accessory hook is sharply bent with the terminal
portion long, straight and slender, except that it also is
slightly curved and hooked at the tip. Argyrognomon on the
other hand differs from icarus in the opposite direction ; it
has the lateral process, short, broad and blunt, and the acces-
sory bends in a prolonged curve, so as to give the impression
that it is curved throughout, and though it has a slight
terminal bend or hook, like argus, it differs in being broader
and more robust.
‘‘ When we compare the ends of the clasps, the difference
is immense, argus with a few long teeth rather on the side of
the hard process, argyrognomon has a number of very fine
teeth on the rather broad end of the process. These, therefore,
seem to be almost unrelated (within the Plebeiid group) forms
of appendages.
“To accept them as closely related, I have to give a some-
what exaggerated value to a consideration that is of much
importance in the study of these genitalia.
‘‘The genitalia are under entirely different conditions as
regards selection, to the external characters we more usually
examine. These external characters are subject to a constant
process of selection in relation to such items of the environ-
ment as enemies, climate, food-plant, etc. The genitalia,
though equally inclined to vary, and probably in response to
similar disturbing elements of environment, are under no
selective force exercised by the environment. Within the
limits of a species, variation from the mean value must not go
so far as to prevent the individual from finding a mate, but it
is quite open to the mean value gradually to change in any
(. xvii)
direction. As long as a group of individuals is syngamic (i. e.
is a species) the genitalia may vary similarly throughout the
group, but may not run into definite varieties. When, how-
ever, such a group is divided into two portions or groups by
geographical seasonal or other segregation, each portion must
keep a form of appendages constant throughout the portion,
but probably drifting away from those of the other group,
which may be varying in another direction. When such
drifting has proceeded far enough, the two portions are no
longer syngamic, and act towards each other as distinct species,
should opportunity of mixing occur. It seems very probable
that such drifting apart may take place with considerable
rapidity, in view of the many cases we know, of two or
three species quite distinct as to the genitalia, quite asyngamic,
and yet in external character much alike, even difficult to dis-
tinguish. It is very probable that such pairs of species whilst
segregated may have drifted apart in external characters, but
when subjected again to the same environment come to
resemble one another very closely, quite apart from any
question of mimicry.
“The dorsal armature of the genitalia of argus and argyro-
gnomon seems to me to negative such an hypothesis, but it is
really nevertheless possible, and is indeed the hypothesis
commonly held, that these two are species derived from a
common stock in some such way as I have indicated.
“The point I wish to direct attention to as bearing on such
cases, is that if a comparatively small portion of a species be
fully segregated, it may vary more or less in external charac-
ters taking up a position suitable to the new and restricted
environment and there remaining constant, but that the
genitalia are under no restrictions, being free to vary to any
extent, subject only to all within the group varying together.
When the group is small in numbers, a tendency to vary will
have greater possibility of resulting in change, as there will
be no large mass of individuals to absorb contrary tendencies
and by its inertia prevent change. Whilst, therefore, little
or no change in the genitalia may take place in some or a
majority of cases, in others it will probably take place with
some rapidity and to a considerable extent.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1909. B
(¢ van‘)
“Tt is to be noted that there are a good many species whose
appendages seem more or less intermediate between those of
argus and argyrognomon and I show you on the screen photo-
graphs of five such species that most resemble argus in having
large spines. It is to be noted that all these intermediate
species (intermediate gud genitalia) are abundantly different
from both argus and argyrognomon in external characters.
Argus and argyrognomon are the only European species of
this group (except the very local P. zephyrus and its var.
lycidas), and they resemble each other more in Europe than
they do elsewhere.
“This circumstance seems to point to their having been
rather widely apart within their own small group; but that
they have approximated in external characters where they
have again occupied very similar habitats.”
At this point the discussion was adjourned, owing to the
lateness of the hour,
Wednesday, April 7th, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Dixry, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Exhibitions.
Mr. R. Suetrorp exhibited a case containing a number of
examples of mimetic Oriental Slattidae, the models being
Coleoptera, principally Coccinellidae and Chrysomelidae.
Ova or TapinostoLa FuLVA.—Mr. H. M. Epetsten exhibited
ova of Tapinostola fulva (in sitw) laid within the curled leaf of
Carex paludosa, Also a photograph of the anal segments of the
? showing the ear-like appendages, from the ventral side.
These when not in use are carried flat as in the photograph,
but when the @ is going to lay, they are folded together and
thrust between the curled edges of a leaf to force it apart ; the
fold makes a hollow in which the ova are deposited ; and the
leaf closes over the ova when the appendages are withdrawn.
DiscussIoN ON THE TWO SIMILAR SPECIES PLEBEIUS ARGUS
(= AEGon), AND P. arcyrocNomon.—The discussion adjourned
( xix )
from the last meeting was resumed, Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown
raising the question of the probable meaning of the apparent
mimicry of the two species. The Rev. G. WHEELER com-
menting on Mr. Turr’s statement that as a rule the two
species in the lowlands are rarely, if ever, commen together,
remarked that at Bérisal they often occurred simultaneously
in vast numbers, though P. argyrognomon would sometimes
be a full month before P. argus came on the scene. He
objected to the suggestion of mimicry because there was no
ground for supposing that it would be of any utility to either
species. Mr. G. A. K. Marsuaxi suggested that the resem-
blance between the species was not due to mimicry, but to
close relationship; and that the differentiation into species
had arisen as a result of a dimorphic variation in the genitalia.
Dr. K. Jorpan pointed out that, as was usual in such cases,
the differences in the genitalia were of degree rather than of
kind ; he considered that the two forms were certainly distinct
species, and could not be regarded as dimorphic varieties.
Mr. J. E. Cotiy, the PresipEnt, and other Fellows, continued
the discussion.
The Presipent having invited Mr. Turrto reply on the dis-
cussion, Mr. Turt stated that he did not think that there was
any question of mimicry in the similar appearance of the two
species. He considered that the two species were really
closely allied, and that the great differences in the ancillary
appendages possibly did not denote so great a division between
them as might appear. He pointed out that the life-histories
of the two species were quite distinct, and had been known
quite 135 years. With regard to the appearance of the two
species together it was to be remembered that, in the low-
lands, argyrognomon was double-brooded and argus largely
single-brooded, and this did not allow of any real overlapping,
though there was some; in the mountains it was true both
species occurred more or less at the same time, largely how-
ever there with argyrognomon well ahead of argus. There
could be no doubt about the distinction of the species; Mr.
Marshall’s idea of the two forming a dimorphic species had
nothing whatever to support it.
B2
ae)
Papers.
Mr. H. St. J. DonistHorrr read a paper “On the Origin
and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera.”
Mr. W. L. Distant communicated a paper on ‘‘ Rhynchota
Malayana.”
Mr. J. E. Cotitin communicated a paper by Mr. W. Wesché,
F.R.M.S., “On the Antennae of Diptera, and the present
classification of the WVemocera, with two subsidiary sections
bearing on the latter subject.”
Mr. G. A. K. Marsyati read a paper entitled ‘On
Reciprocal Mimicry. A Rejoinder to Dr. F. A. Dixey.” In
the course of his remarks the author explained that the main
difference between his views and those of Dr. Dixey as to the
development of Miillerian resemblances might be stated as
follows. The latter gentleman considers that within the
limits of a Miillerian association every species exercises a
mimetic influence upon every other, the amount of the in-
fluence depending upon its dominance, which is determined by
its numbers, distastefulness and general notoriety. Thus, as
between any two species, the mimetic approach would be
mutual and result in an interchange of characters. This inter-
change would be proportionate to the relative dominance of the
two species ; where this is unequal, the weaker species would
take on, to a considerable extent, the superficial appearance of
the stronger, while the latter would adopt only some small
characters from its mimic ; but where the dominance is equal,
the interchange would be equal, so that this would constitute
the optimum condition for the production of Reciprocal
Mimicry.
On the other hand, Mr. Marsan contended that this
gravitational conception of mimicry was really based on a
false analogy and was at variance with the real principle of
Miiller’s theory. While admitting the theoretical possibility
of mimetic interchange, he urged that a logical application of
Miiller’s argument would lead to the view that mimetic
approach would be one-sided only, that is, from a weaker
species towards a stronger and never in an opposite direction ;
further, that when the relative dominance of the two species
(hse)
was equal the mere operation of Miiller’s factor would produce
no mimetic effect, until some other factor had first produced a
condition of inequality. On this view mimetic interchange
would never be mutual and simultaneous, but would only re-
sult from a complete reversal of the relative dominance of the
two species during the production of the mimetic resemblance.
For this process he had suggested the name of ‘“ Alternate
Mimicry.” The author was also compelled to reject entirely
Dr. Dixey’s new hypothesis as to the “ function of the double
aposeme,” because it completely left out of consideration the
differences and resemblances between the various forms
regarded from the standpoint of general facies ; he contended
that resemblance in general effect was of the first importance
in considering mimetic relationship, and that this new
hypothesis was liable to be extremely misleading on account
of the exaggerated significance which it attached to the merely
partial resemblance which might be said to exist between two
species possessing a single conspicuous feature in common but
differing markedly in other respects. Moreover, not only was
the theoretical position of Reciprocal Mimicry very unsatis-
factory and unconvincing, but further, the cases which had
been cited as proving its actual occurrence in nature appeared
open to serious criticism. For while in some cases the facts
did not appear to justify the assertion that an interchange had
taken place, in the others such an interpretation involved
many difficulties which disappeared when the mimetic phe-
nomena were interpreted as being due to the simple mimicry
of one form by another.
In illustration of his contentions Mr. Mars#aru exhibited
a number of butterflies, the great majority. of which had been
kindly lent for the purpose by Mr. W. J. Kays, the remainder
having been kindly supplied by Dr. K. Jorpan and Mr.
Hamitton Drvce.
Dr. Drxsy then stated that he did not consider the
Presidential Chair to be a proper place in which to reply to
Mr. Marshall’s criticism, and that he would therefore deal
with the points at issue on some future occasion. Mr. C. J.
GAHAN very strongly supported the opinions advocated by
Mr. Marshall, and expressed the view that while Dr. Dixey
( xxi”)
professed to support Miillerian mimicry, yet his defence of
Reciprocal Mimicry really constituted a severe attack upon
that theory. For he pointed out that Dr. Dixey had con-
demned certain of Mr. Marshall’s contentions as vitiated and
valueless because they were based on inaccurate postulates,
whereas these postulates were the very ones which Fritz
Miiller himself had used.
Mr. 8. A. NEAvVE said that as a result of his field experience
in Africa he was unable to accept the theory as to the function
of ‘‘ double aposemes,” but he did not mean thereby to imply
that he rejected every case of Reciprocal Mimicry. He
suggested that Alternate Mimicry might not be so uncommon
a phenomenon as Mr. Marshall appeared to think.
Mr. J. W. Turr asked whether Mr. Marshall really knew
of a single instance in which two species, supposed to carry
different aposemes, lived in the same place with another
species that showed the double aposeme of these species, and
occurred with them at the same time. He remarked further
that in his exhibit Mr. Marshall showed two species with
different aposemes living in Peru, together with the presumed
species showing the double aposeme, which he noted did “ not
occur within 1000 miles of Peru”; was there no instance
known in nature which illustrated the point at issue, and so
removed the question from the rank of pure theory ?
Mr. MarsHatt said that such a case was not known to him.
Mr. W. E. Smarr and Professor T, Hupson BrarE also made
some brief comments on the subject.
Wednesday, May 5th, 1909.
Dr. F, A. Drxry, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Lxhibitions.
Rurnoceros Oxstrip Fry.—Mr. 8. A. Neave exhibited
three specimens of a remarkable Oestrid fly belonging to the
genus Spathicera, Corti, captured on the carcase of a rhinoceros
shot by him near Fort Jameson, N.E. Rhodesia, in February
(| xxiii )
1908. He pointed out the extreme rarity of individuals of
this genus in the imago state, though Oestrid larvae had
long been known and frequently recorded in the intestinal
canal of Rhinoceros bicornis, and recently Professor Sjéstedt
had succeeded in rearing one individual from a larva, described
by him under the name meruvensis.* The only other known
specimen from Africa seemed to be that reported from Gallaland
by Brauer under the name pavesiz.
Mr. Neave remarked that this seemed to be the first recorded
occasion on which the adult insect had actually been observed
to be following the rhinoceros, and it was of some interest in
this connection that both sexes were represented (2 $4, 1 9).
The resemblance of these insects to Hymenoptera of the genus
Salius, an individual of which, Salius n. sp. near imperialis, Sm.,
he exhibited for comparison, was so marked that, having no
net with him, he had hesitated to catch the flies by hand,
though this was easy to do owing to their sluggish flight and
reluctance to leave the carcase. In conclusion Mr. NeAvE
put forward the suggestion that the presence of these parasites
may be an explanation of the peculiar and well-known habit
of the rhinoceros in invariably scattering his dung with his
horn. It seemed not improbable that the animal did this in
an instinctive attempt to kill the larvae by exposing them to
the sun’s rays.
Rare British Ants.—Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorrs brought
for exhibition examples of (a) Yormica ewsecta, Nyl., from
four nests found on April 26th last in Parkhurst Forest,
Isle of Wight, where Mr. E. A. Butler had taken a single §
by sweeping in 1907, and from the same locality (6) Dinarda
hagensi, Wasm., hitherto only observed (with the same ant)
in Britain at Bournemouth by the exhibitor ; also (c) Tetramo-
peria donisthorpei, Kieffer, n.sp., and 7. femoralis, Kieffer,
n.sp., taken by himself with Tetramorium caespitum, L., at
Whitsand Bay, Cornwall, on April 15th last; (d) Paracletes
cimiciformis, taken with 7’. caespitum, L., at Rames Head,
Cornwall, on April 19th last; and (e) Antennophorus
* Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen expedition
nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru. Diptera. Oestridae, Pl. I, fig. 1, 2,
1908.
(aay.
pubescens, Wasm., a species new to Britain, taken on Lasius
flavus at Whitsand Bay on April 18th.
CoLoUR VARIATION IN CoLeopTeRA.—Mr. W. E. Swarp
exhibited examples of the following Coleoptera from the West
of Ireland to illustrate the prevalence of colour variation in
that region :—Carabus nemoralis, Mill., C. granulatus, L., C.
arvensis, F., Notiophilus aquaticus, ¥., V. biguttatus, L., Leistus
ferrugineus, L., and Corymbites cupreus, var. aeruginosus, F.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorrPs also showed three melanic forms
of Carabus nitens, C. arvensis, and Pterostichus dimidiatus from
the New Forest ; all quite black, and other species from Ireland.
Mr. Suarp explaining his exhibit said that in his opinion
these dark forms were racial, and represented the survival of
an older race, and that the melanism was not due to protective
necessities, derived from the environment of the localities in
which the several species existed.
Mr. G. C. Cuampion mentioned that the black variety of
the common Tiger Beetle was found both in Spain and in
Scotland, but very rarely.
Mr. J. W. Tutt also expressed his opinion, citing parallel
instances in lepidoptera, that these dark forms probably
belonged to an older race of the species. He was inclined,
however, to dissent from the conclusion that they had no
eryptic significance, for if, as Mr. Sharp averred, the black
forms of some of these species were more conspicuous than the
paler normal forms, a possible explanation based on protective
advantage was at once forthcoming as to the replacing of the
assumed older darker race by the assumed newer, normally
lighter, more numerous, and, apparently, less easily detected
one, and since, as Mr. Sharp indicated, the percentage of
dark forms of one of the species exhibited varied from a bare
1 per cent. in the eastern counties of England to from 15 to 20
per cent. in the western parts of Ireland, there appeared to be
a further suggestiveness that the assumed newer, normal, form
had, probably, owing to its more highly developed protective
coloration, displaced the older dark race more completely in
the east than in the west. The statement that two races of
the same species occupied the same ground, in different pro-
portions, without advantage to either, could neither be proved
("tsaev ~~)
nor disproved, and only removed the explanation of the reason
of the colour-difference observed in the two forms a step back-
ward. It is just as conceivable that originally dark races of
coleoptera (and lepidoptera) are now less suitable to their
changed conditions (clearance of forests, and consequent
lessened humidity of certain areas, etc.), and are being ousted
by lighter or more suitable forms, as, in other instances,
particularly in wet, smoky, manufacturing districts, originally
light races are now less suitable to their changed environment,
and are being rapidly ousted by what appears to be more
suitable melanic forms.
The President, Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt, and other Fellows
joined in the discussion.
PIERIS MANNI FROM SoutH France.—Mr. H. Rowzanp-
Brown exhibited a series of Pieris manni, Mayer, taken and
bred at le Vernet, Pyrénées-Orientales, and received by him
from M. René Oberthiir, calling attention to the superficial
differences which presented themselves when compared with
imagines of P. rapae.
New Locaity For Cassipa rastuosa.—Mr. E. C. Bepwen
exhibited a series of Cassida fastuosa taken by him on Boxhill,
Surrey, mostly from the leaves of young foxgloves.
DaNaiIpA CHRysIPPuUS, Linn.—Dr. G. B. Lonestarr exhibited
a series of 33 specimens of Danaida chrysippus taken by him
in Egypt and the Sudan during January and February 1909.
Two taken at Cairo, one at Kom Ombo and one at Aswan, were
all typical, but somewhat dark. A few other specimens were
seen at each of these localities, but none of them had white
hind-wings. At Kharttim, where the butterfly was fairly
common, 25 specimens were taken: of these two might be
described as typical, though lighter than the Egyptian speci-
mens ; in eight the veins near the middle of the hind-wings
were dusted with white scales; in seven the centre of the
hind-wings was more or less white, as in Moore’s alcippoides ;
while seven might be described as typical alcippus, Cram. One
specimen only was seen of the form dorippus, Klug, and this
had the hind-wings almost entirely white—f. albinus, Lanz.
So far as could be estimated in the field, three-fourths of all
the specimens seen at Kharttim were either alcippus or alcip-
(eva?)
poides. On the White Nile between El Duém and Gebel En
(lat. 14-124° N.) four specimens were taken, three typical or
nearly so, one of the alcippus form, These figures are in
marked contrast to the proportions found by the President *
among Mr. Loat’s captures on the White Nile in lat. 11-432° N.
In that case out of the same total (33), no less than twelve
were referred to “dorippus” (2), or “klugit” (10). Dr. Long-
staff called attention to the fact that whereas the transition
from the type to alcippus, or from dorippus, Klug, to albinus,
Lanz., is quite gradual; on the contrary, that from the type
to dorippus appears to be abrupt.
Two Mimics oF DanarDA CHRYSIPPUS IN CrEYLON.—Mr.
T. BartynericcE FiercHer exhibited two mimics of JD.
chrysippus ; the 92 of Hlymnias undularis, and of Argynnis
hyperbius (niphe), whose g¢ in both cases show the ordinary
coloration of the genera to which they belong. He said that
although in the ordinary preserved condition the resemblance
of these two 29 to Danaida was rather “rough and ready” and
by no means comparable to the close imitation of pattern seen
in the 9 of Hypolimnas (also exhibited), yet under natural
conditions of flight the likeness between model and mimic was
exceedingly close and deceptive. Indeed, on the occasion of
his first acquaintance with Argynnis hyperbius 9 on the wing
at Hongkong on April 22, 1897, he was completely deceived,
and took the butterfly for a Danaida until it settled on a
flower. The flight of the ? is slow and quite different from
the elegant sailing flight of its g.
The habits and flight of the two sexes of Zlymnias undularis
are also quite different. The ¢ flies in the shade of thick
bushes and is wary and hard to catch, whilst the 9 flies slowly
along in the open.
Although Danaida is probably well protected when on the
wing, he had noted at Galle on April 20, 1907, that these
butterflies, when settling down for the night about sunset,
exhibited a distinct preference for resting on small dead bushes
whose dry and withered leaves approximated closely in colour
to that of the undersurface of the butterfly.
Cases or Mimicry From Cryton.—Mr. FLercuer further
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 141.
( *xxvii ’)
exhibited (a) specimens of a large and conspicuous Mydaid fly,
Mydas vuficornis, Wied., which ‘show a striking resemblance
when on the wing to the large and powerfully armed Scoliid
wasps so common throughout Ceylon. This fly was first found
in Colombo by Mr. O. 8S. Wickwar, whose collecting-boys
brought him specimens when sent out to capture Hymenoptera,
and a single example was obtained by the exhibitor at
Yala (S.E. Ceylon). When on the wing, the resemblance to
a Scoliid is very close and deceptive, the likeness being
generally Scoliiform, rather than mimetic of any particular
species of Scolia. (b) A red spider (taken at Galle on October
26th, 1908), found on a “bilimbi” tree (Averrhoa bilimbi), up
the trunk of which numbers of the common leaf-nesting red
ant, Ocecophylla smaragdina—a model for several different
insects and spiders—were running. In life the resemblance
is extremely close and the ant holds up its first pair of legs
to mimic the antenne of its model. (c) Some newly-hatched
Mantids, upon which the following note was made. “ May
13th, 1908, at Madulsima.—On passing a tea-bush my attention
was called to what were apparently several groups of the
common leaf-nest ant (Oecophylla smaragdina). They were
grouped in masses of about a dozen each, on the terminal
shoots of the tea-bush. It struck me as unusual to find this
ant at this elevation* (3500 feet), and a closer inspection
showed a dark band on the tarsi of the hind-legs. This led
me to look more closely still, and I was surprised to find
that these supposed ants were really young Mantids. The
resemblance, both in colour, size, and the quick jerky move-
ments, was so close as to have completely deceived me. The
fore-legs were held tucked up in the usual Mantid manner,
and the ends of the tibiz may imitate the jaws of the ant.
The abdomen was curled upwards in quite an ant-like manner.
Even taken by itself, one of these young Mantids looks very
like an ant; in a cluster of a dozen or so, all moving jerkily
about but keeping together in a conspicuous position, the
resemblance is very greatly increased.”
* J afterwards found nests of O. smaragdina in the tea-bushes in this
same locality, but they are not common at this elevation. Still, they do
occur.—T. B. F.
(CP eexviin 5)
Mr. Fiercuer’s exhibition also included (d) exampies of a
small Pyralid moth (Syngumia floridalis). When flying, the
black marginal edging of the orange-red wings is practically
invisible, and the moth looks exactly like a Coccinnellid beetle.
This resemblance is so close that on at least one occasion the
moth was actually netted under the impression that it was one
of the beetles which forms its model, and (e) a yellow-spotted
Reduviid bug, Acanthaspis quinquespinosa, Fab., an interesting
case of warning coloration common to various Carabid beetles
found in the same locality and situations (under logs, ete.).
In life both these insects are extremely similar in general
appearance, and both are protected by the emission of a very
powerful and noxious odour.
BirDs ATTACKING BuTTerRFLIES.—Mr. FLEetcuer further said
that he could add at least two instances of birds attacking
butterflies noted by him in Ceylon: i. Veptis eurynome pursued,
caught and eaten by a small bird locally called the “Ceylon
robin.” This was at Diyatalawa in September 1906.
ii. At Galle on June 20th, 1908, he saw a drongo fly down
from a tree and attacka ¢ EHlymnias undularis, which was
flying close to him. The bird missed it once but took it at the
second attempt, flew up to the branch of a coco-nut palm and
devoured it. >
Specimens of both these butterflies were exhibited.
Wednesday, June 2nd, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Drxty, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Frank Price Jepson, of Pembroke College, Cambridge,
and Thanet Lodge, Bromley, Kent; Mr. Ernest CHARLES
Cuuss, of the Rhodesia Museum, Buluwayo, South Africa ;
Mr. Joun F. Musuaw, of 53, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks., and
Mr. Oscar Crcin SItveRtock, of “ Allington,” Burbage Road,
Herne Hill, 8.E., were elected Fellows of the Society.
Qe: See)
Obituary.
The decease was announced of Mr. Joun Brown, a Fellow
of the Society.
Exhibitions.
North AmeEricaAN SAwr ty 1n Lonpon.—Mr. Setwyn Imace
exhibited an example of the North American sawfly, Sirex
caudatus, Cresson, bred from a larva found at Highbury in a
piece of wood, together with photographs of the larva and its
galleries by Mr. Hugh Main.
ANTHOCHARIDS FROM SouTH FRance.—The Rev. G. WHEELER
brought for exhibition a series of Anthocharis tages, var. belle-
zina, from Aix-en-Provence, taken this year, and of A. belia
from the South of France for comparison ; also a series of
Lycaena corydon with dark undersides—the typical form in
the south, expressing the view that in these regions the
butterfly was not only double, but triple brooded ; an observ-
ation supported by the extreme dates of its appearance in a
fresh state.
REDISCOVERED Micro-LEPIDOPTERON FROM THE SOUTH OF
France.—Lord WatsincHam showed two set examples and
pupal cases of Holocacista rivillei, Stn., called by the late Mr.
Stainton “The lost Pleiad,” because originally described in
1750, and not again found before 1870,—mining leaves of
the grape-vine. The name Holocacista, Wlsm, and Drnt., is
now proposed for a new genus, Mr. Stainton having placed it
in Antispila, Tr., from which it is found to differ materially
in neuration, suggesting a more probable alliance with
Heliozela, otherwise Tinagma, Stn.
New Patararctic Species or CattopHrys.—Dr. T. A.
CuapmaN exhibited specimens of Callophrys avis, a new species
from the South of France, first taken by him at Hyéres three
years ago, and in the following year, and now obtained by
him this year from the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is very closely
allied to C’. rubi, but distinguishable by its larger size, ruddier
colour, red hairy face without silver lines round the eyes, the
very different form of the androconial band, the red underside
to the club of the antennae, the different tone of the green of
the underside and the different character of the white line.
(xxx. )
It has probably been passed over in the field as merely rubi,
but could hardly be so in the collection, though the only
specimen seen by the exhibitor, and not in his own possession,
is one in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington,
series of C. rubi, labelled “ Tangier, Elwes coll.” The species
is doubtless scarce and local. Dr. CHapman said he hoped to
submit later a paper on the species giving some details of
habits and life history; he thought it better not at present
to forestall any interest that communication might possess.
He ventured to say, however, in case the present exhibit
left any doubt as to whether C. avis might not be merely a
variety of C. rwbi, that there were great differences in the
larvae, of which also he exhibited examples in the last instar.
The most remarkable was perhaps in the first stage. In two
species, so closely allied, one rather expected there would be no
appreciable difference between them in the first stage. There
were, however, not only differences of colour and markings,
but notable differences in the development of the hairs.
Forms or Pararce AEGERIA.—Dr. CHapMaN also showed two
examples of Pararge aegeria from Southern France, with a
typical Southern specimen (aegeria), and an English one
(aegerides), for comparison, and remarked that it was no
exaggeration to say that the two specimens were about as far
from aegeria in one direction as aegerides is in the opposite,
and much more extreme than any examples in the Natural
History Museum. As it occurs on the same ground as the
type, it is most lkely an aberration, but it is not highly
improbable that it is a Mendelian variety.
Burrerryies FROM Durpan.—Dr. T. P. Lucas, who was
present as a visitor, brought for exhibition a box containing
thirty-one species of butterflies taken by him in the neighbour-
hood of Durban in two hours. He also gave a short account
of the abundance of Lepidoptera at Brisbane, Queensland.
Rare British Beerte—RMr. E. C. Bepwein exhibited two
examples of the myrmecophilous beetle, Hetaerius ferrugineus,
Ol., from Box Hill, a species not recorded from Britain for
forty-six years,
The species was first captured by Mr. E. W. Janson in 1848
at Hampstead with Formica fusca and Ff. flava, and again in
( Rex )
1856 (“ Ent. Annual,” 1857, p. 77), and it was recorded in
1863 (Ent. Annual,” 1863, p. 113) as having been taken
by Dr. Power at Weybridge with Formica rufa, and by
Douglas and Scott near Croydon with Formica sanguinea.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorPE heartily congratulated Mr.
Bedwell on his capture and remarked on the scarcity of the
species in this country. He said it was more abundant
abroad, that the principal hosts were Formica fusca, F.
sanguinea with F. fusca as slaves, and Polyergus rufescens
with F. fusca as slaves. It was also found with F. rufa,
pratensis, exsecta, rusibarbis, Lusius flavus, niger, fuliginosus,
Tapinoma erratica, Leptothorax acervorum and Myrmica seabri-
nodis. The geographical distribution was London to Gibraltar
in the west, and as far east as the Caucasus.
Ants From Norts Brirain.—Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorPe
exhibited (a) specimens of Formica exsecta (? and § 9),
several nests of which he had discovered near Aviemore in
Inverness-shire in May. He pointed out that it had never
been recorded from Scotland or the North before, and showed
a map of the British Isles to illustrate the British distribution
of the species. The localities at present known for it are
Aviemore, Bewdley in Worcestershire, New Forest, Parkstone,
Bournemouth, as far west as Poole and as far east as Ring-
wood, Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, Bovey Tracey in
Devonshire, and the Land’s End in Cornwall ; also (4) specimens
of Formica rufa-pratensis, 29, O93, pseudogynes and micrer-
gates from Nethy Bridge, Inverness-shire, and remarked that
this was the chief form there. He described the nests, and
mentioned that a number of them were being extinguished
by the undergrowth. Moss starts to grow round the base of
the nests, then “ bilberry” and heather which creep upwards
all round the hillock, gradually driving the ants to the summit
and eventually extinguishing the colony. Professor Wheeler,
in a paper “On Relations of Ants to Plants,” records similar
cases in America and Europe, and is of opinion that the colony
eventually dies off.
MENDELISM IN ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA.—Mr. L. DoncasTER
exhibited a drawer of Abraxas grossulariata and its var.
lacticolor, illustrating breeding experiments.
(a)
The various pairings give the following results :—
(1) lacticolor 2 x grossulariata 3 gives all offspring grossu-
lariata.
(2) Heterozygous grossulariata g and 9? paired together give
all gs grossulariata, 9s half grossulariata, half lacticolor.
(3) lacticolor 9? x heterozygous grossulariata g gives equal
proportions of grossulariata and lacticolor in both sexes. The
variety is thus transferred to the male by this pairing.
(4) The converse pairing heterozygous grossulariata ? x
lacticolor ¢ gives all gs grossulariata, all Qs lacticolor.
(5) lacticolor 9 x lacticolor g gives only Jacticolor in both
sexes.
(6) Wild @ x lacticolor g gives all gs grossulariata, all
Qs lacticolor.
These results show—(1) that Jacticolor is a Mendelian
recessive to grossulariata ; (2) the converse pairings Nos.
1 and 6 above, show that wild gs are homozygous (pure)
grossulariata ; but wild 9s are heterozygous, bearing reces-
sive lacticolor. They suggest that the sex-determinants also
behave as Mendelian characters, femaleness being dominant,
and that gs are homozygous in respect of sex, 9s heterozygous.
New Irish Beerne—Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin exhibited
examples of Micropeplus caelatus, Er., taken on marshy ground
last April, near Cloghane, co. Kerry, by Dr. Norman Joy
and himself, an interesting addition to a small genus, so far,
reported only from Germany and Sweden. It comes nearest
to M. porcatus, Payk., from which it is very distinct by its
much smaller size, the much feebler raised line on the vertex
of the head, the much more rugose sculpture of the head and
thorax, and in other points. It has the proportions of JZ.
tesserula, Curtis, but is larger and has the interstices of the
elytra strongly punctured.
A MIGRATION oF Lapygirps.—Dr, G. B. Lonestarr exhibited
a number of specimens of Coccinella 11-punctata, L., from the
White Nile. On February 16th, 1909, when about 40 m. above
Khartfim, numerous lady-birds settled upon the steamer—
there were probably many hundreds; they all flew from the
East against a slight westerly breeze; the flight lasted from
4.50 p.m. till nearly 6 p.m. ; all those taken (25) proved to be
(ex)
Coccinella 11-punctata, L., a widely-distributed species, and
apparently the common lady-bird of Egypt and the Sudan,
as Dr. Longstaff met with it near Cairo, at Aswan, at
Khartiim, and 125 miles south. of that city at El Duwém on
the White Nile. Swarms of lady-birds in England are alluded
to by E. C. Rye (‘ British Beetles,” p. 228); the occurrence
of immense swarms of lady-birds on mountains was referred to
at a meeting of the Society by Prof. Poulton, quoting Prof.
V. L. Kellogg (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. 23 ef seg.). Kirby
and Spence (7th Ed., p. 295) mention having personally
witnessed Coccinellae alight upon a ship at sea.
Dr. G. B. Lonastarr also exhibited a Scarabaeus taken by him
on the edge of the desert within half-a-mile of the Sphinx.
It differed in several structural points from the common
S. sacer, L., and has since been identified as S. compressicornis,
Klug, an Arabian species.
CarveD Eeyprian Scaras.—Professor E. B. Poutron,
F.R.S., exhibited a scarab beautifully carved out of a hard
limestone. The specimen had been obtained by Dr. G. B.
Longstaff in Upper Egypt and presented to the Hope
Department. Mr. F. Ll. Griffith, the Reader in Egyptology
at Oxford, pronounced it to be a good example of the art of
about the sixth century B.c.—it might possibly be as late as
the third century B.c, Mr. W. Holland and Commander J. J.
Walker had not found any beetle so likely to have been copied
by the artist, as Scarabaeus sacer, L., and Mr. G. J. Arrow, who
had examined the specimen, remarked, “The head seems to
point to that species undoubtedly, and the striation of the
elytra must have been added from the artist’s observation
of other groups, or from his notions of entomological
propriety.”
Species or Two GeENERA OF COCCINELLIDAE CAPTURED IN
coitu.—Professor E. B. Poutron exhibited a specimen of
Adalia obliterata, L., captured in cop. with Halyzia 18-guttata,
L., by Mr. Joseph Collins, of the Hope Department. The
specimens were beaten out of a fir-tree at Tubney, Berkshire,
on August 5th, 1908. They remained paired after being
placed in the laurel bottle, and the specimens were seen to be
still united.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1909. O
(Seman)
DipreRA FROM OXFORD AND THE New Forust.—Professor
E. B. Pounton exhibited the following Diptera, bred or
captured by Mr. A. H. Hamm, of the Hope Department.
The observations recorded below were from Mr. Hamm’s
notes,
(1) Ten specimens of Hecoptomera microps, Mg., bred from
pupae found on February 6th, 1909, in a single mole’s nest,
on the Headington Wick Farm, near Oxford. They emerged
at intervals, the first on March 15th, and the last on April
12th, 1909.
(2) Two specimens of JMiltogramma germari, Mg., a species
new to the British list. They were taken with I. punctatwm,
Mg., on a sandy path, near Shotover Hill, Oxford, on August
7th, 1907. The path is very much frequented by various
species of Aculeate Hymenoptera, about the burrows of
which they were captured. (Vide EK. M. M., 1909, p. 105.)
(3) A specimen of M/. punctatum, Mg., was one of several ob-
served following the bee, Colletes succincta, L. The fly exhibited
was captured as it was following a male of the bee along a sandy
bank, near Lyndhurst, on August 2nd, 1907, both it and the
bee being taken in a single sweep of the net. Mr. Hamm
and his friend, Mr. G. Arnold, watched them frequently fol-
lowing the Colletes, but not so persistently, as in the case of
Chortophila unilineata, Ztt., recorded in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
February 7th, 1906.
(4) A specimen of Sphecapata conica, Fln., was one of two
which very persistently followed the Fossor, Crabro scutellaris,
Sm., 9. All three were netted together, but one of the flies
escaped while endeavouring to box them. The observations
were made and the specimens captured near Denny Bog, in the
New Forest, August 14th, 1908.
A RARE CASTNIA BRED FROM AN ORCHID IN ENGLAND.—
Professor Poutron exhibited an example of the rare Castniid
moth, Casinia therapon, Kollar, captured on December 26th,
1908, flying in his orchid-house at Broadstone, Dorset, by
Dr. A. R. Wallace. The empty pupa-case, also exhibited,
was found among the roots of a Stanhopea, which had beeu
more than a year in Dr. Wallace’s possession. Its previous
history was set forth in the following statement received by
a, ee ee
( Sav)
him from Mr. Hall, of Buenos Ayres: ‘The Stanhopea I sent
you had been in my conservatories for some years. It origin-
ally came from Santos, Brazil (Province of Sad Paulo).” Dr.
Wallace had written to Professor E. B. Poulton concerning
this very interesting observation: ‘“‘As Mr. Hall’s conserva-
tories are in the suburbs of Buenos Ayres, the Casinia is
hardly likely to have inhabited that treeless region. South-
west of Santos there appears to be an almost uninhabited tract
of hilly country between the Sierra and the sea, and therefore
probably forest-clad and more likely to produce both the
orchid and the moth. I should not wonder if the coast forests
of Sad Paulo were very rich and perhaps not much known, as
every traveller wants to get into the ‘interior,’ and away
from the coast. Of course, ‘some years’ may mean ‘more
than one,’ and the plant having been gathered when dry and
dormant the insect may have been delayed in emerging.”
EuryTELA HIARBAS, Drury (1782), A PROBABLE FORM OF E.
DRYOPE, CRAMER (1775).—Professor Pouton said that he had
received a letter from Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S. of Durban,
containing the following interesting observation: “I have to
record that on two occasions within a week, viz. on the 3rd
and 7th of April [1909], I saw Hurytela diryope, in cop. with
E. hiarbas, and only once in cop, with its own form. I am
going to breed from a ? of E. hiarlas, and perhaps I shall
prove that it and LH. dryope are forms of the same species, as
indeed I quite expect them to be.”
Professor Pounton said he had asked Mr. Marshall his
opinion as to the specific identity of these two forms and had
received the following reply: “I have long had suspicions as
to these two forms ; for not only did Bowker take them paired
long ago, but he also caught what appears to be an inter-
mediate form, described by Trimen, and named hiarbas var.
flavescens by Aurivillius. On the other hand, if they are
species it is rather singular that their ranges are not coinci-
dent. For instance, /iarbas is common in the forest regions
of Eastern Cape Colony and even ranges as far west as Knysna,
while dryope is not yet known from south of Natal. Againa
form of dryope occurs in Madagascar, but no hiarbas, and so
forth. Then hiarbas varies geographically in the width of the
02
(* exaa| })
h.w. band, but there does not seem to be a corresponding
variation in dryope, as one might expect. They both vary in
the angulation of the f.w., but the range of the forms is not
quite coincident, for apparently in Angola and the Congo
region the southern form of dryope occurs in conjunction with
the western form of hiarbas. These are not insuperable diffi-
culties in the way of considering the two forms as conspecific,
but they emphasise the necessity for proof by breeding before
any such view can be properly accepted. I sincerely hope
that Leigh will be able to carry out the experiment he
suggests,”
A little later Mr. Marshall again wrote on the same subject :
“ JT was looking at the Zurytelae in the British Museum the day’
before I left, and I was interested to notice that the southern
form of dryope differs notably from hiarbas in the disposition
of the markings below the cell on under-side of f.w. But in
one of the western forms (alinda, I think it is,) these markings
are identical with those of the western hiarbas, and the h.w.
band is also very similar in width and position; so that this
possibly represents the more primitive form of dryope.”
HEREDITY IN THE FEMALE FORMS OF HYPOLIMNAS MISIPPUS.
—Professor Poutron showed a series of forty-nine females and
seven males (being all that had been kept of this sex) of
Hypolimnas misippus, bred by Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers,
M.A., F.ES., from a female captured October 31st, 1908, at
Rabai, near Mombasa, British East Africa, where the inaria
form of female is no commoner than the type form. The
female parent was intermediate between the type and the
inaria form, but on the whole nearer the former: it bore
a very faint white patch on each hind-wing, thus slightly
tending towards the var. alcippoides. It was a very remark-
able fact that the whole of the female offspring were inaria,—
not a single type form, not a single intermediate. On the other
hand, twenty-one specimens possessed to a variable extent, and
on the whole very slightly, the alcippoides characteristic of a
white patch on the hind-wing. The dates of emergence of
the females (including a crippled imaria emerging Nov. 27th
and not retained) and the whole of the males were as follows,
the letter a indicating alcippoides :—
C' somxviil’?
1908. | Females. Males.
Nov. 27. | 8 (3a.) 21
a 28 28 (12a.) 18
aot o)(4an) 1
OO VIP = Ie( 2d.) —
Totals 50 40
Professor Poutton said that this remarkable experiment
perhaps tended to support Col. Manders’ suggestion that the
species could be influenced in the direction of the inaria form
by dry conditions ; but large experiments specially designed to
test this hypothesis were required before it could be accepted.
The distribution of the inaria form in Africa did not seem to
point in this direction. We did not yet know the conditions
of moisture or dryness under which these larvae and pupae had
been kept by Mr. Rogers. Whatever the interpretation,* the
results were extremely interesting, and contrasted in a remark-
able manner with those obtained by Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S.
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 689, 690, Plate XXXII).
The relative number of the females and the slightly earlier
average emergence of the males were interesting points
shown in the above table.
Miuieri1an Mimicry 1n Eupiormnar.—Professor Povuiton
exhibited sets of Euploeine butterflies from Southern India,
the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and Fiji, showing that the
pattern, which differed at each of these localities, was followed
by various local species. Two different patterns were shown
from New Guinea and two from the Solomons. The exhibition
was intended to meet the criticisms contained in a letter by
Lt.-Col. Manders, read at a recent meeting and now published
in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record” for May (pp. 120,121). The
writer of this letter implied that the resemblances figured by
* Mr. L. Doncaster, F.E.S., who examined the series at the conclusion
of the meeting, suggested that the results may be due to the Mendelian
dominance of the inaria over the type form of female, the tendency to
inaria having been carried by the male parent. It would be of the
highest interest to test this suggestion by breeding from the first filial
generation (F. 1),—E. B. P., June 20th, 1909.
() Goxxyun )
Mr. J. C. Moulton on Plate XXXIV of the 1908 Transactions
were precisely parallel to those of the commoner British
species of Pierinae. The specimens exhibited, to which many
others might have been added, proved that the argument was
unsound. The patterns of Pierinae did not exhibit anything
like the same local peculiarities and local resemblances as those
of the Huploeinae. Col. Manders had also implied that the
Miillerian interpretation of the resemblances between EKuploeas
was a recent innovation, whereas it had been suggested by
Prof. Meldola, F.R.S., in 1882 ( Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,” 5th
Ser., Vol. X, 1882, p. 417), and set forth in detail by the
late Frederick Moore in the following year (‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,
Lond.,” 1883, p. 201). There was evidence that Euploeas
were distasteful, and resemblances independent of affinity be-
tween distasteful species had been reasonably interpreted by
the Miillerian hypothesis. The interpretation in this case,
although offered nearly thirty years ago, had not, so far as
the speaker was aware, been called in question before. In the
absence of Mr. Moulton in Borneo, Professor Poulton wished
to say these few words in defence of his communication
published in the Transactions of last year (p. 585).
As bearing on the same subject, Professor Poulton showed
a male example of the Euploeine butterfly, Zronga crameri,
Lucas, sent to him by Mr. J.C. Moulton, F.E.S8., together with
a large Lycosid spider which was said to have captured it.
The specimens had been brought to Mr. Moulton by one of
his collectors who stated that he saw the butterfly in the
grasp of the spider. They were found (April 21st, 1909) on a
post near Kuching, Sarawak. The observation threw light
on the enemies of specially defended groups of insects.
SmatLt Morus CaPTURED AT SEA PROBABLY 190 MILES FROM
THE LAND THEY HAD LEFT.—Professor Poutron exhibited moths
observed at sea and sent to him by Mr. F. Muir, F.E.S., and
Mr. J. C. Kershaw, F.E.S. Mr. Muir in a letter written on
his way from Hongkong to Ceram, and dated December 24th,
1908, gave the following account of the observation :—
‘“‘ T enclose some small moths taken at sea on November 29th,
1908, about 107°20 E. and 6° N., that is, about 190 miles
S.S.E. of the Lower Cochin China coast, and about 120 miles
(fxxmax *:)
N.N.W. of Great Natunas. The wind was fresh and blowing
from off the Cochin China coast: about 10 a.m. we noticed
many small moths settled over the deck and all in perfect con-
dition, as if just hatched. At first we suspected that they
were bred in the ship, but soon discovered that they were
coming on board in numbers. For about five hours we
noticed these moths in great numbers travelling from about
N.N.W. to 8.S.E. They had the power of resting on the
surface of the sea—even in the broken water around the bows
of the boat—and then rising and continuing their journey.
There were several other species in small numbers, and among
them the delicate little plume moth which I send. I think
these moths must have come from off the Lower Cochin China
coast, and, if no bad weather turned up, would reach the
various islands, or even Borneo, in fair numbers.
‘‘What surprised us most was the beautiful condition so
many of them (or, to be more exact, nearly all) were in, showing
that their long journey had had no ill effects upon them.”
Professor Poulton said that the species, of which a list is
given below, had been kindly named for him by Sir George
Hampson, and the “ Plume” by Paymaster T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher.
Schoenobius bipunctifera, Walk., 7 specimens.
» tmeertulas, Walk. 7 "
Glyphodes celsalis, Walk., eve | %
Alucita niveodactyla, Pag., . 1 a
The specimens had unfortunately been attacked by “pests,”
so that the majority were in bad condition. The small and
delicate white ‘“ Plume” had escaped this injury and was
beautifully preserved.
The species named above possessed the following distribution
as shown by the series’in the British Museum.
S. bipunctifera :—India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, China
(including places so distant as Omei-shan and Chusan
Islands), Formosa, Singapore, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
S. incertulas:—India, Ceylon, Burma, Singapore, Borneo,
Java, Cassini Island (N.W. Australia).
Glyphodes celsalis :—India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, China
(teal)
(Central and Western), Japan, Singapore, Borneo, New
Guinea, Trobriand Islands.
Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher had informed the speaker
that the Alweita extended from India to the Philippines and
the Solomon Islands, but had as yet been but little observed
in the Malay Archipelago.
The wide area over which these species were at present
known to range and the absence of any marked local varia-
tion might with probability be explained by the power of
distribution in the manner detected by Mr. Muir and Mr.
Kershaw.
Norrs ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF AULACODES SIMPLICIALIS,
SnELL.—Professor Poutton exhibited specimens and drawings
of Aulacodes simplicialis, Snell., one of the Hydrocampinae,
also sent to him by Mr. Muir and Mr. Kershaw. Mr.
Muir’s letter of Dec. 24th, 1908, already referred to, contained
the following reference to his and Mr. Kershaw’s observations :
‘“‘ Before leaving Macao we found a little moth living in the
streams, and also a parasite that attacks it. I enclose you
some sketches (made by Kershaw) of it, along with some notes,
and specimens of imago, larva, pupa and cocoon. If the life
of this species be unknown the observations may be of
interest, and you can use the notes as you wish.”
Accompanying the letter was the following interesting record
of the observations conducted by these two naturalists :—
‘‘One of the last entomological excursions we made before
we left China was to Lappa, a mountainous island on the
western side of the harbour of Macao. Many streams arise
among these granite mountains and rush down the steep
gullies in a series of small waterfalls. In several spots where
the water was most rapid we found the larva of a species of
Hydrocampinae living on the surface of the rocks, sometimes
under eighteen to twenty-four inches of swiftly flowing water,
at other times under a few inches, or where the rocks were
continuously covered with a shower of spray.
‘The larva appeared to be very similar to De Geer’s figure
of Paraponys stratiotata, L., the second and following ten body
segments bearing a protuberance on each side, from which
forty to fifty thread-like gills arise (Fig. 1). The pupa is
( xi )
slightly more thick-set in the thorax than P. stratiotata and
its proboscis and legs project some way beyond the end of the
abdomen. The second, third and fourth abdominal segments
bear raised spiracles.
HIG.) Vs
Dorsal view of larva.
“The larva constructs flat, silken tunnels over the surface
of the rocks and fastens little pieces of green alga, upon which
it feeds, into the structure. The alga grows and gives the
tunnels a cryptic appearance. When full-grown the larva
f Pediat.)
constructs a complex cocoon. A stout silken dome is con-
structed, with a series of holes near the anterior and posterior
edges () in Figs, 2, 3, and 4). This is fastened down to the rock
by its posterior and lateral edges, and by the pillars of a series
of arches that join the lateral affixed edges, slightly posterior
Ventral view of Cocoon.
a, Larval tunnels. b. Dome. ec. Outer cover.
e. Pillars of dome. Pillars of arches.
to the front margin (f in Figs. 2 and 3). Two, three or four
stout pillars also act as strengtheners to hold the dome (e in Figs.
2 and 4). Under this dome is a second cover, formed of finer
silk and composed of an upper and lower sheet, with their
edges fastened together all round (cin Figs. 2,3and4). Within
( xhii )
this is a third cover closely attached, and similar to the second
but of still finer texture (Fig. 4,d), in which the pupa lies.
The water enters under the anterior margin, which is some-
times fastened down at one or two points, and through the
anterior holes, and passes out through the posterior holes, the
pupa is thus kept dry but well supplied with air. The cocoon
Transverse section, showing ventral view of anterior end.
6. Dome. c. Outercover. . Pillars of arches.
varies in size and shape according to the position in which it
is built.
‘“'We took several pupae home and constructed a suitable
breeding-cage, in which we hatched out the moth, and also a
large Ichneumonid. We had noticed the cocoon and emergence
Fig. 4.
Diagrammatic section through centre of cocoon.
b. Dome. c. Outer cover. d. Inner cover. e. Pillars,
holes of this parasite at the time when we were collecting
the material.
‘Copulation took place at night: the male flutters over the
female for a few seconds and then they unite very quickly. Two
nights later eggs were laid. The eggs are numerous and de-
posited in rather irregular and straggling batches, but mostly
in contact with and adhering to one another. They are obtusely
( xiv)
oval, smooth, shiny, and of a rather pale orange colour. They
were laid on the sides of the breeding-jar just above the water,
and on wet blotting-paper, but the female never entered the
water for the purpose of ovipositing, although there were water-
plants and algae in the cage. The eggs laid on dry surfaces
soon collapsed and dried up, while those on wet surfaces kept
in good condition for so long as suitable conditions could be
maintained. Unfortunately such conditions could not be
maintained on board ship, and all the ova died before we
reached Java.
‘“‘ The adult moth readily takes to the water when frightened,
diving below the surface, and using its legs for swimming.
The wings are appressed to the body, and the whole insect
more or less covered with air-bubbles. They are capable of
remaining thirty minutes or more below the surface, clinging
to plants and submerged weeds. It is possible that in suitable
situations the females enter the water to oviposit, but this
would be impossible where the stream runs swiftest, and in
such places it is possible that they lay their eggs on the wet
rocks along the edge of the water. We were not fortunate
enough to observe the method of oviposition of the parasite.”
THE USE OF THE Saw BY A SAWFLY DURING OvIPosITION.—
Professor Poutton said that he had noticed the discussion at
a previous meeting upon the “saw” of the female Sawfly, and
observed that there was but little direct evidence of its use.
He therefore thought it might be of interest to record that
about the year 1886 he had watched the female of Croesus
septentrionalis, L., ovipositing on the under surface of a birch
leaf, in his garden at Oxford. Some of the ova then laid were
exhibited to the meeting, preserved in spirit. The speaker
had been much struck with the deliberate movements of the
insect and the facility with which she could be approached
and examined with a lens without any interference with her
work. He distinctly remembered the saw being moved back-
wards and forwards as in the ordinary act of sawing, but
could not be sure whether the work was done in the pull (as
in certain pruning saws) or the push (as in most saws). The
effect was to cut a slit in the leaf tissue beside and obliquely
to the axis of the midrib or some chief vein. The saw was
¢ xivr )
then withdrawn and a sausage-shaped egg laid in the slit: an-
other slit was cut parallel with and immediately below the last,
and another egg laid. The operation was repeated until a long
row of obliquely-placed eggs lay like a seam beside the midrib
or vein. He had watched the rapid swelling of the eggs thus
laid, probably by absorption from the leaf tissues, and had
preserved examples at various stages up to the point at which
the larvae hatched. These were exhibited to the meeting.
Wipe-ranaine LeprpopTera.—Mr. T. Bainericce FLETCHER
exhibited examples of Lepidoptera common to the African,
Indian and Australian Regions (some of them occurring in
America also), and remarked that, in working out the
Lepidoptera of the ‘‘Sealark” Expedition collected by him in
1905 amongst the Islands of the Indian Ocean, he had been
much struck with the large proportion—some 30 per cent. of
all the species collected—which were common to these three
regions. The usual remark, he said, would be that these were
all common and widely-distributed species, but this observation
though correct enough in itself entirely failed to give any
reason for their wide distribution. Many of these Lepidoptera
are extremely variable, and it appeared to him incredible that
they should retain their specific facies throughout the vast
area of their distribution in the absence of some fairly constant
syngamic connection. The existence of what has been called
a “‘syngamic chain” had been postulated in the case of certain
strong-flying species such as Pyrameis cardui and some such
connection seemed a necessary assumption ; at the same time
this “syngamic chain” theory threw little light on the
natural means of dispersion which, especially in the case of
small and weak-winged insects such as Pyralidae and Piero-
phoridae, would appear to be much more efficient and regular
than was usually supposed to be the case. He put forward
the suggestion that this means of dispersal was to be found in
the action of cyclonic storms in conjunction with the movements
of the upper strata of the atmosphere.
Buack ANnTs AND THEIR Minics.—Mr. Fiercuer also
brought for exhibition (a) examples of four species of black
ants: a Cicindelid beetle, Derocrania concinna; an Attid
spider ; and two species of Rhynchota, all of which have under
(@ xlve |)
natural conditions a strikingly ant-like appearance. JD. con-
cimna is found at Hambantota, Ceylon, on the trunks and
branches of the Mustard Tree, Salvadora persica, and other
trees ; it is decidedly conspicuous and its quick jerky motions
and general appearance combine to make it look like a large
black ant. In the Madulsima District the closely-allied D.
scttiscabra is common, conspicuous and ant-like, and is usually
seen on bare slopes of earth such as the sides of termitaria.
The Attid spider (from Galle, Ceylon) may possibly mimic
Lobopelia, a genus of ants armed with a powerful sting.
Mass or Bues RESEMBLING A FLOwEeR.—He also exhibited
(6) specimens of Dysdercus cingulatus, taken at Yala, 8.E.
Ceylon, on 9th February, 1909. This bug is usually abundant
and conspicuous, and Mr. Fletcher had often seen it at Galle clus-
tered gregariously in large masses of individuals on walls and
tree-trunks, especially on trunks on the “Suriya”’ tree, 7/hespesia
populnea ; it is extremely nauseous, being rejected even by
lizards and toads. On this particular occasion, a mass of
these bugs, in all stages of development, was clustered around
the otherwise bare tip of an upright twig, none occurring
separately below the main body, in such a way that the
general effect of this mass of red bugs was to resemble at a
short distance a scarlet flower growing from the twig; and
(c) a homoeochromatic assemblage composed of an ant, a
wasp and a bug (Camponotus holosericeus, Pompilus arrogans,
and Dieuches femoralis), all found together at the same time at
Hambantota. All three of these insects run along the
ground in the barer sandy patches amongst the bushes in
the same jerky sort of way and all are coloured much alike—
sufticiently so to have in life quite a noticeable resemblance.
BEETLE CARRIER OF WINGED DiprerA.—Exhibiting an
example of Scarabaeus gangeticus Mr. FLETCHER said that it was
one of several captured at Yala, 8.E. Ceylon, on February 9th,
1909, when they were wheeling about swiftly but heavily in
the bright sunshine. All these beetles were found to be
carrying small winged Diptera (Lorboridae) which were
running actively about over the ventral surface of the thorax
and abdomen of the beetle and which seemed very loth to use
their wings even when the beetle had been caught and was
( xlvu )
being handled. Of four beetles caught, one was carrying
twelve of these flies, another three, and the other two three
between them ; but it is very probable that in the last three
cases some of the flies had been brushed off in netting the beetle
or during its struggles in the net.
It seems probable that these flies fill the vd/e rather of
passengers than of parasites in the strict sense of the word,
clinging to the beetle as an easy means of transport to, and
discovery of, their pabulum, which is probably in this case the
dung of wild buffaloes.
Papers.
“On some new and little-known Neotropical Lycaenidae,”
by Hamitton H. Druce, F.LS.
‘fA Description of the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera,
with a view to give a simple and more certain Nomenclature
to the Alary System of Jurine,” by CraupE Morzey, F.Z.8.
“Qn the Colonisation of new nests of ants by Myrme-
ophilous Coleoptera,” by H. Sr. J. Donisruorre, F.Z.S.
“New Genera of British Mymaridae (Haliday),” by Frep.
Enook, F.L.S.
Wednesday, October 6th, 1909.
Dr. F, A. Dixny, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Cambridge Darwin Centenary.
Tuer PrEsIDENT, giving an account of the proceedings at the
Cambridge University Darwin Centenary Celebration, men-
tioned that the Address of the Entomological Society had
been received with special applause.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Hueu Scort, B.A., Trinity College, and the Museum
of Zoology, Cambridge, and Mr. Cartron C. Goupry, B.Sc.,
Uganda, British East Africa, were elected Fellows of the
Society.
(> xlyiti. )
Obituary. .
The decease was announced of Mr. H. G. PALuisEr, and
of Mr. H. W. Barker, Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
New Noctuip.—Sir Grorcze Hampson brought for exhibi-
tion the unique example of a Noctuid moth new to science
captured in the neighbourhood of Aberdeen by Mr. L. G. Esson,
and presented to the National Collection by the Hon. N. C.
Rothschild. It would be necessary, he said, to constitute a
new genus for it, as it presented characters not known to exist
in allied species.
ButterFLigs FRoM DavupuHine.—Mr. A. H. Jonns exhibited
examples of Melitaea deione, from la Grave, and aberrant
forms of J. didyma from Digne, taken in July last. This is
the first record of the former species occurring so far north in
the French Alps, and it was noteworthy that the specimens
showed a nearer aflinity to the meridional form than to the
var. berisalensis of the Rhone Valley in Switzerland. The
M. didyma included one very fine aberration taken at Digne,
Basses-Alpes, on July 16th, in which the black spots on
the central area of the fore-wing were confluent, forming a
broad black band; the outer margin broadly black, and this
continued to the hind-wing.
Rare British Beetrites.—Professor T. Hupson BEARE ex-
hibited specimens of Zrechus rivularis, Gyll., taken at Wicken
Fen on 15th September, 1909. This insect is very local
and rare; the only specimens which have been taken for
many years were two, captured by the late Mr. Chitty, also
at Wicken Fen. Alsospecimens of Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm.,
taken at Sandown, Isle of Wight, in haystack refuse, in
August last. This genus and species were originally described
by Newman on specimens taken in the Isle of Wight. The
species has never been taken in the island since that date
until the present capture.
Rare Breries, DrerERoN AND BraconrpAE.—Mr. H. St. J.
DonIsTHORPE showed examples of the following—(a) Tychius
polylineatus, Germ., taken at Ditchling by Mr. Dollman and
(\ xhx) )
himself, on September 9th. (0) Trechus rivularis, GylL.,
specimens taken September 15th and 16th, 1909, at Wicken
Fen ; also (c) the Dipteron Meigenia floralis, Fall. (with its
host Phytodecta pallida), bred from larvae taken at Chilworth
in July last, with the pupa-case in larva-skin of the beetle ;
and the following Braconidae—(d) Euphorus bistigmaticus,
Morley, n. sp., ¢ type bred from Formica rufa nest from
Weybridge, 15th June, 1909, @ 9? taken hovering over ants
on F, rufa nests at Weybridge, July 7th, and Beauly Forest,
July 21st, all of this year. (e) Spilomma falconivibrans,
Morley, n. g. et sp., d and @ bred from F. fusca nest from
Porlock, July 29th, 1907; and Pachylomma buccata ? taken
at St. Helens, Isle of Wight, hovering over a nest of the ant
Lasius niger.
ASCALAPHUS coccAJUS FROM GENEVA.—Mr. W. J. Luoas
showed a male and a female example of Ascalaphus coccajus,
and a pair of the same insect near the var. leucocilius with
the golden yellow markings replaced by white. They were
taken by the Rev. F. D. Morice, with other specimens, in June
of this year at Geneva.
Norts AMERICAN CHRYSOPHANIDS.—Mr., G. BetHuNE-BAKER
showed a series of Chrysophanus dorcas, which occurs in North
America from Labrador, and Alaska down to Michigan in
marshy localities, and pointed out the peculiar characteristic
of the egg, which was more Thecloid than Chrysophanid. He
also exhibited a finely radiated example of Chrysophanus
hypophlaeas ; also a North American species.
BREEDING EXPERIMENT WITH CHaRraxes.—Mr. G. F, Leicu
exhibited the ? parent and 21 specimens of the offspring of
Charaxes zoolina neanthes. This result was obtained from
ova deposited by the zoolina form of the ?, and produced 4
dds and 2 99s like the parent, and 15 ¢gs and 9 9? 9s of
the neanthes form. Last year the same result was obtained
in a smaller degree, but the eggs on that occasion were ob-
tained from the neanthes form of the 9. All the specimens
exhibited, the breeding of which was undertaken at the
special request of Professor E. B. Poulton, will be placed with
those shown last year in the Hope Department, University
Museum, Oxford. The proving by breeding from ova that
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1909. D
Cone
these two forms are one species has cleared up two or three
other similar cases of Butterflies occurring in other parts of
the world, that have forms of totally different colour, but are
structurally the same. With regard to the examples exhibited
Mr. Leigh said that although the zoolina form are consistent
in both the wet and dry season, there are two quite distinct
forms of the neanthes variety.
Papers.
Mr. H. Evrrincuam, M.A., F.Z.8., read a paper on
“ Hdibility Experiments with Larvae and Lizards.”
Mr. F. Enocx, F.L.S., read a paper on “New British
Mymaridae,”’ and illustrated his remarks with a number of
lantern slides of both sexes of the species discovered and de-
seribed by him.
The following papers were also read :—
“On the Characters and Relationships of the less-known
groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera, with Descriptions of new
species of Hybosorinae, etc.,” by Gilbert J. Arrow,
“A list of Chrysids taken by the writer in two visits to
Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho, with descriptions of new species,”
by the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A.
“ A Revision of the African Species of the genus Lycaenes-
thes,” by G. Bethune-Baker, F.L.8.
Mr. G. C. Dupgron communicated the following notes on
(a) Teratoneura isabellae, n. sp.; (b) Stugeta marmorea, Butl. ;
(c) Argyrocheila undifera, Staudg.; (¢) Lycaenesthes, sp.; (@)
Mycalesis abnormis, n. sp.; (f) Acraea pseudepaea, un. sp.,
Planema epaea, Cram. ; and (g) Acraea vesperalis, Grose-Smith,
and sent for exhibition examples to illustrate his remarks.
“Family Lycarntpan.—The specimen exhibited (a), belongs
to the sub-family Lipteninae, but cannot be assigned to any
described African genus. It seems to have affinities with
Aslauga and Epitola, but differs from both in the shape of
the wings and the distortion of veins 2 and 3 of the fore-wing.
That wing possesses the full complement of veins, 7, 8 and 9
being on a stalk arising from the end of the cell, which latter
is closed by nearly straight discocellular veins; 6 free from
near the origin of the stalk of 7,8 and 9; 5 given off from
(iE)
slightly above the centre of the discocellulars ; 4 arising from
the lower angle of the cell and 2 and 5 from points well before
the angle and conspicuously bent downwards, the last reaching
the margin close to the outer angle. In outline the fore-wing
shows the outer margin nearly rectangular with the costa,
from the apex to vein 4, after which it is concave as far as
vein 2, and then becomes gradually confluent with the inner
margin. In the hind-wing, vein 8 is curved near the base ;
6 and 7 and 3 and 4 arise from the angles of the cell, and 5
springs from the centre of the discocellulars, which are slightly
angled outwards. The whole wing is sub-quadrate, and the
costa is concave beyond the middle; the outer margin being
slightly angled at veins 7 and 4. The palpi have the second
joint somewhat swollen and the third thin. The legs are
thickened and clothed in granulated scales, the hind pair having
the tibiae and tarsi flattened. The antennae are nearly half
the length of the costa, gradually thickened, reddish-brown
with pale tips. I propose the name of Jeratoneura for the
genus and attach the description of the species.”
(a) Teratoneura isabellae, n. sp.
3. Fore-wing dark brown, with a large orange-red patch
extending from near the base of the inner margin to about
2mm. from the outer margin; occupying the basal portions
of interspaces 3 and 4 and two-thirds of 2, expanding to the
inner margin ; two quadrate orange spots present in interspaces
4 and 5, beyond the line of the outer edge of the large orange
patch. Hind-wing bright orange-red with an even dark brown
marginal band, 2 mm. in width. Under-side with the orange
markings of the fore-wing upper-side replaced by yellowish
similar ones ; the ground colour of the remainder of the wing
variegated with greyish and brown, with a few reddish scales
on the costa before the apex and on the margin in interspace
2, where there are indistinct sub-marginal yellowish patches.
The hind-wing is variegated with dark brown and silvery
grey ; a leaden fascia extends from the apex to the middle of
the inner margin, where it is bifurcated ; a silvery, sub-basal,
broad comma-like mark present on the costa, and an indis-
tinct orange marginal mark on the tornus.
Hap. 3 42 mm,
D2
(ti “})
Hab. Bullom, Sierra Leone. The only specimen, which is
exhibited, was taken by me settled upon a dry twig (in the
manner adopted by the insects of the sub-family) in January
1908.
(6) Stugeta marmorea, Butl. 9.
This specimen is shown, as the species has only previously
been recorded from East Africa. The example was taken in
the dry country in the Northern Territories of the Gold
Coast. Specimens were also seen at Lemu, near Bida, and
on the Kano-Rogo road in Northern Nigeria. February to
May 1908-1909.
(ce) Argyrocheila undifera, Staudg. ¢.
A single specimen captured in dense forest in the Ashanti-
Akim country, south-east of Bompata.
(d) Lycaenesthes, sp. 9.
A curious feature in this specimen is the large pale
brownish terminal abdominal tuft. This peculiarity appears
to be slightly developed in the female of Z. voltae, Sharpe,
also.
Family Satyripar.—The insect marked (e) differs from
all other insects of the genus Mycalesis, which have been
recorded from Africa, in the elongate form of the hind-wing
and the uniform dark velvety colour of the under-side of both
wings, which are unmarked interior to the row of minute
ocelli.
(e) Mycalesis abnormis, n. sp.
g. Both wings above purplish brown. Fore-wing with the
cell inconspicuously clothed with brown hair; a distinct pale bar
from the outer margin above vein 3 nearly reaching the costa
at 2 from the base and not extending over the extreme apex,
bearing a black spot on it in interspace 5; costa and cilia
narrowly pale. Hind-wing produced and elongated poste-
riorly ; costa much arched and pale as far as the middle of
interspace 6; a long pencil of light brown hair along the
upper part of the cell covering a small, oval, black, granulated
spot situated on and below vein 7; cilia pale. Under-side of
both wings blackish brown with a marginal pale line and the
pale sub-apical bar of the fore-wing extending to the apex,
showing a waved sub-marginal, darker line. The fore-wing has
( li )
minute white-pupilled ocelli in interspaces 2 and 5, and similar
ones in interspaces lc (two), 2, 5 and 6 of the hind-wing.
Exp. 6 48 mm.
Hab. Gold Coast, Ashanti (Bompata). Only two males
taken in February in dense forest. The type is shown here
and the co-type is in the British Museum.
Family NympHa.ipar, Sub-Family AcrArtmnaE.—(/) is an
insect belonging to the section of the genus Acraea having
elongated V-shaped marks between the veins on the outer
area of the hind-wing. In the present species these are
disposed as in A, obverthuri, Butl., but are more elongated
and narrower at the margin. The species seems allied to
A, althofi, Dewitz, but differs from the specimen in the
British Museum in the basal area of both wings being dark.
In general appearance and position of markings it so nearly
resembles Planema epaea, Cram., that I have called it
A. pseudepaea.
(f) Acraea pseudepaea, n. sp.
g. Fore-wing blackish brown with indistinct black spots in,
below and near the end of the cell ; a large orange patch from
the middle of the inner margin to the base of vein 3, defined by
black patches inwardly in the interspaces 1b and 2, somewhat
excised in both places; an orange sub-apical bar formed of
quadrate spots in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, the lower part of the
first named produced outwardly and with a postmedial quad-
rate orange spot attached below the extended part in inter-
space 3; the median veins powdered with reddish scales.
Hind-wing with the basal and sub-basal areas dark brown
with black spots in and below the cell; the dise bright orange
with the outer margin of it produced into attenuated streaks
on each side of the veins, which are broadly defined with
black, producing black V-shaped markings between the veins ;
the outer area blackish. Under-side of the fore-wing with
the orange markings of the upper-side reproduced, the sub-
apical bar pale; the inner two-thirds of the cell suffused with
orange ; a round black spot in the cell, two irregularly shaped
black spots in interspace 10 and one in the basal part of inter-
space 2; a large black patch extending over and beyond the
end of the cell into the basal part of interspace 3; the outer
{ iv )
area and apical portion beyond the sub-apical bar suffused
with dull ochreous scales, with the veins dark and a sub-
marginal series of attenuated pale streaks between them.
Hind-wing with the sub-basal area deep ochre with thirteen
black, irregularly shaped spots; the lhght area of the wing
forming a pale ochreous ante-medial band, the outer half
suffused with dark brown scales with the veins black, with
elongated V-shaped streaks between them, each V enclosing
a light grey triangular patch on the margin. Body as in the
male of P. epaea, Cram., a specimen of which is exhibited for
comparison.
Hap. 6 70 mm,
Hab. Mla (Southern Nigeria). Only one example procured.
(g) Acraea vesperalis, Smith. ‘This insect is one of eight
examples which I captured within a radius of fifty yards of
a small patch of forest near Mano in the Ronietta district of
Sierra Leone. The eight specimens were taken in the same
locality in the month of January in four successive years, All
differ only from the figure of A. vesperalis in Smith and
Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 19, Acraea, p. 7, pl. 3, figs. 1 and 2 (1892),
in the lighter ground colour of the hind-wing, which is very
pale lemon yellow. The species had been previously recorded
from East Africa and the Congo.
Wednesday, October 20th, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Drixry, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair,
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. Atrrep NewstEap, of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester,
was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Elections to the Council.
The SEcrETARY announced that Mr. G. T. BerHune-BakEr,
F.L.S., and Dr. Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., ete., had been
elected members of the Council in the place of Mr. G. A. K.
Cae)
MarsyHatt, F.Z.S., and Mr. R. SHetrorp, M.A., F.LS.,
resigned.
Exhibitions.
Hunearian Burrerriies.—Mr. W. G. SHexipon exhibited
series of the following butterflies collected by him at Budapest
and Herculesbad during the past summer :—Chrysophanus
dispar, var. rutilus, C. alciphron, C. thersamon ; Plebeius ar-
gyrognomon, Polyommatus orion, gen. vern. ornata, Stgr.;
Melitaca trina; Brenthis hecate; and Pyrgus orbifer.
BUTTERFLIES FROM CenTRAL ITALy.—The Rev. G. WHEELER
exhibited three small cases of butterflies from Central Italy,
containing specimens of Melitaea parthenie and M. phoebe, small
and with somewhat light ground-colour; Hirsutina dolus,
Polyommatus meleager, with blue ? ; P. escheri, one 9 being
much suffused with blue; P. icarus, ab. celina, the ground-
colour being of deep “royal” blue; Aricia astrarche of extreme
calida form ; specimens of two broods of Plebeius argus (aegon)
and the intervening brood of P. argyrognomon (argus); a 9
Coenonympha pamphilus with a row of black spots on the upper-
side hind-wing ; four Melanargia galatea, one being ab. leuco-
melas two with obsolescent markings on the under-side, ¢ and
2, and the fourth unevenly marked, one side being almost
entirely, and the other only very partially suffused with black ;
and lastly five specimens of Agriades hybr. polonus, Zeller,
supposed to be hybrids between A. corydon and A. thetis
(bellargus), three of which were taken amongst the latter species
and two among the former, when 4A. ¢hetis was quite over.
Mr. J. W. Turr stated that he had recently been engaged
in unravelling the history of Agriades hybr. polonus, Zell.,
as a Palaearctic insect. He noted that he had exhibited the
only British example yet known, at the meeting of the Ent.
Soc. London, held on April 11th, 1894, observing that he had
himself found it at Cuxton, Kent, where it flew in company
with A. thetis, and that it is undoubtedly a hybrid between
that species and A. coridon, the genitalia being similar and
the food plants identical. He further noted that a specimen
had been exhibited by Mr. Dadd at the meeting held on
October 21st, 1908. Zeller’s original Posen example, now in
( Iwi)
the Brit. Mus. Coll., was described in Stett. Ent. Ztg., 1845,
p. 351. Another in the Brit. Mus. Coll. is labelled ‘Shar
Deresy, Leech Coll.” ; others had been noted by Dr. Keynes
from the Pyrenees (Ent. Rec., xx., p. 178) as Agriades coridon
var. corydonius, and Mr. Tutt said that he had little doubt
that the A. coridon var. calydonius, Lowe, was also A. hybr:
polonus, Zell. Staudinger’s treatment of the insect in his Cat.,
2nd ed., p. 12, and Cat., 3rd ed., p. 86, had hopelessly muddled
the matter, and, in combining it with the blue forms of A.
coridon taken in Asia Minor and Aragon, and treating it as
a variety of A. thetis (bellargus), had altogether lost touch
of the real value of this remarkable form. The speaker stated
that the full history of this insect has been recently published
in Vol. iii of ““A Natural History of British Butterflies,”
pp. 323-325.
Dr. T. A. Coapman, Mr. Turr, and Mr. WHEELER discussed
the number of broods of A. coridon in South Europe, the
opinion of Mr. WHEELER being that it was double, or even
sometimes triple brooded.
Mr. Turr, however, largely dissented from this view. There
was no real evidence, he said, that the species was anywhere
double-brooded in the Palaearctic area, except along the
Mediterranean littoral, from Hyéres to Genoa, and possibly
at Nimes, whilst its supposed double-broodedness in Italy
was at present largely problematical. Indeed, the general
single-broodedness of this species, and the double-broodedness
of A. thetis, together with the difference in the hybernating
stage, were in his opinion two of the most important
biological elements in the differentiation of these closely-
allied species. He was anxious to obtain definite and
reliable information on the point of the double-broodedness of
A. coridon, especially in Spain and Asia Minor, but he was
unable to accept as satisfactory evidence, mere opinion based
on the fact that A. coridon can be caught in any given place
from late June to early October. This happens in England ;
but there is no question involved in this fact of its possible
double-broodedness here.
West Arrican Lycarnrip.—Mr. G. Tatsor showed a
remarkable new Lycaenid butterfly from the Cameroons—now
( lvii)
in the collection of Mr. W. J. Adams—probably constituting
anew genus. The neuration most resembled that of the genus
Aslauga, Kirby, but varied chiefly in the different place of
origin of the sub-costal nervures of the fore-wing, and in the
deeply excised inner-margin of the hind-wing.
Arctirp FrroM HyEres—Mr. J. W. Turr exhibited examples
of Spilosoma mendica, bred by Dr. Chapman, from ova found
at Hyéres, Var., the females mostly normal, but some with a
well-defined black border round all the wings. These latter,
ab. nigromarginata, Tutt, were rather striking, but the total
variation was much less than that exhibited in Mr. Porritt’s
well-known series, described and figured in the Transactions
in 1889.
CotourR VARIATION IN HELICONIINE buTTERFLIES.—Mr W.
J. Kaye exhibited series of the two species of Heliconius—H.
chestertonit and H. weymert from Western Colombia. The
series of H, weymert included beautiful transitional forms to
the aberration gustavi in which all trace of the fore-wing mark-
ings had vanished. Here there was what appeared on the
surface to bean approach of the species weyierd to chestertonit,
but the elevations at which the two species occurred were
widely different, H. chestertonit occurring in the lowlands and
according to Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg, its range never exceeds
1000 feet above sea level, while H. weymert, according to Mr.
A. H. Fassl, with its varied forms was found at from 4-5000
feet, at which elevation the specimens shown were caught.
It is probable that there was some common influence at work
to produce a black fore-wing, as this phenomenon was found
in several other species of Heliconius from Colombia, particu-
larly in the Cauca valley. Heliconius doris in both its red and
blue hind-winged forms produced black fore-wing aberrations
known as tecta. Heliconius ismenius also occasionally produced
much darkened fore-wings.
TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS WITH PUPAE OF PIERIS BRASSICAE.
—Dr, T. A. CHapman exhibited pupae of Pieris brassicae and
made the following remarks upon them :—
“Karly in October I happened on a fence with scores of
larvae of Pieris brassicae, scampering over it in search of
pupating stations. I brought home on several occasions
(viii)
numbers of these, and placed them in boxes, some at temper-
ature 86° Fahr., some at 56° Fahr. The latter took four or
five or even more days to pupate. ‘The former (at 86°) had all
pupated in 48 hours in each lot so treated. The pupation of
a number seemed to be so accelerated that they had not time
to make their suspension complete or correctly, and of these
not a few did not pupate satisfactorily ; the girth catching
them in an awkward place, or the larval skin unsuccessfully
passing it, etc. After sixteen days there is no sign of any of
these making an autumn emergence, though, of the hundreds
of ichneumons—Apanteles glomeratus—a few dozens came out
at the end of eight or nine days from capture of larvae ; or
eight from escape of ichneumon larvae from caterpillars.
“The only point of serious interest, so far observed, is
that the pupae at 86° are much paler and the black spots
smaller than in those at normal temperature. Both lots were
in the dark. The only explanation I have to suggest is that
those at high temperature were not allowed time to develop
pigment, just as they had not time (in all cases) to properly
suspend themselves.” (See Pl. C.)
New British Hemrereron.—Mr. E. C. Bepwetni showed
eight examples of Odontoscelis dorsalis, Fabr., taken at the
roots of Hrodiwm on June 21st last, in the neighbourhood
of Lowestoft, Suffolk. This is the first record of the species
occurring in Britain.
Rare British BrEerte.—Professor T. Hupson Brare ex-
hibited a specimen of Cryptamorpha desjardinsi, Guér., taken
by Mr. J. Taylor of Sandown, I.W., on a bunch of bananas,
on August 30th last. The specimen was kindly presented at
the time to the exhibitor and is now in his collection.
RaRE AND VARIANT CoLEopTERA.—Mr. H. S1.J. DonistHoRPE
exhibited examples of Chaetocnema arida, Foudras, a species
of Coleoptera new to Britain, taken near Ryde, Aug. 26th,
1909 ; and varieties of Cassida nobilis (also exhibited by Mr.
J. W. H. Dottman), taken at St. Helens, I.W., in August
1909. When alive they had a crimson horse-shoe mark on the
elytra, and were found at the roots of Chenopodium, the crimson
colour being the same as at that of the jomts of the leaves,
and the green ground-colour that of the leaves themselves.
@* lis”)
GyNANDROMORPHOUS ANTS.—Mr. DonistHoRPE also showed
two examples of Yormica sanguinea, Latr., one being half ¢
half 5, and the other, half ¢ half 9, taken in Bewdley Forest
in July; and of one example of Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl.,
half ¢ half 9, taken by Mr. Dollman, at -Ditchling, in
September last.
Papers.
Dr, T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S., communicated a further
series of photographs (see Pl. B) and “ Notes on the Ancillary
Appendages of species of Pleeius, to illustrate the relation-
ships of Plebeius argus (aegon).”
Mr. R. SHetrorp, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., communicated a
paper “On two Remarkable Forms of Mantid Oothecae.”
Mr. C. T. Peap communicated “ Notes on some Rare or
Little-known South African Homoptera,” with examples of
the several species.
Mr. W. F. Rosensere then read the following notes on
THE LIABILITY OF BUTTERFLIES TO ATTACKS BY BIRDS
AND LIZARDS.
“T have been greatly interested in reading Mr. Guy A. K.
Marshall’s paper on ‘ Birds as a Factor in the Production of
Mimetic Resemblance among Butterflies,’ which appears in
the last part of the Society’s Transactions.
“T have frequently seen in both Colombia and Ecuador birds
attack butterflies on the wing. I must, however, at once
confess that I have no definite data as to the species of either
the birds or the butterflies in question. Asa matter of fact,
I am one of those people who, as Mr. Marshall suggests,
thought that it was such an ordinary everyday occurrence as
not to be worth noting in detail; and it comes upon me as
a surprise that the frequency of such attacks should be
questioned.
‘*The collector in the tropics finds himself confronted with
such an enormous amount of work in actual collecting, and
with such a wide field for observation, that it becomes im-
practicable to take notes of all the phenomena that come
under his notice. But I am quite certain that if collectors
( ix )
were given an outline of particular directions in which they
could do good work by careful investigation, they would be
only too glad to take the matter up, feeling that by making
observations for a specific purpose they would be adding more
to scientific knowledge than they would by taking a mass of
notes on miscellaneous subjects without any definite purpose.
With this object in view, I have asked some of my most
careful collectors for information on the point in question,
with the suggestion that they should make special observations
and communicate their notes to me from time to time.
“ T stayed for some months at a place on the west coast of
Colombia where butterflies were extremely plentiful, and
the common Callidryas and Papilios frequented the damp spots
by hundreds. A telegraph line ran along this road, on which
were usually perched a number of birds, especially of the
larger Tyrant Birds, such as Tyrannus melancholicus. It was
a constant occurrence to see the birds leave their perch and
dart at, and occasionally capture one of the butterflies. The
Pierines seemed to be the most frequently attacked, but this
may have been merely due to the fact that being so plentiful,
of conspicuous colour and size, and frequenting a comparatively
open place as was the road in question, instances of attacks on
specimens belonging to this family forced themselves on the
casual observer to a far greater extent than raids on individuals
of smaller and less brightly coloured groups which did not
come so boldly into the open.
“‘T often receive specimens of butterflies with pieces taken
out of the wings, obviously by the attacks of birds, inasmuch
as the specimens are otherwise in perfectly fresh condition,
and do not show that worn and ragged appearance which would
be the case were the damage due to age.
“Tn South America, at all events, butterflies are also much
subject to the attacks of lizards. That part of the world is
extremely rich in these reptiles, both terrestrial and arboreal.
In the locality in Colombia above referred to, the river Dagua
runs parallel to the road, and on its sandy shores large groups
of butterflies used to settle in the damper spots. Under
some small bushes between the road and the river shore there
lurked a number of young iguanas and other lizards, which
i a i i
(is)
used to creep craftily to within striking distance of a group
of butterflies, snatch a victim, and dart back into the bush
with their prey, or, as quite frequently happened, with
nothing but a mouthful of wing. In this connection, it is
perhaps worth noting that after the Callidryas, the most
abundant butterflies belonged to species with ‘tailed’ hind
wings, such as the Papilios of the protesilaws group and
Nymphalines of the genus MJegalura. These ‘tails’ may
possibly play an important part in the protection of the
species by enabling the insect to escape with the loss of part
of the ‘tail.’ The extremely long ‘tails’ of Papilio pro-
tesilaus and its allies are particularly noticeable, and I have
often observed that these Papilios usually keep their wings
quivering with great rapidity while settled, which would have
a tendency to attract the attention of a lizard to the ‘ tails.’
“Tt is a curious fact that the South American Acraeine
butterflies of the genus Actinote exhibit no fear whatever of
any enemy. I have repeatedly seen them, especially in
Ecuador, settled on damp patches on river shores in groups of
twenty or thirty. They are quite an ideal butterfly to collect
in a hot climate, all one has to do being to sit down beside a
group and pick up the specimens one by one with the fingers.
They do not make the least attempt to fly, or even to open
their wings. In these groups one sometimes comes across
individuals of the Nymphaline genus resia, always of the
species mimicking the Actinote with which itisfound. Ina
group of twenty or so Actinote one may find perhaps one or
two of the Hresias. But the latter do not appear to have much
confidence in their protective resemblance to the distasteful
Actinote, as, instead of sitting tight, they invariably give them-
selves away by rising with a slow laboured flight.
“T was much interested in Mr. Marshall’s mention of M.
Jelski’s opinion that the crest of the bird Muscivora regia
served as a lure for butterflies. What appears to be an
analogous case came under my notice in Ecuador. In tropical
South America there is found a genus of arboreal lizards
called Anolis, usually of small size, and including a great
many species. The malesof these lizards possess a brilliantly
coloured, laterally flattened pouch on the throat, which is
( Ixii_ )
capable of being expanded at the will of the reptile, and is
extremely striking, as most species of the genus are otherwise
somewhat sombre in general coloration. Walking along a
forest path near Chimbo in Ecuador, I saw one of these lizards
on a tree-trunk (their favourite haunt), with its bright scarlet
pouch fully distended. As I was watching, a butterfly of the
genus Catagramma darted at the pouch, and the lizard snapped
at the insect but missed. This incident gave me the idea that
possibly one of the uses of the gular pouch is as a decoy for
butterflies. Many of the most handsome Nymphalidae, such
as the Catagrammas, delight in settling on tree-trunks, and
they are constantly chased off by other individuals, apparently
out of pure mischief. So that when one of these butterflies
sees a patch of colour on a tree-trunk, it darts at the supposed
intruder, and if the latter turns out to be the gular pouch of
an Anolis so much the worse for the insect.”
Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt congratulated Mr. Rosenberg on
his extremely interesting notes, and said that he had been
endeavouring to stimulate entomologists in the Tropics to
make observations on the behaviour of birds, etc., towards
butterflies by sending copies of his paper to them.
The Presipent, Mr. G. C. Cuampion, Mr. J. W. Turt, Dr,
T. A. Cuapman and other Fellows continued the discussion.
Wednesday, November 3rd, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Dixny, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. C. Turner Criark, F.Z.S8., of 90, The Mall, Newport, Isie
of Wight; Mr. Recinatp Lerex LeigH-Cxiare, c/o Messrs. Allen
and Gledhill, Singapore; Mr. Tuomas Dosson, of Park
Avenue, The Park, Sharples, Bolton; Mr. Frank JaAmEs
Evans, of the Botanical Department, Trinidad, British West
Indies ; Dr. T. P. Lucas, Wakefield’s Buildings, AdelaideStreet,
Brisbane, Australia; and Dr. GitBErtT Witi1aAm NIcHOoLson,
M.A., M.D., of ‘he Cancer Hospital, ao S.W., were
elected Fellows of the Society.
( Ixiii )
Visitor.
Dr. E. P. Fett, D.Sc., State Entomologist of Albany, New
York, was present as a visitor.
Exhibitions.
Living Tropican Burrestip.—Mr. C. O. WarErHousE
exhibited a living Buprestid beetle of the genus Chrysobothris,
found in an orchid-house in the north of London. It was
probably Brazilian, but there was nothing quite like it in the
Natural History Museum.
PARNASSIUS FROM THE Swiss Juras.—Mr. A. E. Gursps
brought for exhibition a case containing a series of Parnassius
apollo taken by him this year in the Vallée de Joux, Swiss
Juras, at 3,300 feet, and at Eclépens. He pointed out that the
usual form found in the Jura has a tendency toward the
form known as ab. pseudonomion, and this is more strongly
marked in examples from the lower level at Eclépens.
Huneartan Burterriies.—Mr. W. G. Saenpon showed a
series of characteristic butterflies collected by him in Juneof this
year at Herculesbad, South-eastern Hungary. They included
examples of Weptis lucilla, N. aceris, Melanargia galatea var.
procida, Erebia medusa, var. psodea, and Pararge roxelana as
described by him in the current volume of “The Entomologist.”
Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., exhibited a set of three
species of Planema (Acraeinae), with their Nymphaline and
Papilionine mimics, all captured on the same day in a small
isolated patch of forest about a mile and a half from Entebbe,
by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, a Fellow of the Society. The examples,
which were taken on July 11th of the present year, are shown
in the following list :—
ACRAEINE MODELS, NYMPHALINE MIMICS. PAPILIONINE MIMICS.
Planema pogget, Dew. | Pseudacraea hobleyi, | Papilio dardanus, f,
Gh @ « Neave. 2 6. planemoides, Trim.
|
|
|
Planema alcinoe, Feld. | Pseudacraea hobleyi,
1 os ek
Planema tellus, Auriv. | Pseudacraca terra, | Papilio dardanus, @
Bedi ed Oes Neave. f. niobe, Auriv.
( Misiv.)
Professor Poutton said that the ample material kindly
sent by Mr. Wiggins had now shown beyond any doubt
that Pseudacraea tirikensis, Neave, was the female of Ps.
hobleyi of the same author, the two sexes being mimetic of
different species of Planema. This last point was an interest-
ing one, inasmuch as the sexes of the mimetic Pseudacraeas
usually mimic the corresponding sexes of the same species of
model. Here, however, the female hobleyi was a beautiful
mimic of the female of Planema alcinoe, while the male of
hobleyi did not mimic the male alcinoe but bore the closest
superficial resemblance to both sexes of Planema pogget.
The speaker expressed the hope that Mr. C. A. Wiggins
would persist in his investigation of this deeply interesting
locality, and continue his kind and most efficient help to the
study of mimicry by forwarding the captures of single days
selected at intervals up to the end of next May, thus complet-
ing an entire year. It was to be hoped and expected that
more light would thus be thrown on the study of mimicry than
has ever yet been received from any source whatever.
RarE AND ABERRANT LepipoprerA.—Mr. H. J. Turner
exhibited (a) two extremely small Cupido minimus, taken
with normal-sized specimens near Winchester on June
12th, 1909. The expanse of wings was 15 mm. He had
similarly small specimens from Galway and from the Sepey
Road, near Aigle, Rhone Valley ; (0) an example of Anthocera
achilleae, in which the blotches on the fore-wings were all
fused together, giving at a casual glance the appearance of a
small A., captured at Gex, Ain, France, on August 11th,
1909 ; (c) a white aberration, ab. alba, of Rumicia phiaeas,
taken at Brasted, Kent, on August 28th. This rare form has
usually been reported as ab. schmidéti, but, as Mr. Tutt has
pointed out in “British Butterflies,” Vol. I, pp. 357-8, the
latter form is straw-coloured ; and (d) examples of Heodes vir-
gaureae var. miegit, a form of the ¢ in which a large dis-
coidal spot and a transverse partial row of black dots near the
apex of the fore-wings are developed, and var. zermattensis, a
form of the ? in which the usual copper colour is suppressed
and much of the area has become more or less dusky. They
were taken at Zermatt in early August. The form miegi is
Cy) iex®')
said to be unusual outside Spain, but Mr. Turner said he
had seen quite a number with the spots more or less apparent.
Var. zermattensis was the usual form of the ? at Zermatt.
New anp RARE British Beeries.—Mr. G. C. CHampion
exhibited specimens of Melanophila acuminata, De Geer,
Criocephalus ferus, Muls., and other Coleoptera found on
pines near Woking. He called attention to the numerous
interesting forms that had been found on pines during recent
years, not only in the south of England, but in Scotland also,
The Buprestid had probably not been searched for previously
at the right season—during the driest time at the end of the
summer and early autumn—at a period when few insects are
to be found. He stated that he had met with various other
Buprestids, both in Spain and in Tropical America (e. g.
Buprestis sanguinea, F., and Actenodes chalybettarsis, Chevr.),
in the dry season or when the trees had been scorched by fire.
Mr. Norman H. Joy showed the following new British
Coleoptera: Hpipeda nigricans, Thoms., Pityogenes trepanatus,
Nordl., both taken at Blair Atholl, Perthshire, September 1909 ;
Lathrobium dilutum, Er., captured at Dalwhinnie, Inverness-
shire, September 1909 ; Cryptophagus pallidus, var. argenteus,
var. nov., differing from the type form in having silvery pubes-
cence ; he also exhibited Philonthus trossulus, Nordl. (nigritulus,
Brit. Colls.), from Dalwhinnie; the genitalia of Gnathoncus
nidicola, Joy, and G. rotundatus, Kugel., and of Anisotoma
anglica, Rye, and A. cinmamomea, Er. ; and a series of Sunius
lyonessius, Joy, from the Scilly Isles, and he pointed out the
structural characters by which this species may be distinguished
from S. angustatus.
Rare British Dragonrty.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited
a very fine @ example of Sympetrwm fonscolombii, Selys,
on behalf of Mr. F. W. Edwards, of Cambridge, who took
it on September 24th, 1908, at Frensham Ponds, in Surrey.
Probably this species is always an immigrant with us, and but
few specimens have been recorded. One 9? in Stephens’
cabinet was supposed to have been taken near London.
Mr. McLachlan possessed a ¢ from Mr. T. Desvignes’
collection. A d was taken at Deal in 1881. Messrs. Briggs
took 17 males in June 1892 on Ockham Common, in Surrey.
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1909. E
( lxvi )
In June 1903 Mr. W. C. Boyd secured a 2 near Trewoofe, in
W. Cornwall. Mr. Edwards’ insect is therefore only the
twentieth localised and welJ-authenticated British specimen.
A 9 was taken in Alderney on July 11th, 1899, by Mr.
E. D. Marquand, which was at that time, Mr. Lucas believed,
the only dragonfly ever taken in the island.
Wednesday, November 17th, 1909.
Dr. F. A. Drxny, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Officers and Council.
Mr. H. Rowianp-Browy, one of the Secretaries, announced
that the Council had nominated the following Fellows to
act as Officers, and to serve on the Council of the Society for
the Session 1910-11 :—President, Dr. FrepERIcK AUGUSTUS
Dixry, M.A., M.D.; Treasurer, Mr. Atpert Hucu Jonss ;
Secretaries, Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown, M.A., and Commander
James J. Waker, M.A.; Librarian, Mr. Grorae CHaRLEs
CuampPion, F.Z.8.; and as other members of the Council,
Professor T. Hupson Bears, F.R.S.E., Mr. G. T. Betuuns-
Baker, F.L.8., Dr. Matcotm Burr, D.Sc, F.LS., F.Z.S.,
Mr. H. Sr. J. Donisruorrr, F.Z.8., Mr. Atpert Harrison,
F.L.S., F.C.S., Mr. Sznwyn Imacz, M.A, Dr. Karu Jorpan,
Ph.D., Mr. Hueu Mary, B.Sc., Mr. ALrrep Sicu, Mr. Henry
JEROME TurNER, Mr. Rownanp E. Turner, and Mr. James W.
Torr,
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Gitpert E. Bryant, of The Grove, Esher, Surrey, and
Mr. Atrrep Trriey, M.A., of Avenue Road, Scarborough,
were elected Fellows of the Society.
Obituary.
The decease of Dr. Gustave Kraarz, of Berlin, was
announced, and Dr. Karu Jorpan gave a short account of
the services rendered to Entomological science by the deceased
gentleman, who was for many years a Fellow of the Society.
( -isviil *)
Exhibitions.
Mimetic Revations oF Kast anD WEST AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.
—Mr. H. Etrrincnam exhibited examples of certain African
butterflies, and explained that when working out the mimetic
relations of Acraea alciope, Auriv., he had been struck by the
fact that whilst in West Africa the female of that species was
well known, it having in fact been described from a female,
all East African examples were males. He had written to
Dr. Jordan to ask him if he had seen any East African females,
and the latter had replied that in East Africa alciope appeared
to be represented by the alicia of Grose-Smith and Kirby (errone-
ously described as a Planema), that the alleged male (type) of this
latter species was in fact a female, and that in all probability
the East African female alciope would be found to have white
hind-wings. Acting on this suggestion he had examined
various Acraeas from the neighbourhood of Entebbe, and found
that Acraea aurivillii, Staud., common in that region was
always female.* He had then visited Tring, where he found
that Dr. Jordan had already, some time previously, associated
aurivillii with alciope. It was found that the alleged male alicia
of Grose-Smith and Kirby was in fact an aberrant female, and
that the female which had been described as such was not dis-
tinguishable from aurivillit. A visit to the National Collection
showed that there awrivillii had been associated with alciope
though less definitely, and that Mr. Heron had, with character-
istic insight, supplied a note to the effect that the supposed
male alicia was probably a form of female. The result of the
whole investigation was that in alciope we had an extremely
interesting and complicated case of mimicry. In West Africa
the female alciope was in an unstable condition, but, generally
speaking, mimicked a male Planema which was probably a
form of salvini. At Sierra Leone the pattern of the female
was fairly constant, but at Fernando Po intermediate varieties
were found, one example he had seen having the fore-wings of
the Western type and the hind-wings almost as in awrivillii.
* In the hurry of his departure for Africa, Mr. Neave erroneously
described the examples of awrivillii in the Wiggins collection (Novit. Zool.,
Vol. II, 1904) as males. They are certainly females, as are all the speci-
mens, some fifty or more, examined by me.—H. E.
E2
( Ixviii_ )
Passing across to Uganda, whilst the male remained the same,
the female became established in the form hitherto known as
aurivillii, and was a very perfect mimic of Planema pogget,
Dew., one of the commonest species of that genus at Entebbe.
It was very remarkable that in aurivillit there was a complete
development of the brown patch at the base of the hind-wing
underside. This brown patch is especially noticeable in many
species of Planema and also in their mimics. The case was
further complicated by the fact that in West Africa the male
alciope formed the modei of the female Mimacraea fulvaria,
Auriv., whilst the male of this Zycaenid accurately resembled
a male Planema allied to that which formed the model of the
female alciope. All the species involved were exhibited, the
female Lycaenid being represented by an imitation specimen
made of paper and copied from Aurivillius’s figure, there being
no example of the female in this country. The mimetic
relations might be illustrated diagrammatically in the follow-
ing manner, the arrows expressing the connection of model
and mimic, and pointing from the latter to the former.
West AFRICA. Hast AFRICA.
Mimacraeca Acraea Acraeca
Julvaria 2 alciope 6 alciope 6
es
Planema spp. 3 Planema
7 x ae 8
|
|
Mimacraea Acraea Acrauea
Sulvaria & alciope @ alciope @
(auriwvillit)
One result of the investigation was that the alicia of Smith
and Kirby could no longer stand, firstly because it was an
Acraea and not a Planema, secondly because the name was
preoccupied, thirdly because the alleged male was a female,
and fourthly because the female was the same as aurivillii,
and aurivillii was alciope. The latter might be retained as a
varietal name for the East African female.
( siegie }\)
Mr. EvrrincHam said he would like to express his sincere
thanks to Dr. Jordan, to whom to a great extent the result
of the investigation was due.
PROBABLE MIMETIC ASSOCIATION OF ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA.
—The Rey. F. D. Morice brought for exhibition a number
of specimens of Aculeate Hymenoptera which he suggested
formed probably a Miillerian group. Though belonging to
several widely separated genera they were on the whole very
similarly coloured (most of them e.g. having yellowish-hyaline
wings with black tips). All were taken on a single occasion
visiting the small yellow flowers of one particular tree in the
alluvion of the Wady Kelt, near Jericho, Another specimen
of the same tree grew close by, but no other (in spite of care-
ful search) could be found anywhere in the neighbourhood.
Nor had the exhibitor, except on this one occasion, encountered
several of the largest and most striking species then taken in
the course of three weeks spent at Jericho and devoted
entirely to the search for Hymenoptera. ‘The tree has since
been identified as one of the Chenopodiaceae—Ochrademus
baccatus, Del. The insects included the magnificent Sphex
hirtus, Kohl, a large Pompilus, probably P. vespiformis, Klug,
also Humenes dimidiatipennis, Sauss., and an enormous Ody-
nerus (apparently undescribed), whose coloration both of body
and wings exactly reproduced that of the Zwmenes.
Professor E. B. Pouuton, F.R.S., agreed with the exhibitor
that this was apparently a Miillerian group, and referred to
similar groups observed by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in South
Africa and described in the Soviety’s Transactions. The
insects, he said, while alive and in flight would appear even
more similar in their general appearance, than as now when
pinned in the carton.
Butrerriizs rrom Centran Iraty.—Mr. A. H. Jones
exhibited a few butterflies collected during last summer at
Formia, near Naples, including Melanargia arge, probably the
most northerly limit of the species. Fine forms of Hipparchia
semele, Satyrus statilinus, Melitaea parthenie, and Lampides
boeticus ; also various Lycaenidae, presenting little if any differ-
ence from the types found in the Swiss Alps.
ABERRANT Paragarctic Burterriums.—Mr, Hy. J. Turner
( «ixx »)
exhibited (a) an example of Melitaea didyma in which the
greater portion of the black pigment had more or less failed
to develop. The usual markings were all in position, as in
normal specimens, but were of a light grey. Some of the
spots had a few scattered black scales, and when examined
with a glass numerous scales were seen to have only the tips
black. The black markings near the insertions of the wings
were of the normal density of colour and the ground-colour
was about the usual depth of tint. The insect was captured
at Zermatt on August 3rd, 1909; (6) a specimen of Brenthis
euphrosyne, taken in the same locality on July 31st, the spots
composing the submarginal line well developed, and most of
them elongated towards the base; (c) a specimen of Polyom-
matus damon, in which there was no trace of the transverse
row of eye spots on the underside of the forewings, the dis-
coidal spot only being present. The insect was taken on the
road leading from Aigle to Sepey on July 29th of the present
year; and (d) two series of Melitaea parthenie, the first
taken on the Riffel-alp on August Ist, and the second up the
Valley of the Zmutt, Zermatt, on July 3lst. Among them
were several specimens referable to the form varia, which
Dr. Chapman considers to be a species, on account of the
distinctive characters of its genitalia.
New anp rare British Hererocera.—Mr. A. Sicu
exhibited a pair of Depressaria putridella, Schiff., bred from
larvae taken last June at Whitstable, Kent. This species,
named by the authors of the Vienna Catalogue in 1776, was
extremely scarce until the larvae were discovered, about
1865, in Germany. The first British examples were taken
in the larval state by Mr. E. D. Green, in 1906. Mr. Green
subsequently handed over the specimens he bred for identifica-
tion, and the species has now been recorded in the “ Ento-
mologist’s Record.” Mr. S1cu showed also a pair of Coleophora
chaleogrammella, Zell., taken last August in Richmond Park,
Surrey. This species used to occur near Scarborough, but
was always scarce, and he believes it has not hitherto been
taken in Britain further south than Suffolk.
New ABerRATIONS OF LeucantmpaAE.—Mr. H. M. Epensten
exhibited a bred series of Vonagria neurica, Ub. (edelstent)
(7) eext. )
from Sussex, including two new aberrations for whicn he
suggested the names rufescens and fusca. He mentioned that,
as far as he was aware, these two forms had not been previously
noted on the Continent. He showed, also, ova and pupa in
situ, with photographs by Mr. Hugh Main to illustrate the
life-history of the species.
HunGarian Prerips anp Fireriies.—Mr. W. G. SHELDON
brought for exhibition a case containing several series of
Pieridae taken by him this year at Herculesbad, including
Pieris napi, var. napeae, and imagines bred from ova of the
same. He drew attention to those labelled Pieris rapae, and
suggested that some of them might belong to P. ergane, or P.
manni, to which respectively they bore a remarkable super-
ficial resemblance. Mr. SHetpon also exhibited examples of
the following Coleoptera (“Fireflies ”)—Luciola mingrelica,
from Herculesbad ; and Phausis splendidula, $ and @, from
Tatra Fured, Hohe Tatra, Eastern Hungary.
Larva Hasir or Osmytus.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited
two imagines and a larva of the finest of our Neuroptera,
Osmylus chrysops. The exhibit was made on account of the
larva which was taken by Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., near Queen’s
Bower in the New Forest. It pierces and sucks dry some small
animals, but its life-history is not well known. The mouth
parts are similar to those of Hemerobius and Chrysopa which
feed on the juices of Aphides. O. chrysops is, however, at
least partly aquatic. It is nearly related to Sisyra, of which
we have three species, one at_least of which feeds on Spongilla
fluviatilis.
TERATOLOGICAL EXAMPLE oF A Carapip.—Dr. G. B, Lone-
sTaFF showed a teratological specimen of a Carabid beetle
from Ceylon (Omphra, Latr., sp.). The middle femur of the
right side was dilated at the distal end, bearing at its
anterior angle two supplementary tibiae coherent at the
base ; the rudimentary tarsi were also adherent.
CoLouR VARIATION or AcLais pupAE.—Mr. A. W. Bacor
showed two boxes containing pupal cases of Aglais urticae
collected by Mr. Hugh Main in one locality. Those taken
from the food plant were yellowish-white ; those taken from
the cage in which the larvae pupated quite black, thus
(( Hier $4)
demonstrating the effect of surroundings upon the pupal
coloration.
Paper.
Dr. T. A. Carman, M.D., F.Z.8., read a paper “On
Callophrys avis,” a Palaearctic Butterfly new to science.
Wednesday, December Ist, 1909.
Dr. F, A. Drxty, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Nomination of President, Officers and Council.
The Secretary again read out the list of nominations pub-
lished at the previous meeting.
Appointment of Auditors.
The SxcrETaRY announced that the PresipEnt had appointed
the following Fellows to act as Auditors for the current
financial year:—from the Council, Mr, H. RowLanp-Brown,
Mr. Rowianp E. Turner, and Mr, C. O. WATERHOUSE ; other
Fellows, Mr. R. Apkin, Mr. R. Wy.tir Lioyp, and Mr. H. J.
TURNER.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. W. C. Crawsey, of Tollerton Hall, Nottingham, and
Mr. G. H. Grosvenor, M.A., of New College, and 3, Blackhall
Road, Oxford, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Conversazione, 1910.
The Presipent announced that the Society would hold a
Conversazione in the month of May, 1910, and invited the
co-operation and assistance of Fellows.
Exhibitions.
Late Autumn Co.Lrorrera.—Commander J. J. WALKER
exhibited 128 species of Coleoptera, belonging to 68 genera,
which he had taken, by sweeping only, at Wytham Park,
Berks., between 12.30 and 3,30 p.m, on November 5th, 1909,
( thea’)
Several local and uncommon species were included among
these, such as Homalota puberula, Sharp, Anisotoma cinnamo-
mea, Panz. (both sexes), A. punctulata, Gyll., Hydnobius
punctatissimus, Steph., Oryptophagus pubescens, Sturm,
Phlocophilus edwardsi, Steph., Mantura matthewsi, Curt., Sal-
pingus castaneus, Panz., Apion filirostre, Kirby, etc., ete.
Tae Univentiriep Lurrerina.—The Rev. C. R. N. Bur-
Rows sent for exhibition examples of several species of Lupesina
(Apamea), and communicated the following remarks upon
them :—
“The capture in the past season, on the Lancashire coast,
of further specimens of an insect which, twenty years ago,
created some interest, has induced some of us to look into the
matter again with a view to ascertaining, if possible, its exact
position, Mr. South discussed the insect in the ‘ Entomolo-
gist,’ vol. xxui, p. 271, where he expresses the opinion that it
may bea form of Luperina testacea, intermediate between L.
guenect and LL nickerlii. The specimen was exhibited at the
Meeting of the Entomological Society on October 2nd, 1889,
under the name of Z, nickerdii, and under the same name to
the South London Entomological Society, on October 10th of
thesame year. This position was not universally accepted, for
when the specimen was again produced at the City of London
Entomological Society’s Meeting, March 19th, 1891, in connec-
tion with an exhibition of pale forms of ZL. testacea taken by
Mr. Hodges in the Isle of Wight, Mr. Tutt inclined to the
opinion that it might be an aberration of ZL. testacea, but could
not possibly be = L. nickerlii, This view Mr. Tutt maintains
in his ‘ Varieties of British Noctuae,’ vol. i, p. 140, where he
names the insect Luperina testacea, var. incerta. The recent
captures have provided material for further investigation, and
material has been collected also, for comparison and examina-
tion. The preparation of the genitalia is not yet complete,
but Mr. Pierce finds five points of difference between those of
LL. testacea and the Lancashire insect.
“The boxes exhibited contain three specimens of what are
taken to be authentic Z. nickerlii. The first two obtained
through Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster, froma Vienna collec-
tion, are said to be Nickerl’s own collecting, and over fifty
{ Hlesiv })
years old. The third specimen belongs to Mr. South, and is
labelled ‘ Bohemia.’
*“A series of undoubted ZL. testacea, mostly labelled from
about the same (Lancashire) district, is followed by four speci-
mens of the unidentified insects, and these again by several
specimens undoubtedly of L. testacea, of the palest form, taken
by myself, mostly at Rainham, named more for convenience
than from conviction, L. gueneet.
“Tt will be noticed at once that the form of the fore-wings
in the Lancashire insect is much narrower than in either
LL. testacea or (reputed) L. nickerlit.
“ With respect to the possible connection of these Lancashire
specimens, with LZ. gueneei, I have consulted what I believe to
be Henry Doubleday’s original description in the ‘ Entomolo-
gists’ Annual) for 1864, p. 123. He says of ZL. gueneet, ‘It
differs from Z. ¢estacea in the thorax and abdomen being
slenderer, in the peculiar mottled appearance of the upper
wings, and in the absence of the three round white dots on the
costa near the apex, which are so distinct ‘in J. testacea and
L. nickerlii. The posterior wings in both sexes are of a much
purer white than in ZL. testacea.’
‘* For myself, I would only remark that Iam not acquainted
with the three round white dots, in our common species, and do
not see them in the (reputed) L. nickerlit.
“The second box contains a further supply of Z. testacea, and
pale forms thereof from Rainham.”
DISCUSSION OF THE AFFINITIES OF AGRIADES THETIS
(BELLARGUS) AND A. CORIDON.
In the absence of Mr. J. W. Turr, who was indisposed,
Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN opened a discussion on the affinities of
Agriades thetis (bellargus) and A. coridon, and exhibited a
number of photographs upon the screen to illustrate his views,
being details of species included in the Plebeiid group.
These included slides of the ova of thetis and coridon by Mr. F.
Noad Clark and Mr. A. E. Tonge, and of the first instar of the
larvae of Plebeius argus, L., P. argyrognomon, Bergs., A.
coridon, and A, thetis; a photograph of the larva of thetis by
Mr. Hugh Main, also showing the ‘“‘fan” structures remark-
( lxxv )
ably well ; also many slides illustrating the differences in the
genital armature of the two species under review, and their
allies.
Proceeding, Dr. CHAPMAN said—
“ Not only in the Plebeiids but in all the Blues, the hair
bases in the larvae are stellate. Those of Lampides boeticus
show them well. In contrast with these the hair bases in
Hairstreak larvae are petaloid, shown in a slide of hairs of
Laeosopis roboris. In the ‘Coppers’ the hair bases are simple,
but have a very deep socket for the hairs. In the Chryso-
phanids it is the hairs themselves that become complicated,
varying both on larvae and pupae into remarkable forms of
fungi-form and umbrella hairs.
““There is a curious hair on the prothorax of the larvae of
Blues, and present also in other sections of Lycaenids ; in the
last stage of A. thetis (bellargus) it forms a very beautiful
object with the curious modification of the surroundings, it is
not quite so special in coridon. Unfortunately time did not
allow of slides of these being made, but I show you the similar
hairs in ZL. telicanus and Cupido minimus ; in these it is a very
long slender hair, like nothing else on the larva, and has a
very special base. In the larva of thetis and some others there
is a dark spot marking this region.
“The honey-gland on the 7th abdominal segment is present
in most Blues, and also in Thestorids : it is well marked in the
majority of Plebeiids: it is not present in the first instar. The
narrow slit has usually a large number of lenticles along each
margin, with clubbed and curved hairs in many species. In
prepared skins there are usually four faint circles seen appar-
ently in the gland. These are no doubt glandular structures,
and are probably modified hairs, possibly hairs of tubercles
Tand II which disappear when the honey-gland developes.
These circles are seen most plainly in the slide of C. rubi, of
those shown.
“The pupae of coridon and thetis are typical ‘ Blues,’
short, thick, and with the ends tucked under so that what
are in most butterfly pupae the extremities are here quite
ventral. They are not quite so short and dumpy as some other
Blues, and decidedly less so than many Theclids. They are
( Wxxwi, 1)
of rather delicate texture (compared with their allies), but
have similar surface sculpturing. On the prothorax of thetis
are seen multitudes of lenticles, a good many hairs of several
varieties, the ordinary network of raised lines, but in this
specimen no ‘rosettes.’ Near the 6th abdominal spiracle
ribbing (or network) largely gives way to lenticles, and short
clubbed (and spiculated) hairs are numerous. Near the 7th
spiracle there happen in this specimen to be a few longer
baton-like hairs, fewer lenticles and a few rosettes, these are
the flower-like points that occur at meeting-places of the ribs
of network.
“The cremastral area is quite devoid of hooks, and possesses
afew hairs. ‘The cremastral hooks are homologous not with
hairs, but with rosettes, and we see in ¢hetis a good many
rosettes in this area, a reversion or degeneration. This
specimen shows well the finer skin structure, corresponding
probably to the skin-points of the larva (seen in slide of
Honey-gland).
“In the Lycaenid pupa, certainly in many other butter-
flies and probably in some other pupae, there is a structure
on the legs, that I only observed comparatively recently.
The appendages (wings, antennae, legs, maxillae, etc.) have
only the ribbing of the net ork and are without hairs,
rosettes, or lenticles; but to this rule there is the excep-
tion, that lenticles, hairs, ete., are to be found at the
tibio-tarsal articulation of the legs, and sometimes on the
tarsal joints. They are well seen in Callophrys avis as a little
group of lenticles. A portion of the wing of C. avis is shown
as a normal example, contrasting in its want of hairs, etc.,
with the other portions of the pupa of thetis shown. In thetis
the pupa is so delicate that the netting of the wings cannot
be photographed so effectively.”
Passing to the structure of the male appendages, Dr. CHap-
MAN continued :—
“ My study of these in the ‘ Blues’ has led me to recognise
certain definite groups, and also that outside these there is a
large territory of which I am still too ignorant to recognise
very clearly marked groups.
“The greater number of our British ‘ Blues’ belong to the
@ Gesvir! ’)
group of Plebeiids, and this makes me regard them as a sort of
datum from which to note the divergences of other groups,
without really any sort of idea that they are basal or phylo-
genetically older. Their dorsal armature is definitely bilateral,
each side is rather narrow and pointed, and has an angulated
hook hinged to it. Perhaps more characteristic is the large
somewhat spindle-shaped clasp, with a comparatively small
toothed margin at its extremity. This toothed margin is
curled round and difficult to observe unless pains be taken to
straighten it out, or see it from a proper angle. ‘These clasps
are wonderfully similar throughout the group, and it is
the toothed ends to which one looks for the easiest means
of distinguishing them.
*‘ Another group is that of the Lycaenopsids (Celastrina
argiolus), in which the dorsal armature, still bilaterally
distinct, is rather flattened, and any points it may have are
parts of it, the special character of the group being that the
hinged hooks are wanting. The clasps vary much throughout
the group.
* Another group is that of the Everids with dorsal arma-
ture, which we may regard as that of the Plebeiids with the
two side portions united in the middle line.
‘In the Lycaenid (Lycaena arion) group we have the clasp
of peculiar form, very little varied through a number of rather
dissimilar species,
“In Tarucus theophrastus and Lampides boeticus we have
examples of which I will only say they do not belong to any
of the above groups, and may be taken as samples of the large
field unrepresented in Britain. |
‘The slides now shown illustrate the appendages of all our
British and one or two other Plebeiids. Those of Argus, L.
(aegon) and argyrognomon I have already exhibited. Argus
is well distinguished from argyrognomon, and all British
species by the large development of the serrations into strong
teeth. Orbitulus has the serrated end remarkably rounded,
almost disk-shaped. Astrarche has a specialisation on the
clasps, of which some trace also exists in its near relation
eumedon, and is quite an exception to the remarkably feature-
less character of the shaft of the clasp in the group. ‘There is
(| Ixxvii )
a row of toothed and notched eminences all down one side of
the clasp, donzellii and eros ; the other members of this little
set are without these.
“The other photographs shown are not intended to enable
you to distinguish the several species by the appendages, but
rather to show how much alike these various species are, and
by what small differentia they may be distinguished from
each other. I may say, however, that there is a peculiarity
about both the dorsa and the clasps that increases the difficulty
of seizing distinctions between the different forms. The dorsal
armature of either side has a strong chitinous frame, but it
has also a soft portion that I may call a wing. ‘This soft
portion may be very expanded or contracted, and as it is so,
gives to specimens of one species a greater variety of appear-
ance than really subsists between some different species. The
same is true of the clasp; there is a soft median portion,
between the rounded and haired division of the serrated end.
This soft portion allows of these two ends being nearer
or further apart, of the turning over of the serrated end, and
also itself may project more or less between the two terminal
portions, often looking like a third division, even of more
importance than the other two. It appears to present im-
portant specific characters, until one learns to give it its true
value.
“As distinguishing coridon from thetis the dorsal hooks
of coridon have a very square angle, are slighter at the
point, and have a more pronounced terminal hook. In
coridon the end of the clasp is much wider at corresponding
parts of its length, and though the terminal teeth are very
similar, there are one or two more in coridon than in thetis.”
The Rev. G. Wuesxer, while regretting the unavoidable
absence of Mr. Tutt, said that he had formed independently
almost the same conclusions on the relationship of the two
species. Practically both have a similar range ; for it is not
known that cordon does not extend into Mauritania, and
their eastern and western limits are identical. Thetis, apart
from mere aberration, is a very constant species, the North
African being the only local race. Coridon is, also, except for
aberrational forms (including the margins of the upper-side,
(. ies)
and the spotting of the under-side, and the presence of blue in
the females), very constant in its northern and central range,
but developes local races alike in the south-east and the south-
west. The names of these forms have been complicated greatly
owing to Staudinger’s failure to look up the original descrip-
tions. The Spanish races are three :—
(a) albicans, Bdv., originally described by Rambir without
a name, and eventually named from this description in the
following year by Boisduval. This is the Sierra Nevada form ;
very large ; very white, and weakly marked beneath ;
(b) arragonensis, Gerh, (= albicans, H.-S.) ; the bluish figure
with white wedge-shaped dashes inside the border in Herrich
Schiffer’s work and the greenish white figure of Gerhard
would never be taken to represent the same form, except by
those who happen to know the insects. But really they
represent only the way in which the light falls on the wings
—full in one case, sideways in the other ;
(c) hispana, H.-S. This, both according to the author’s
figure and description, is a bright blue form, but Staudinger
none the less calls it albicans, and regards it as equivalent to
arragonensis, It should be noted, also, that this form runs
through the whole gamut of aberration of the typical coridon.
The Eastern races are also three in number :—
(a) olympica, Lederer, which he calls ‘‘milk-blue,” but, as
we have his specimens in the National Collection, we know
that, in this case, ‘‘milk” must represent a colour between
that of cordon and that of icarus ;
(b) caucasica, Led., of which we have also the type specimens
in the National Collection, and which are of a ‘‘ royal” blue like
the last brood of icarws in Central Italy, and as now seen in a
single magnificent example exhibited by Mr. Bethune-Baker ;
(c) corydonius, H.-S., more of the thetis colour, or at least
approaching it ; Gerhard’s var. ossmar exactly corresponding
with Lederer’s specimens of olympica. There are besides
sporadic examples of a meleayer—blue colour ( = polonus, Zeller),
which, so far as we know at present, must be regarded, at
least temporarily, as hybrids, thetis x coridon ; and the fact that
they are taken in Central Italy both among thetis and among
coridon is a strong argument in support of this conclusion.
(C axxx {))
Mr. J. W. Turr sent for exhibition a long series of Agriades
thetis, captured in various parts of Europe: also a long series
of A. coridon (occupying some five cabinet drawers). The
series included Dr. Chapman’s and his own material, the
Spanish forms of A. coridon comprising var. albicans, Bsdv.,
from Andalusia; var. arragonensis, Gerh., and its ab. coerul-
escens, Tutt (= albicans, H.-8.), from Aragon ; ab. plwinbescens,
from Jaca on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees, and a typical
3 from Punto de Pajares (giving a hint as to the direction
of the habitats of the typical form in Spain). He also showed
a long series of the spring race of the double-brooded form of
the species (merzdionalis, gen. vern.) from Hyéres, Draguignan,
and Nimes, but chiefly from Ste. Maxime, Var, where it was
taken by Dr. Chapman in April—May. With these were
exhibited long series of other French, Swiss, Austrian, and
Bosnian examples, including most of the better-known forms
of tithonus, Meig. (= syngrapha, Kef.), corydonius, Bergstr.
(= ab. cinnus, Hb.), obsoleta, Tutt, parisiensis, Gerh. (often
erroneously called tiphys, Esp., which is the parallel form of
A. thetis), addenda, Tutt, costajuncta, Tutt, basijuncta, Tutt,
extensa, Tutt, striata, Tutt, etc. The arrangement of the
insects in geographical sections made comparison easy.
Mr. WHEELER said he believed that Mr. Tutt was wrong
in proposing to change the name of the var. syngrapha to
tithonus, as although Meigen’s figure is syngrapha he refers to
Hiibner’s dithonus, which = evos; and Mr. Tutt’s having sub-
divided the genera ought not. to alter the fact that, as
tithonus = eros, the name cannot be used to describe any form
of coridon.
Mr. ©. P. Pickert, Mr. A. E, Grpps, and Mr. G. BetHune-
BakER also submitted series of coridon and thetis with varietal
forms and aberrations, and after some remarks by Mr, BerHune-
BaxeER, the discussion was adjourned.
Papers.
Mr. T. Bainericcr Fiercuer, R.N., communicated a paper
“On the genus Deuterocopus, Zeller.”
Mr. H. St. J. DonistHorre, F.Z.8., communicated a paper
on “Some Experiments with Ants’ Nests.”
Cesc”)
M. Ernest Onivier communicated the following note :—
Sur ves Lucroua v’Austrauie.—Mr. A. M. Lea m’ayant
aimablement communiqué les Lampyrides cités dans sa
*« Revision of the Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermata,” *
jai pu faire & la suite de leur examen les observations
suivantes :—
Les Zuciola australiennes, de grande taille, 4 prothorax
roux et élytres noirs sont assez difficiles 4 reconnaitre a cause
de l’insuffisance de leur description.
Voici comment je crois que l’on peut les séparer.
Luciota AustRALis, Fabr. Boisd.—Prothorax arrondi en
avant, dessous du corps et jambes complétement d’un roux
fauve & l’exception du quatriéme segment qui est plus ou moins
rembruni, le dernier arrondi postérieurement. C’est bien
l'espéce qu’ a décrite Boisduval dans le “‘ Voyage de |’ Astrolabe,”
mais ce n’est pas du tout celle de Guérin (“‘ Voyage de la
Coquille”), et Castelnau a proposé pour cette derniére le nom
de guerini.
Luctota GUERINI, Cast. = australis, Guér. et Ern. Oliv., nec
Fabr. —Prothorax anguleux dans le milieu de sa marge anté-
rieure ; quatre premiers segments du ventre, tarses, tibias et
sommets des fémurs noirs, deux derniers segments d’un blanc
de cire, le dernier, triangulaire. C’est cette espéce que j’al
décrite 4 tort dans le Catalogue des Lampyrides du Musée de
Génes, comme étant l’awstralis de Fabricius.
LucIoLa RUFICOLLIS, Guér.—Prothorax 4 bord antérieur
tronqué ; dessous du corps flave, dernier segment trilobé.
Mr. A. M. Lea n’admet les Luciola gestroi, Ern. Oliv., et
coarcticollis, Ern. Oliv., que comme simples variétés de Luciola
flavicollis, Macl. Grace aux exemplaires typiques qu'il m’a
obligeamment envoyés, j’ai pu me convaincre que coarcticollis
n’en est que la forme a élytres noirs étroitement bordés de
flave. Mais L. gestroi, Ern. Oliv., reste une espéce valable et
bien distincte par la forme du prothorax beaucoup plus court,
a angles antérieurs arrondis, etc.
* Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., June 1909, pp. 45-251.
+ Voir les figures de ces deux espéces, ZL. coarcticollis, in Annales de la
Societe Entomologique de France, 1888, pl. I, fig. 9, et Z. gestvoi in Annali
del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Genova, 1885, pl. V, fig. 10.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1909, F
(Gay boats
Luciola platygaster, Lea, a beaucoup de rapport avec
L. pupilla, Ern, Oliv., et devra peut-étre lui étre réunie. La
coloration est identique, la forme tridentée du dernier segment
ventral est laméme. Les seules différences que j’y vois, c’est
que platygaster est dune taille un peu plus avantageuse et
n'a que deux segments, du ventre blanc, tandis quil y en a
trois chez pupilla.
Le genre Atyphella, Oll., est bien voisin de Luciola et
comme dit Mr. Lea, il n’en est plutdt qu’un sous-genre.
Je ne l’avais d’abord pas admis, mais comme les insectes qui le
composent proviennent de la méme région et ont un facies
homogéne assez spécial et que, d’autre part, le genre Luciola
comprend déja un trés grand nombre d’espéces, je crois préfér-
able de le conserver, et il y a lieu d’y faire entrer L. leucura,
Ern, Oliv., de la Nouvelle Bretagne et L. peculiaris, Ern. Oliv.,
de la Nouvelle Guinée.
Ky emai ay)
AON Uy Ali NeR PT NG.
Dr. F. A. Drxzy, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
Mr. R. Wyuie Lioyp, one of the Auditors, read the
Treasurer's Balance Sheet, showing a balance of £28 8s. 10d
in the Society’s favour, and moved the adoption thereof. Mr.
J. R. le B. Tomuin seconded the motion, which was carried
unanimously.
Report of the Council.
During the Session 1909-10 seven Fellows have died, viz.
Mr. H. W. Barker, Mr. John Brown, Capt. Frederick Hallam
Hardy, R.A.M.C., Mr. H. G. Palliser, the Rev. Dr. Henry
Charles Lang, M.D., Mr. Edward Connold, F.Z.8., and Mr.
Basil George Nevinson, M.A., F.Z.S.; ten Fellows have
resigned, the names of two have been removed from the list,
and twenty-two new Fellows have been elected.
The number of Fellows deceased, as also of those who have
resigned, or for other causes have been removed from the list,
is considerably below the average. We regret to observe,
however, that there is a decided falling-off in the total of
Fellows elected, though the number of those waiting election
in the early part of the new year is more satisfactory.
At present the Society consists of twelve Honorary Fellows:
five hundred and twenty-one Life and Subscribing Fellows,
making a total of five hundred and thirty-three.
The Transactions for the year 1909 form a volume of five
hundred and fourteen pages, containing sixteen Memoirs by
the following authors: Mr. G. J. Arrow, Mr. W. L. Distant,
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe (two), Mr. Hamilton H. Druce,
Mr. F. Enock, Mr. H. Eltringham, Sir George F. Hampson,
Bart., Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, Mr. E. Meyrick, F.R.S., the
Rev. F. D. Morice, Mr. Claude Morley, Mr. A. M. Lea, Mr.
R. Shelford (two), and Mr. R. Trimen, F.RB.S.
Of these sixteen papers, five relate to Lepidoptera, four to
Coleoptera, three to Hymenoptera, two to Orthoptera, one to
Homoptera-Hemiptera, Rhynchota, and one to Birds as a factor
in the production of mimetic resemblances among Butterflies.
The Memoirs above referred to are illustrated by seventeen
F 2
C fiboxxiy 5)
plates, of which three are coloured. Towards the cost of
Plate XI Mr. F. C. Adams contributed the sum of £10, and
the Hon. N. C. Rothschild £3 towards the cost of Plate XVI.
The volume of Proceedings consists of eighty-two pages
in all, containing among other notices several short papers of
considerable entomological interest, two of which are illus-
trated by three half-tone plates presented by the author, Dr.
T. A. Chapman,
Thanks to the continued generosity of Mr. F. Merrifield, we
were once again able to send an entomologist to Switzerland
during the summer under our “ Travel Grant.”
During the past year thirty-eight volumes, in addition to a
large number of Separata, and the usual Periodical Publica-
tions, have been added to the Library, the value of which to
Fellows is adequately demonstrated by the fact that while
generally well patronised for purposes of reference, two
hundred and ninety-eight volumes have been issued for home
reading as against two hundred and seventy-eight in 1908,
The Treasurer reports that after carrying forward to 1910
£16 16s. for subscriptions paid in advance in 1909, and
investing £47 5s. for three Life Compositions received in
1908 and 1909, making the total so invested £949 13s., there
remains a genuine cash balance in the Society’s favour of
£28 8s, 10d. This balance is all the more satisfactory when it
is remembered that during the financial year the Society has
paid off the outstanding liabilities for Parts III, IV, and V
of 1908, as well as of Parts I, II, III of current Transactions ;
« result due to the administration of the newly-established
Business and Publication Committee. The sale of the Society’s
Transactions to the outside public also shows a material increase.
Encouraged by these signs of interest, and by the success of
the Conversazione held in May 1908, the Council proposes to
hold a second meeting of the kind in Burlington House on
May 27 next, and appeals to all Fellows to make it a success
by attending with their friends, and assisting with exhibitions
of entomological value.
Enromo.oaicaL Society or Lonpon,
11, CHANDos Street, CavENDIsH Square, W.
19th January, 1910.
Ce besexy °}
On the motion of the Rev. Grorcr WHEELER, seconded by
Mr. H. St. J. DonistHorrsE, the Report was adopted unani-
mously.
The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing
to substitute other names for those contained in the list
prepared by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the
Council for 1910-11 :—Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc.,
F.R.S.E., George T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.8., Dr. Malcolm
Burr, D.Sc., F.L.8., F.Z.8., George Charles Champion, F.Z.S.,
Dr. Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D., Horace St. J.
Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., Albert Harrison, F.LS8., F.C.S., Selwyn
Image, M.A., Albert Hugh Jones, Dr. Karl Jordan, Ph.D.,
Hugh Main, B.Sc., Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A., Alfred
Sich, Henry Jerome Turner, Rowland E. Turner, James W.
Tutt, and Commander James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.LS.
The following were re-elected as officers:—President, Dr.
F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.; Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones;
Secretaries, H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., and Commander James
J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S. ; Librarian, George C. Champion,
F.Z.8.
Dr. F. A. Dixey, the President, then delivered an Address ;
at the close of which a vote authorising the printing of
the Address, coupled with thanks to the Presipent for his
Address and for his services as President during the past
year, was proposed by Mr. C. O. WatErnHouSE, seconded by
Professor R. Metpora, F.R.S8., and carried unanimously.
On the motion of Dr. T. A. CHapman, seconded by Mr.
J. W. Turt, it was agreed unanimously, also, that the illus-
trations used by the President for his Address be incorporated
with it when published in the Society’s Proceedings.
Mr. W. E. Sarr then proposed a vote of thanks to the
other officers of the Society. This was seconded by Mr.
Hamitton H. Drucrand carried unanimously. The PrEsipEnt,
Mr. A. H. Jones, Mr. Rowntanp-Brown, and Commander J. J.
Wa tker, R.N., replied.
CO dxxxvic)
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
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(> "bexsevit* “)
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
WHILE the political storm rages without, it is a relief
to turn aside into a haven where party feeling holds no sway,
and where all are ready to co-operate in the single purpose of
the advancement of our subject.
My first duty is to congratulate the Society at large on the
continuance of its prosperity. Our Meetings during the past
year have been excellent in point of attendance; one of them,
if I mistake not, constituting a record for recent times. The
communications made to us have been of great interest
and high scientific importance. It is difficult to select any of
these for special mention without seeming to be invidious; I
cannot, however, refrain from expressing the appreciation we
must all feel for the work done by Mr. Doncaster, Mr. Bacot
and Mr. Prout on the laws of inheritance ; by Mr. G. A. K.
Marshall on birds in relation to mimicry; and, in another
province of our study, for the minute and careful investigation
of the relations of well-known species which we owe to Dr.
Chapman and Mr, Tutt. Not the least valuable lesson to be
learnt from the work of these two gentlemen, and other
labourers in the same field, is that even among the most
familiar objects of our interest there still remain many
problems to be solved, and much untrodden country yet to
be explored.
All who have had experience of the working of such
societies as our own, know how greatly their success depends
on the efforts of those whom, leaving out of sight the occupant
for the time being of the Presidential Chair, I may call the
active Officers. This Society has never been slow to acknow-
ledge its obligations to its Secretaries, Treasurer and Librarian
for their constant devotion to its interests, a devotion which
(bexx wir 9)
involves, as I well know, the expenditure of much time and
trouble. At the conclusion of my first year of oftice I wish
to add to the thanks of the Society an expression of my own
personal gratitude for the assistance and support I have
received at all times from those gentlemen I have mentioned,
and from my other colleagues on the Council and Publications
Committee. One and all have united to make the task of
your President an easy and pleasant one to fulfil,
During the past year several of our number have dropped
out of the ranks. We have to deplore the loss of Captain
Freperick Hattam Harpy, R.A.M.C., whose Fellowship of
the Society dates only from 1908; of Jon Brown, noted for
his special knowledge of the old fen fauna, and H. G. PaLuisEr,
who joined us in 1886 and 1898 respectively.
Another of our Fellows, H. W. Barker, who died on
September 21st, at the age of 49, was well known to many
entomologists as the active and efficient Honorary Secretary of
the South London Entomological and Natural History Society
from 1886 to 1893, and also as an industrious collector of
British Lepidoptera. He had been a Fellow of our Society
since 1887.
One summer day, many years ago, as | was wandering
about country lanes, a schoolboy with a butterfly-net, I was
accosted by a pleasant-looking young man, who, after asking
me what success I had had, bestowed on me some excellent
advice as to where to go and what to look for. At parting
he gave me his card, and invited me to call on him. The
name on the card was H. C. Lane. I never saw him again,
but I have always remembered his kindness to a stranger
whose only claim on him was the freemasonry of entomologists.
The news of his sad death within the last few weeks has come
as a great shock not only to all who have ever been brought
into personal contact with him, but also to all who realise
how much he has done to create and foster among British
entomologists an interest in the butterfly fauna of Europe.
The Rev. Henry Charles Lang, M.D., was, I believe, a Fellow
of this Society in early days, and after an interval rejoined
us in 1900.
Outside the circle of our own Society, we have to lament
Cy lxxaixy)
the decease of Dr. J. H. Battery, well known for his work on
the Coleoptera of the Isle of Man.
Transatlantic entomology has suffered a severe loss in the
death of the veteran traveller and naturalist W. H. Epwarps,
who passed away at the age of 87. It is well for us to
remember that it was the narrative of his early travels
on the Amazon that helped to inspire Bates and Wallace to
undertake their famous expedition in that region. Those of
us who know Edwards’s splendid volumes on the Butterflies
of North America will, I think, agree that the plates in that
work reach a point of excellence that in their way has never
been surpassed.
Another veteran on last year’s death-roll is the great cole-
opterist Professor Gustav Kraarz of Berlin. It is pleasant to
remember that he was a Fellow of our Society for over thirty
years, only resigning after failing eyesight had practically put
an end to bis active work. He died on November 2nd of last
year at the age of 78. We all remember the sympathetic
words which fell from his friend, Dr. Karl Jordan, on the
occasion of the announcement of his decease to this Society.
An appreciative account of his life and work from the pen of
Dr. Jordan appears in the current issue of one of the
entomological monthlies.
Lastly, we cannot, as naturalists, pass over without notice
the death of Professor Frirz Romer, Director of the Frank-
fort Museum of Natural History, who died on the 20th of
March after a short illness. His services to that Institution
were very great, and his admirable personal qualities endeared
him not only to his colleagues, but also to all who sought
assistance from his wide and varied learning.
It would not be possible for me in the time at my disposal
to notice a tenth part of the publications interesting to
Entomologists that have appeared during the past year.
Important works by Fellows of our own Society are “ Mendel’s
Principles of Heredity,” by Professor Bateson, whom we are
glad to congratulate on his appointment as Director of the
John Innes Horticultural Institution at Merton, and ‘ Charles
Darwin and the Origin of Species,” by our former President,
Professor Poulton. The latter book, issuel on the fiftieth
( xe)
anniversary of the appearance of the “ Origin,” is a worthy
memorial of the three great Darwin commemorations which
have lately claimed so much of our attention, and with which
the name of our former President, Alfred Russel Wallace,
still happily on our list of existing Fellows, is inseparably
connected.
Of treatises published abroad, I may perhaps mention Karl
Fiebrig’s careful investigation of the supposed symbiosis of
trees and ants, to be found in the Leipzig Biologisches
Centralblatt ; and Meisenheimer’s very remarkable experiments
on secondary sexual characters in Lepidoptera, recorded in his
Experimentelle Studien published by Fischer in Jena.
The past year has been rich in events interesting to all
Entomologists. A departure of great importance has been
taken by the Colonial Office in the constitution of a Committee
for Entomological Research, on which body several of our
most distinguished Fellows are serving, and in connecticn with
which responsible posts are held by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall and
Mr. 8. A. Neave. Under such auspices the enterprise cannot
fail to accomplish work of the highest value. In view of the
peculiar significance of this undertaking, I shall ask to be
allowed to quote some words used elsewhere by me in reference
to it :—
“The announcement of the appointment of this Committee
will be received with much satisfaction in all quarters where
the importance of a scientific basis for administrative and
other official action is duly recognised. Among the advances
of biological science in the last few years, none has been more
remarkable than the discovery that the cause of many
diseases whose nature and origin had hitherto escaped detec-
tion, was to be sought in the presence of parasitic micro-
organisms of various kinds and qualities in the tissues of
animals and plants. The part played by insects and ticks in
the dissemination of these morbific parasites is now known to
be of immense importance, and great efforts have already been
made, not without success, to restrict the occurrence of malarial
and other disorders by the systematic destruction of the
insect-carriers of the organisms concerned. For this purpose
it is essential to distinguish with accuracy between various
closely-allied species ; and it is here that the work of the
scr, )
skilled entomologist proves its necessity. It was well remarked
by Dr. A. E. Shipley, in his recent Presidential Address at
Winnipeg to the Zoological Section of the British Association,
that ‘a few years ago no knowledge could seem so useless to the
practical man, no research more futile than that which sought
to distinguish between one species of a gnat or tick and another ;
yet to-day they knew that that knowledge had rendered it
possible to open up Africa and to cut the Panama Canal.’
This witness is true; and it would be difficult to point to a
more complete demonstration of the fact that natural know-
ledge pursued for its own sake, without any direct view to
future utility, will often lead to results of the most unexpected
kind, and of the very highest practical importance. It is this
that justifies the demand that both Governments, and such
private individuals as have the means, should do all in their
power to encourage the study and pursuit of science as
science, without waiting for such applications as may prove
to be of commercial or political value. When the benefits to
be derived from the scientific treatment of a subject are so
manifest as in the present case, even the most indifferent of
public bodies can hardly afford to stand aloof ; and it is to be
hoped that the activity of the Colonial Office in this direction,
begun under the auspices of Mr. Chamberlain, and culminating
for the present in the recent action of Lord Crewe, may be
taken as an indication that the Government of this country is
becoming increasingly alive to the importance of securing the
co-operation of scientific authorities in administrative measures.
But beyond this, the movement will deserve a still greater
welcome if it helps to emphasise the importance of encouraging
the pursuit of genuine science, even when no immediate pros-
pect is offered of material results.”—WVatwre, Sept. 2, 1909,
pe 218:
I take this opportunity of reminding Fellows of this Society
of the existence of the Association of Economie Biologists,
which deals with subjects of special concern to Entomologists.
The Association held a very successful Annual General Meet-
ing at Oxford in July of last year, under the genial presidency
of Dr. A. E. Shipley.
But the crowning event for all naturalists, and indeed for
all men directly or indirectly interested in Science, has been
(xc, 9)
the great celebration at Cambridge of the double anniversary
of Charles Darwin,—the hundredth of his birth, and the fiftieth
of the publication of the “‘ Origin of Species.” I cannot attempt
on the present occasion to do even partial justice to the
immense interest of the ceremonies that marked that com-
memoration ;—probably the most important event of the kind
that the present generation will witness. I should wish,
however, to express my gratification in being permitted to
bear a part in it as your accredited representative, and I take
this opportunity of putting on record the terms of the Address
presented to the University on your behalf. It runs as
follows :—
‘¢To the CHANCELLOR, VICE-CHANCELLOR and MemeBers
of the UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
“The Entomological Society of London feels greatly
honoured at the invitation to associate itself with the Univer-
sity of Cambridge in celebrating the Centenary of her illustrious
alumnus, CHARLES Ropert Darwin. In common with all
other students of nature, Entomologists recognise in the life
and work of Darwin an influence which has transformed for
them the whole aspect of their labours. Every department of
their field of study has been quickened into fresh life by the
genius of the great naturalist whose work received its first
direction within the precincts of the University of Cambridge.
Insect Systematics, Morphology, Physiology, and Embryology,
as pursued at the present day, all owe their significance and
their aims to the illuminating doctrine of Natural Selection.
The vast subject of Insect Bionomics, which affords one of the
most fertile fields at present open for the interpretation of
natural phenomena, dates not only its importance but its very
existence from the publication of the views which found expres-
sion in the ‘Origin of Species.’ The Entomological Society of
London points with pride to the fact that, while Entomologists
in all parts of the world have found in the career and person-
ality of Charles Darwin at once a stimulus and an example of
unrivalled power, many of the researches which, during the
past thirty years, bave done most to illustrate, confirm and
extend the Darwinian views of species-transformation have
(ih, CRGEL Fi.)
been laid before the scientific world by means of the Society’s
own publications.
“The heartiest congratulations on the occasion of this Cen-
tenary Celebration are due and are now offered to the Univer-
sity of Cambridge, as the nursing mother of a man who has
revolutionised thought, and whose overmastering influence
has made itself felt not only in the sphere of Biological Inquiry,
but also in those of Physics, of Politics, and of Philosophy.”
In the composition of the above Address I had the great
advantage of the assistance of Professor Poulton, and of one of
our former Vice-Presidents, the Rev. F. D. Morice.
i must not omit to mention that another of our ex-Presi-
dents, Lord Walsingham, the recent transfer of whose magni-
ficent collection of microlepidoptera to the National Collection
is one of the chief events of the Entomological year, took a
prominent part in the proceedings as High Steward of the
University of Cambridge.
Certain coming events demand our notice. We are propos-
ing to hold another Conversazione next May, when the
experience we have gained will no doubt enable us to ensure
an even more successful result than on the last occasion. I
need hardly impress upon those present the desirability of
hearty co-operation towards this end.
It is to be hoped that some of our number will be able to
attend the International Zoological Congress to be held at
Graz next August. But whether this be so or not, we ought
certainly to send a strong contingent to the First International
Congress of Entomology, the establishment of which is chiefly
due to the tact and energy of our Vice-President, Dr. Karl
Jordan. The Congress, as I think we all know, is to bs held
in Brussels, during the first week of August.
I now turn to the more special portion of my Address, for
which I have chosen as a subject,
THE PLUME-SCALES OF THE PIERINAE.
The form of scent-distributor most characteristic of the
Pierinae is the plume-scale or plumule. This is a chitinous
lamina, flat like the ordinary wing-scale, terminating distally
Ch meive 3)
in a row of processes, probably tubular, which may be called
the fimbriae, and furnished at its proximal extremity with a
hollow prolongation or footstalk, connecting it with an acces-
sory dise which articulates with a socket in the membrane of
the wing. This form of scale is often comparatively ill-pro-
vided with pigment. It occurs under various modifications in
nearly every Pierine genus, the exceptions being the Dis-
morphia group and Leptosia ; Colias with its allied genera,
such as Catopsilia, Gonepteryx and Terias ; and in addition to
these the genera Prioneris, Hlodina, Metaporia, Baltia, Phulia,
and Hucheira. It is confined to the upper surface of the
wings, and to individuals of the male sex. The fact, recog-
nised by Fritz Miiller in 1878, that the occurrence of these
scales very frequently coincides with the presence of a distinct
perfume is strong evidence of their general function as a scent-
distributing apparatus, though it is to be observed on the one
hand that a characteristic odour may be developed in their
absence, and on the other, that they may be present in large
numbers without giving rise to any perfume recognisable by
the ordinary human perception. It is certain that, in some
cases at all events, a scraping of scales from the upper surface
of the fresh wing of a male Pierine will emit the characteristic
odour of the species, provided that plumules be included; a
similar scraping from the underside of the male, or from either
surface of the female wing giving a negative result. Any one
can easily verify this for himself, as was first pointed out by
Weismann, by applying a clean camel-hair brush to a freshly-
caught specimen of the ‘“‘ green-veined white ” (Ganoris napt).
It may be remembered that I have shown the possibility of
extracting the perfume from the wings containing these scales
by steeping them in alcohol. In a series of these alcoholic
extracts, which were exhibited at a meeting of this Society,
the species from which the preparations were made could be
easily recognised by the scent of the extracts alone.
In view of these facts there is little room to doubt that
under ordinary circumstances a certain amount of perfume
attaches to the plumules themselves, though from their purely
chitinous structure it cannot be supposed that they are in any
way concerned in its production. This latter is no doubt the
es
a xev-)
function of specialised cells embedded in the hypodermis of
the wing. Cells of this kind, noticed by Weismann in 1878,
have been described and figured by Giinther under the name
of “ Driisenzelle” or “gland-cells,” though so far as I am
aware they have not yet been observed in direct connection
with the plume-scales. The odoriferous secretion, which is
possibly of the nature of a volatile oil, must pass in the first
instance into the basal dise ; thence along the footstalk, which
is undoubtedly tubular, into the interior of the lamina or
main portion of the scale; and finally into the outer air by
way of the array of fimbriae.
The basal appendage, by which the whole scale articulates
with its socket in the membrane of the wing, has by some
writers been called the “bulb.” But it is certainly in most
cases a comparatively flat structure like the lamina itself, and
I therefore prefer to speak of it as the basal or accessory
“disc,” or simply as the “disc” without qualification. It is
usually furnished with an internal chitinous structure which
in many cases bears the appearance of a convoluted tube.
There is also apparent in many instances an aperture, gener-
ally proximal, by which I suppose the interior of the disc
to be put into communication with the secretory apparatus
contained in the wing. Connection between the interior of
the dise and that of the lamina is provided by means of the
pervious footstalk.
The footstalk often shows a sharp §-shaped bend; but it
may, at least in the detached scale, be straight. The portion
of the basal area of the lamina immediately adjacent to the
insertion of the footstalk is usually clear ; and, except for a
fan-shaped system of faintly-marked streaks radiating from
the point of insertion, is apparently structureless; but at a
distance from that point, which varies according to the species,
a chitinous structure becomes visible. This occupies the in-
terior of the lamina, and frequently presents a more or less
scalariform appearance. A longer or shorter region at the
distal end of the lamina is again comparatively clear, often
exhibiting a longitudinal striation, which may be faint or
distinct. It frequently happens that between this striated
area and the portion of the lamina exhibiting the scalariform
( -xevr 7)
structure, there is an intermediate region where the markings
become crowded and indistinct, the appearance presented
being that of a dense accumulation of granules. This is no
doubt chiefly due to the presence of pigment, and is especially
well seen in certain species of the genera Ganoris, Pina-
copteryx, Delias and Nepheronia.
The lamina varies much in shape in different groups. From
its distal margin, which is usually pointed, but may be
rounded or nearly straight, the fimbriae take their origin.
These are usually from twenty to thirty in number, and
appear to be in direct connection with the chitinous divisions
of the lamina indicated by the longitudinal striation above
mentioned. It is not easy to say from actual observation
whether their distal extremities are open, though their aspect
under a high power suggests this; and it would seem to be
necessitated by the view here taken of the function of the
plume-scale, that the fimbriae should consist essentially of
tubular prolongations of the intra-laminar cavity, provided
with terminal orifices. That the lamina itself is permeable
to fluids can be easily demonstrated by applying moisture in
the form of breath to a glass plate on which some of these
structures are displayed. Under a moderate power of the
microscope it can be seen that the plume-scale readily fills up
by capillary attraction, and it is frequently obvious that the
invasion of fluid does not proceed uniformly along the lamina,
but follows the longitudinal lines marked out with more or
less distinctness by the ribbed or scalariform internal chitinous
structure of the scale. As the fluid is apt to run more rapidly
along some of these lines than along others, the general line
of advance tends to be uneven.
This appearance, it may be noted, is not confined to the
plume-scale, but is observable also in wing-scales of the
ordinary character.
In view of the structural features that have now been
described, the interpretation suggests itself that in the most
usual form of plume-scale the greater part of the cavity of the
lamina is divided more or less completely into longitudinal
channels, with or without lateral communications. These
channels arise by divergence from that portion of the base of
( xevir )
the lamina where the footstalk is inserted, this giving rise to
the fan-shaped appearance already noted. Leaving the base,
the channels run more or less parallel with one another to-
wards the distal margin, passing on into the fimbriae, and
finally debouching into the atmosphere by means of the
terminal orifices of those structures. This may be con-
sidered the normal arrangement, but it is liable to considerable
modification in certain groups.
The articulation of the plume-scale with its socket in the
wing-membrane has been spoken of by some writers as a ball-
and-socket joint. This is incorrect ; for, as has been seen, the
articulating portion of the scale is not a ball or globule, but a
flattened disc. The socket for the reception of the disc is
usually easily distinguishable from the sockets for the attach-
ment of the ordinary wing-scales by its superior size and by
certain other features. The shape of the socket is more or less
adapted in conformity with that of the corresponding disc ;
it does not, however, receive the whole of that structure; a
portion, which may be the larger, being left outside the socket.
The distribution of the plume-scales on the surface of the
wing is liable to great variation as between different groups.
In some instances they are scattered at regular intervals over
the greater part of the upper surface of both fore- and hind-
wing. In others they are confined to certain areas, within
which they may be so numerous as to produce an appearance
easily recognisable by the naked eye. But these accumulations
of plume-scales in the Pierinae seldom, if ever, become so con-
spicuous as the “ sexual brands” seen for example in Amauris
or Huploea. The scales composing the brands in Dismorphia
and in certain species of Colias, Terias, Catopsilia and some
allied genera are of a different character from the plume-scales.
As I hope to deal with these Pierine brands on a future
occasion, I will here only remark that they are commonly,
though not invariably, so placed as to be closely covered up dur-
ing rest, often as by a sliding lid. This is no doubt for the
purpose of economising the perfume ; and it may also here be
mentioned that in several of these cases I have detected a
special supply of tracheal branches distributed to the brand or
scent-patch, suggesting a means by which, when the covering
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1909. G
(i) xeyat
structure is removed, the escape and evaporation of the
odoriferous substance may be assisted. My observations do
not enable me to explain the exact mechanism of this process,
supposing it to take place. But the special distribution
of tracheae to these patches is a fact which can be verified
without difficulty, though I believe it is now noticed for
the first time.
The plume-scales, on the other hand, even when collected
into more or less definite patches, are seldom provided with a
cover. The conjecture may be hazarded that their insertion
among other scales, usually larger and longer than themselves,
may prevent a too rapid dispersal of their odour ; it may also
perhaps be the case that the disc so often possessed by the
plume-seales, but invariably absent from scent-scales of the
other type, may act as a reservoir ; the scent escaping a little
at a time through the comparatively narrow footstalk. The
sharp bend so often to be seen in the course of the footstalk
may impede the passage of the scent under ordinary circum-
stances, and if we may proceed a little further along the path of
conjecture, we may venture on the hypothesis that the peculiar
fluttering about the female, which is a noticeable feature in
the courtship of some Pierines, may have the effect of causing
a certain erection of the scales, with a consequent straighten-
ing of the footstalk, and more plentiful liberation of the
perfume. After this digression into the realms of guess-work
we will return to the region of sober fact.
When definite “brands” are present, they are, of course,
available as an aid in distinguishing the sexes; they have, in
fact, long been so employed. But I think it has not been
noticed, or at any rate recorded, that in very many instances
among the Pierines, even where the plume-scales are scattered
over the general surface and are not collected into definite
areas, their presence imparts such a peculiar roughened char-
acter to the texture of the wing as seen with the naked eye,
that the sexes can be distinguished at a glance by this feature
alone, without recourse to any other means of recognition.
It was suggested many years ago that the characters of
wing-scales might be used for purposes of diagnosis. The
suggestion was dismissed by the late Professor Westwood
|
Ue xcix |“)
on the ground that scales of many diverse forms could be
found in the same individual. This, of course, is perfectly
true; nevertheless the suggestion is not entirely unworthy
of notice. There are probably few cases, if any, where a
specific diagnosis can be made from the ordinary wing-scales.
But it is occasionally possible on an inspection of these
structures to pronounce with some confidence on the genus
of their possessor. The long spatulate scales of the genus
Pinacopteryx, for example, can scarcely be mistaken, and the
short, rounded scales of Baltia and Phulia are characteristic.
When, however, the plume-scales are examined, the case is
seen to be entirely different. These, speaking generally, are
fairly constant within the limits of a species, and often present
distinct specific features. Still more striking are the characters
exhibited by them which may be called generic. Though
there are some remarkable exceptions, it would on the whole
be true to say that most of the genera now usually recognised
could be defined on the structure of their plume-scales ; a cir-
cumstance which is satisfactory as tending to show that our
Pierine genera are for the most part natural groups. No one
who had once seen the plume-scale of any African species of
Mylothris could ever take it for anything else, nor could he
fail to recognise the genus of any other African Mylothris
whose plume-scale he might meet with afterwards. In this
connection it is interesting to observe that the plume-scales of
the American species pyrrha, malenka, lypera and lorena are
of an entirely different type from the African species with
which they have been supposed to be congeneric. This is so
far confirmatory of the opinion expressed by me many years
ago, in agreement with Mr. Trimen, that the affinities of these
American species must be sought in another direction; any
resemblance between them and the African Mylothris being
merely superficial. I shall have more to say on this point
presently.
There is sometimes a kind of rough relation between the
ordinary scales and the plume-scales in the matter of size. The
ordinary scales differ much in dimensions, particularly in
length, between different species. Elongated plume-scales are
frequently found in relation with elongated scales of the
G2
(ph sG95:,)
common type. But this is not invariably the case ; it some-
times happens that the plume-scales are conspicuously shorter
than the other scales amidst which they are embedded.
Having now briefly discussed the usual appearance and
characteristic features of these structures, I propose in the
next place to give some account of the various forms assumed
by them in the different Pierine genera ; noting incidentally
any marked exceptions to the general statements advanced
above. For the sake of uniformity I employ the generic names
adopted by Dr. Butler in his arrangement of the Pierinae in
the National Collection ; these having also been used by me in
a paper on Pierine Phylogeny in our “Transactions” of 1894.
A few of his identifications have been altered in accordance
with the present arrangement in the British Museum.
The Indian and Malayan genus Izias consists of white
or yellow butterflies with an orange tip which may be
absent in the female. All the species are provided with
plume-scales, which with one exception bear a strong family
likeness to one another. The exception is Jxias marianne,
one of the white species, in which the lamina is sharply
triangular. In the other forms of /aias the lamina is rather
long and narrow, slightly compressed laterally, and somewhat
expanded at the base, which tends to be bilobed. Jaxias nola,
the other white species, has a plume-scale which bears a greater
resemblance to the yellow forms than to /. marianne, though it
approaches the latter in the sharpness of its apex. In all the
species the disc is moderate in size, oval or circular.
The large orange-tipped butterflies belonging to the genus
Hebomoia are furnished with plume-scales which are not
unlike those of Ziias, though much larger. The lamina is
long, narrow, and laterally compressed, with an acute apex
and rounded base. The footstalk shows a sharp curve; the
disc, moderate in size, is often depressed in the middle, thus
becoming concavo-convex or ladle-shaped. The appearances
presented by the fimbriae are a little difficult to interpret.
Some of them seem to be bifid, especially those towards the
base of the apical triangle. Frequently they appear to end in
sharp-pointed hooks, which on a change of focus are replaced
by well-defined circular dots giving the idea of terminal
Cigey
orifices. Occasionally they look as if they were enlarged at
the distal extremity, but so far as I have been able to observe,
this is never actually the case ; the appearance resulting either
from imperfect focussing or from a twist in a fimbria which is
flattened rather than strictly cylindrical. These appearances
are specially well-marked in Hebomoia, but are also observable
in many other genera with greater or less distinctness.
One of the most interesting of Pierine groups is the
genus Teracolus. This large assemblage falls naturally into
subordinate sections, two of which, under the names of
Idmais and Callosune, have occasionally been considered to be
worthy of generic rank. These divisions correspond to a
great extent with differences in the scent-distributing
apparatus. Thus, in the Jdmais group there are no
plumules ; 7. fausta, T. puellaris, and the species allied to
them being provided instead of plumules with specialised
scales of another type, collected into definite “sex-brands.’’
The plume-scales of the African purple and maroon-tips,
T. phleqyas, T. ione, T. regina, T. hetaera, and 7. ludoviciae,
are remarkable for the great size of the disc. In other
respects they resemble the Jaxias type, though generally
smaller, and with a sharper apex. Scales with discs of very
much the same appearance are found in 7. mananhari and
T. elgonensis, also in the little group of desert forms con-
stituted by 7. halimede, T. heliocaustus and 7. pleione. The
dise in all these is a very remarkable structure, but still more
curious is the form that it assumes in 7’. chrysonome and
T. protomedia. In these species we find in place of the
usual rounded disc a large semi-transparent plate, generally
oval or shuttle-shaped, with the axis transverse to the axis of
the lamina, and exceeding the breadth of the lamina in
measurement. ‘This basal plate has a marginal thickening of
chitin, which in 7. protomedia is beaded. In both cases fine
chitinous lines are seen radiating from the centre of the
plate. The attachment of the footstalk, as in other cases, is
marginal. In taking specimens of these scales, the plates are
very apt to become detached ; and when I first examined
a preparation made from 7’. protomedia, I was for awhile
puzzled by the numerous fusiform objects, like delicate silver
( ven}
filigree basket-work, that were scattered over the slide. In
appearance they were so dissimilar from the ordinary disc that
their real nature did not suggest itself to me; and it was
some time before I discovered, from the accidental occurrence
of a lamina with the plate still attached, that they were homo-
logous with the well-known accessory dises of other Pierine
plume-scales.
In the crimson-tipped group, 7. annae, eupompe, dulcis and
danae, the dise is moderate-sized or small, contrasting in a
marked manner with the corresponding structure in the
purple-tips. The shape of the lamina may be described as
ovoid with a sharp apex. The base tends to be squared; in
T. eupompe the lamina is cordate. 7. annae stands somewhat
apart from the rest of the group by the breadth of its lamina
in proportion to its length. The sides are parallel and the
apex less acute. The scale in 7’. danae is markedly smaller
than in the other crimson-tips.
The plume-scales in 7’. ephyia and 7. etrida are still smaller
than those in 7. danae, but are of similar general character.
In a group composed of 7’. evippe, omphale, achine, evanthe and
lais the disc is large and the footstalk often straight. Together
with a strong family resemblance there are minor points of
specific difference. 7’. antigone presents a broader scale, with
a squared instead of a rounded base. The scale appears to be
longer and narrower in the wet-season form than in the dry.
T. niveus has a scale of the same character ; in both of these
species the disc is large. It is a curious fact that neither in
7. auxo nor in TJ. incretus have I been able to discover any
plume-scale or corresponding structure ; nevertheless, I know
from my own observation that 7’. auxo has a distinct and
fragrant odour. Both 7’. evarne and 7’. phillipsi, which appear
to be nearly related to the species just mentioned, possess
plume-scales with small discs, and seemingly scanty in number.
It is worth remarking that in T. incretus, phillipsi and evenina
many of the orange-pigmented scales of the ordinary kind
show a lateral curvature. These curved scales have a rounded
distal extremity, with no processes. In 7. subfasciatus the
plume-scale is long, narrow and laterally compressed, as in
Izias. The disc is smal]. A still longer and narrower scale,
( ciii_ )
with an equally small disc, is that of 7’. er’s; the footstalk
also in this species is unusually long. 7’. agoye, a noteworthy
species in other respects, has a remarkable plume-scale. The
lamina is long and narrow with an expanded and rounded base.
The dise is large, and in preparations appears to be set at
right angles to the lamina. The fimbriae are few—not more
than twelve, which is about half the usual number.
Ordinary scales with orange pigment, process-less like those
of 7. evenina, ete., occur in 7. agoye; but no lateral curva-
ture has been detected in them hitherto. —
The plume-scale of Herpaenia eriphia, as might be expected,
is like that of a Zeracolus. It may be described as a some-
what shortened and thickened version of that of 7. eris. The
footstalk is long, as in that species.
We now come to the genus, or group of genera, known as
Eronia. With respect to this assemblage it is interesting to
observe that its sub-division into Nepheronia, Leuceronia and .
Eronia proper, which was made on other characters, is entirely
borne out by differences in the plume-scales. It would be
quite easy to determine from a single specimen of these scales
to which of the three genera its possessor belonged, and in
many cases it would be possible to pronounce at once upon
the species. In Wepheronia, which is entirely Eastern in
distribution, the plume-scale is characteristically long and
narrow, with an extremely sharp apex. In a few species the
breadth of the lamina is uniform; in others the lamina
tapers more or iess gradually from base to apex. In
most the base is rounded, in one or two it tends to be
squared ; in the Moluccan form J. argolis it is ogee-shaped.
A curious feature in several of the species is a clear area
occupying the breadth of the lamina, a little proximal to
the apex. Both distally and proximally to this area the
lamina is densely granular, giving the appearance of pigmen-
tation. The disc is usually small, in some species very small ;
but in WV. phocaea and one or two other of the island forms it
is comparatively large. A circular mark is often apparent,
which may be the usual proximal orifice of the disc, or may
possibly denote the insertion of the footstalk.
A remarkable fact about the scent-scales in Vepheronia is
Cleiyy 3)
their mode of distribution on the surface of the wing.
Though they may, at any rate in some species, be found
sparingly on the general surface, they are much more numerous
in a certain circumscribed area along the border of the hind-
wing ; in one or tivo species they appear to be confined to the
costal extremity of this area. Along this marginal region
they occur in such abundance as to cause a marked difference
in the texture of the wing, making their presence plainly
visible to the naked eye, and almost deserving the appellation
of a ‘‘sex-brand.” Mixed with them are found in great
abundance scales of a different kind; these are elongated, of
the shape of an Indian club, not distally indented, very heavily
loaded with dark pigment, and showing especially dark
longitudinal streaks. The ordinary scales from the blue
portions of the wing are curiously sculptured and apparently
unpigmented.
Nepheronia avatar differs somewhat from its congeners. Its
‘scent-scales are distributed over the general surface of the
wing; they are much smaller than in other Vepheronias, and
have a correspondingly small disc.
The species of Leuceronia are exclusively African. In this,
as in the preceding genus, we find the scent-scales densely
congregated within definite areas, not, however, to the entire
exclusion of other parts of the wing. On a careful examina-
tion of the wing-surface in L. thalassina, argia, pharis and
buquetii, a slight depression or pucker will be seen at the end
of the cell of the hind-wing. This depression is usually visible
in both sexes ; in the male it marks the situation where the
plume-scales are most certainly to be found. It is a very
curious fact that, so far as my observations extend, the plume-
scales in Leuceronia argia from Natal and 8. Rhodesia (LZ. varia
of Trimen) are confined to this situation ; whereas in speci-
mens from the West Coast, the Kassai region of the Congo,
the River Lualaba, and British E. Africa, they are to be found
plentifully distributed over the general surface.
In L. thalassina the lamina is somewhat long and thin, with
parallel sides and an expanded and rounded base. The whole
scale is curiously glassy and translucent; it appears to be
entirely devoid of pigment. In Z. argia the lamina is longer ;
(iiev." \)
the base is still more expanded, and ends in curved lateral
processes or cornua, which are more strongly marked in the
Western than in the Southern forms, reaching in a specimen
from Ashanti a development which approaches that of the
next species, L. pharis. This last-named butterfly, noteworthy
for its superficial resemblance to Vychitona medusa, possesses
a highly remarkable scent-scale. The lamina is very long,
very narrow, and exhibits a greatly expanded and strongly
cornuated base, which may be called “ half-moon shaped.” <A
collection of these scales examined with a low power reminds
one forcibly of a cuneiform inscription thrown into confusion
—a kind of “ printer’s pie.”
But perhaps the strangest form of scent-scale to be found
in this genus is that of LZ. buquetii, which is very large, of
nearly uniform breadth, but slightly narrower towards the
greatly blunted apex. The basal corners are slightly rounded,
but the whole aspect of the lamina is quadrangular. The
chitinous ribbing is very pronounced; a slightly altered
arrangement along the central axis produces the effect of a
core for about the basal two-thirds of the scale. The fimbriae
are unusually short. In all these species of Leuwceronia the
dise is large; extremely so in LZ. buquetii, least so in
L. thalassina. In L. argia, and to a less extent in L. pharis,
some of the ordinary scales have sharp basal prolongations,
giving them, with the footstalk, a three-pronged appearance.
It is observable that, as probably would have been guessed
from their general appearance, the species of the last two
groups that come nearest to each other in respect of their
scent-scales are Nepheronia avatar on the one hand, and
Leuceronia thalassina on the other. JL. buquetiz seems to be
the most divergent.
The two species of Hronia proper, viz. H. cleodora and
£. leda, present a different kind of plume-scale from the
preceding. In £. cleodora the lamina varies somewhat in
breadth, but is always U-shaped, with parallel sides and
rounded base. The fimbriae are rather short and tend to be
wavy ; they may apparently be bifid, and may anastomose.
In Lronia leda the lamina narrows gradually from base to
apex ; the base is provided with lateral cornua more or less
( “evi +)
pronounced, and the fimbriae, like those of Z. cleodora, are
wavy. The disc in both these species is remarkably small,
contrasting strongly with that in the two preceding groups.
Another point of difference is that in Hronia proper the
scent-scales seem to be generally distributed, and not gathered
into definite spots.
In Madagascar there occurs a curious form, “ Ptychopteryx”’
lucaswi, the affinities of which are doubtful, though on the
whole it seems more nearly allied to the Hronia group than to
any other assemblage of Pierines. Its plume-scales, which
are very numerous, do not give much help towards determin-
ing its position, for they may be said to be unique. The
lamina is somewhat slug-shaped, expanding proximally. The
apex is blunt and the fimbriae short. The base ends in two
thin, sharp-pointed cornua, inclined towards one another in
the form of a V; the points sometimes meet one another,
sometimes overlap. Between them the footstalk passes to a
large, clear, nearly circular disc. The scale by its general
outline, its blunt apex, short fimbriae and unusually large
disc, shows points of resemblance to that of Leuceronia
buqueti ; the latter, however, gives no indication of the sharp-
pointed, introverted basal cornua which form one of the
strangest features of this remarkable structure. The ordinary
scales are frequently spatulate, in which respect they bear
some resemblance to those of the African genus Pimacopteryx,
but this correspondence, such as it is, is not borne out by other
characters of the two genera.
We come next to Huchloe, the genus of the Palaearctic and
American orange-tips. In some species the plume-scales
appear to be entirely absent ; I have found none, for example,
in ZL. scolymus, E. sara, and EL. euphenoides. In L. genutia,
E. pima, and E. eupheno they are scanty ; HL. cardamines and
E. ausonia have them in fair numbers, while in Z. creusa,
E. bellexzina and E. belemia they are abundant. The scent-
scales of most of the species that possess them resemble each
other in general character. A marked feature that they have
in common is the small size of the accessory disc; this is
especially noticeable in H. cardamines and E. belemia. In
some species the sides of the lamina are parallel or nearly so,
Worewin. 9.)
in others they are laterally compressed and diverge distally,
in which case the lamina assumes a trumpet-shaped, or rather
perhap a goblet-shaped appearance. This is best seen in
Euchloe creusa; it is also liable to occur in F. bellezina and
E. belemia. The apex is often blunt and rounded; this is
especially visible in H. crewusa ; somewhat less so in £. pima,
genutia and cardamines. The base is usually rounded, but
may be noticeably squared, as in H. pima.
The scent-scales in Huchloe ewpheno are peculiar. The lamina
is long and narrow with a very slight bilateral compression.
The rounded apex is extremely blunt, and the base is tapering.
The fimbriae are short, about 12 in number, and seem to be
continued into the scale as chitinous bars ; there is no distinct
line of demarcation between fimbriae and lamina. The foot-
stalk is narrow ; the disc appears to be represented by a small
ladle-shaped dilatation close to the proximal end of the foot-
stalk, the actual termination of the latter being visible as
a slight projection from the disc. The conjecture may be
hazarded that this is a comparatively early and unspecialised
form of plume-scale, presenting points of resemblance to certain
hair-scales that occur in other Pierine groups where plume-
scales are not developed. Unique within the genus as at first
sight it appears to be, in its blunt apex, tapering base and
minute disc it is not greatly dissimilar from the corresponding
scale in EH. creusa. I have indeed on one occasion obtained
from the latter species a long, trumpet-shaped scale which
came very near that of H.ewpheno. It is, however, just possible
that this scale may not have really belonged to the specimen.
Why £. euphenoides, which so closely resembles E. eupheno,
should be apparently devoid altogether of these structures it
is hard to say ; but there are several parallel instances.
Zegris is perhaps scarcely worth separating from Lwchloe.
In Z. eupheme I find no scent-scales, unless certain Indian-
club shaped, pigmented scales, without either disc or fimbriae,
are to be taken as such. Z. olympia has a scale of the
Euchloe pattern, with parallel sides, squared base and small
disc. The lamina is proportionately broad, and the fimbriae
are short.
The plume-seale of the remarkable Chilian orange-tip,
(> evi 4)
Eroessa chilensis, belongs by its goblet-shaped lamina, with
rounded base and minute disc, to the Huchloe type. It is
perhaps most like the plume-scale of Huchloe creusa, but is
much larger than that of any Huchloe known to me.
The South American genus Hesperocharis is provided with
plume-scales which also in some respects resemble those of
Euchloe. The laminae are U-shaped, with parallel sides and
a rounded base. The disc is small, in some species tending to
be triangular. The laminae show, however, little indication
of the goblet form seen in Hroessa and some species of Luchloe,
and they further differ from most species of the latter genus
in having a very sharp apex, which contrasts strongly with
the blunt and rounded distal margin seen in Luchloe genutia,
pima, cardamines, creusa, bellezina and eupheno. They are
usually broad in proportion to their length, and vary in size
from species to species, H. marchalit and H. erota marking the
extremes among the species known to me, the former being
the largest. MJathania agasicles, so far as its scent-scales are
concerned, is a Hesperocharis.
Daptonura, another South American genus, suggests by its
neuration and some other featuresa relationship with Belenois.
This suggestion, however, is not borne out by an examination
of the plume-scales. These in Daptonura are of an entirely
different type from that of Belenois, and indeed of nearly every
other genus of Pierines. They are abundant in all forms of
Daptonura, and are of the same character throughout the
genus, showing but little difference from species to species.
They are more like hairs than scales, being long and narrow,
generally club-shaped, and possessing no disc. They taper
gradually from the distal extremity towards the base, which
ends in a footstalk like that of an ordinary scale. The distal
extremity may be either (1) rounded, (2) truncate or slightly
excavated, or (3) two-lobed. The fimbriae are few and very
short ; in no case are they found at the centre of the distal
margin, but project only from its sides, occasionally from one
side alone. The rounded end in (1), the truncated border or
slight concavity of (2) and the inter-lobular notch of (3) are
‘always free from them. No connection is traceable between
the fimbriae and the chitinous framework of the scale. In
fe CLE)
D. leucanthe and D. lycimnia the fimbriae seem sometimes to
be connected inferiorly with the body of the scale by a trans-
parent triangular membrane. This recalls an appearance
occasionally to be seen in veritable hair-scales, which structures
the present scales also frequently resemble in being rather
heavily charged with pigment. That these curious organs are
really scent-scales is made probable by the fact that they are
confined to the male sex; but they differ from every other
kind of plume-scale known to me in being found on the under
as well as the upper side of the wing of their possessor. In
this respect they conform to the condition that is often seen
in scales that are congregated into definite sexual brands or
patches, but is never to be observed, so far as I am aware, in
the normal plume-scale.
The African genus Pinacopteryx forms a very natural
assemblage ; 1n its neuration resembling Belenois, but differing
widely from that genus in respect of its plume-scales. These
are characterised by the expanded, usually rounded bases of
their laminae. In the West Coast species Pinacopteryx cebron
and P. falkensteinii, especially in the former, the lamina is
long and tapering and the base angulated. In P. falkensteinii
the dise is unusually large. The plume-scale of P. dixveti from
Toro is like that of P. falkensteinii, except that the disc is
very much smaller. The forms grouped together as P. pigea
and P. astarte, including Mr. Neave’s striking series from N.E.
Rhodesia and the Congo, exhibit the same general character
of a long, narrow, tapering lamina with a more or less ex-
panded and rounded base, and moderate-sized disc. In P.
orbona from the West Coast, and a specimen from Toro which
is probably to be identified with P. rubrobasalis, the base, still
rounded, is less expanded, and the lamina less tapering. P.
vidua has a distinctive scale somewhat of the pigea type, but
much shorter and rather broader in proportion. The scent-
scale in P. spilleri is also of the pigea type, but with a more
expanded base, which shows a tendency to angulation. These
structures do not share in the yellow pigmentation of the
ordinary scales of this species. A well-defined section of
Pinacopteryx is formed by P. doxo, P. simana, P. charina and
P. liliana. The base in these forms is expanded, as in all
( cx )
other species of the genus, but the expansion is abrupt and
the sides of the lamina distal to it are parallel. The shape
suggested by the lamina in the first three species is that of a
chemist’s combustion-tube, short and broad in P. dowxo, longer
and narrower in the other two. The plume-scale of P. Liliana
is quite distinctive, and one of the most curious known to me.
The basal expansion is very large and well-rounded, the base
itself being usually flattened. The appearance suggested by
the outline of the lamina is that of the thin glass flasks used
in chemical laboratories. The long axis of the lamina, how-
ever, is not straight, but obtuse-angled. ‘This gives the neck
of the flask a decided list. At the junction of the neck with
the body of the flask is a very conspicuous granular area, oval
in shape, dark by transmitted light, and showing a compara-
tively transparent, roughly circular patch in the middle. The
apex of the lamina is sharp. The disc is large, figure-of-eight
shaped, and exhibits a clear, round or oval area, which appears
to mark the point of attachment of the footstalk. The latter
is sharply bent. A small bright point which is usually visible
in connection with the clear discal area just mentioned may
be an orifice, or may possibly indicate the actual termination
of the footstalk. ‘The ordinary scales in Pinacopieryx are very
frequently spatulate.
The next genus, Belenois, has its metropolis in Africa, but
outlying forms occur in Southern Asia, the Malayan Islands,
and even as far eastward as Fiji. One species stands quite
apart from the rest in virtue of the very remarkable character
of its plume-seale, which may really be called unique. This
is Belenois gidica. ‘The lamina in this species is slug-shaped,
somewhat broader towards the base. The distal and proximal
borders are both rounded, the former more so than the latter.
The fimbriae appear to be represented by four or five minute
tubercles on the distal border or apex ; the footstalk is long,
and the disc, in marked contrast to the rest of the genus,
very small, The lamina shows a curious sculpturing, looking
like a series of short grooves arranged in longitudinal rows.
These may possibly be orifices, compensating for the apparent
absence of fimbriae ; their appearance is somewhat suggestive
of the markings on the * battledore scales” of Lycaenids.
Pex)
Another very remarkable scent-scale is that of the Mada-
gascar species, Belenois antsianaka. This is very large; the
lamina is somewhat hastate, the sides being convex near the
expanded base, concave near the apex. The base shows a
tendency towards cornuation, the apex is sharp. The axis of
the lamina is occupied by a “ core,” a mesial streak of the same
translucence as the bulk of the scale, with an opaque granular
streak on each side of it. At the base of the apical triangle
the translucent streak disappears, and the lateral streaks
become merged in an opaque granular round or oval mass
occupying about half the breadth of the scale at this situation.
The chitinous ribbing of the lamina is very prominent ; it
somewhat resembles the condition obtaining in MJylothris.
The fimbriae are slightly waved near their attachment. The
disc is large; it is chestnut-shaped, and looks dark under
transmitted light.
A seale of somewhat similar character, but much smaller,
and without the central ‘‘ core,” is met with in Belenois ianthe
from the West Coast, and B. solilucis from the Nyanza region.
Modifications of the same type occur in B. helcida, B. hedyle,
B. calypso and B. dentigera. In these the lateral compression,
though present, is much less evident ; the chitinous ribbing is
in B. hedyle especially well-defined, and the lamina in this and
some other species tends to be curved about the vertical axis
like the blade of a gardener’s trowel. The fimbriae in
b. hedyle, B. ianthe and B. solilucis have an §-shaped curve,
which may be compared to that of a swan’s neck. In
4. calypso they appear as if arising from a fenestrated border
instead of an entire margin. The lamina in B. thysa is rather
long in proportion to its breadth, and the sides are parallel.
The scent-scales of B. grandidieri and B. zochalia are smaller
than the preceding, but otherwise not dissimilar. The lamina
in the latter species is often slightly unsymmetrical. In
Belenois severina the sides of the lamina are nearly parallel
and the base somewhat angular. The apex is sharper in
specimens from the West Coast than in those from East
Africa. In Indian specimens of B. mesentina the lamina is
broad and the apex acute; African specimens generally have
the lamina longer and narrower. The plume-scales of D. java,
Co exit 1)
&, teutonia and LB. peristhene are of the mesentina type, those of
&. clarissa tend to be laterally compressed and somewhat
tapering. The disc in all species of Belenois except B. gidica
is large, chestnut-shaped and opaque by transmitted light. It
is apparently filled with a closely-packed convoluted chitincus
tube.
No plume-scales are discoverable in the genus Prioneris.
This was noticed many years ago by Watson, and is commented
on by Wallace in his valuable paper on the Eastern Pierinae.
In the great Oriental and Australian genus Delias we come
to an entirely different kind of scent-scale from those already
dealt with. The lamina is usually large, and more or less
tapering towards the distal extremity. The base is generally
rounded, and the apex filiform, having, with the fimbriae, a
really plume-like appearance. The sculpturing of the lamina
with a moderately high power looks granular; in several
species, notably D. harpalyce, D. gabia and D. agostina, the
granular arrangement is modified along the course of the axis,
giving the idea of a central core. This may be well-defined, as
in the first of the species named, or diffused as in D. aganippe.
The lamina may be called kite-shaped in D. pyramus, D. ninus,
D. egialea and other members of the pyramus group ; pyriform
in D. agostina; tadpole-shaped in D. belladonna. In the
belisama section the lamina resembles an Indian club re-
versed ; that of D. indistincta, from its nearly squared base,
is like an elongated champagne-bottle ; and similar contours
are shown by D. nysa, D. momea, the aganippe and isse groups.
The scent-scales in these species are mostly very long, in
correspondence with the ordinary scales of the wing. They
are often abundant, occasionally even seeming to outnumber
the ordinary scales, and in common with these latter are, as
a rule, easily detached. The disc is usually large, frequently
kidney-shaped, and often with the internal chitinous
structure especially well-marked. In J). momea it is exception-
ally small; in D. aruna it is cocked-hat shaped. In the
pyramus group there is generally a sharpish median proximal
projection. The scales are long in the belisama and aganippe,
comparatively short in the isse assemblage. The pyramus
section in this respect is intermediate.
Gj ext 7)
There isan important group of Delias, consisting of D. mysis,
D. argenthona, D. caeneus, and D. eucharis with the geo-
graphical forms D. stollii, hierte and hyparete, which is marked
off from the rest of the genus no less by the character of its
plume-scales than by its obvious aspect. The laminae in these
species possess the common character of a triangle with elon-
gated apex, so that their outline may be compared to that of
an inverted funnel or trumpet. In D. argenthona and D.
hyparete, the lamina, from its expanded and rounded base,
may perhaps more aptly be termed decanter-shaped. The
apex in these species, though narrow, is blunt, and not filiform
as in the majority of the species of Delias. It is often later-
ally bent, and may be slightly twisted. The fimbriae, which
are rather short, are termino-lateral. The scent-scales in all
this group are very much smaller than those of most other
members of the genus; the discs are large in proportion,
generally rounded, and in some species, notably D. caeneus,
well-displayed in consequence of the straightness of the
footstalk,
As regards their scent-scales, Delias nigrina and D. ornytion
are in some ways transitional between the eucharis group and
the rest of the genus. Like the former, they have a triangular
lamina with a prolonged apex ; this, however, is acute though
not filiform, The lamina is much larger than in the eucharis
section, but still below the average size of the genus, A
curious feature in D. ornytion is the frequent presence, on
one lobe only of the somewhat cordate base, of a sharp spur
looking like a rudimentary form of such a spine as occurs in
“* Ptychopteryx” lucasit.
It is perhaps worth noticing that when I was investigating
the genus Delias from the point of view of colour-patterns, J
was inclined to consider D. nigrina as a term in the series
leading through D. harpalyce up to D. aganippe. The evidence
of the scent-scales, without contradicting this, seems to in-
dicate an approach on the part of D. nigrina to the eucharis
group, as well as to that with which I formerly associated it ;
and seems also to show that its affinity with D. ornytion is
closer still.
Next on our list comes the neotropical genus Perevte. The
PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., v. 1909. H
4 (> Sexi, 7)
scent-scales of this assemblage are very remarkable. There
is a strong family resemblance between them, though the
species are easily distinguished. The plume-scale of Pereute
charops is a fair representative of the genus. The sides of
the lamina in this species are parallel or with a very shght
lateral compression, expanding somewhat towards the base.
The apex is blunt and the fimbriae narrow. The most curious
feature in the scale is the prolongation of the base into two
long tapering cornua, which are often bent like a pair of
mammalian hind-legs. The long, narrow lamina with its
cornuated base strongly suggests the egg-case of a skate,
commonly known as the “mermaid’s purse.”
The plume-seale of Perewte swainsonti is very like that of
P. charops, but the basal processes or cornua are still longer
and as a rule more wavy and divergent. The scale in P.
callinice has the same general character, but the lamina is
broader at the base and the apical region is comparatively
narrow. The apex itself is blunt, and occasionally twisted.
In Pereute leucodrosime the base is still broader and the
lamina tapers more gradually. In other respects there is a
close resemblance to P. callinice.
It is curious that P. antodyca, which is superficially so
much like P. swainsonii, has a very different kind of scent-
scale. The lamina is ovoidal, broader towards the base. The
chitinous framework is very distinct, somewhat like that to
be found in the genus Mylothris. The apex is blunt; the
fimbriae short, often wavy or twisted. The base, instead of
being furnished with long tapering processes as in P. swatn-
sonit and other species of the genus, is prolonged into short
cornua shaped like claws or talons. In Pereute callinira we
get a form intermediate between P. antodyca and P. callinice ;
the laminae, which vary somewhat both in length and breadth,
have sides more nearly parallel than in P. callinice, but still
showing a distinct basal expansion. A curious point in this
species is the almost invariable asymmetry of the cornua, one
being short and claw-shaped, the other generally longer and
often angulated, as commonly in P. swainsonii. This species
also possesses peculiar scales shaped like an Indian club.
The dise in Perewte is moderate in size, that of P. antodyca
be ek0H) |)
being the largest. Its form varies somewhat according to the
species. ‘The footstalk is uniformly narrow.
Leodonta, which resembles Pereute in neuration, presents us
with scent-scales of a similar type to those of that genus. The
laminae are, however, shorter, and also broader in proportion.
The base is cornuated, but the basal processes are generally
less elongated than in the preceding genus. The base is
usually asymmetrical, as in Pereute callintra. This is least
marked in ZL. zenobia, but even in this species one cornu
tends to be blunt and the other sharp. The footstalk in
Leodonta is thin and the disc moderate in size ; both of which
features are also characteristic of Perevte.
Still keeping to the Neotropical Region, we come next to
the extensive genus Catasticta. Here again, together with
specific differences, we meet with considerable family re-
semblance. The lamina in C. corcyra, C. pieridoides and
C. toca resembles that of Zeodonta in having the base more
or less asymmetrically cornuated. In the two former species
the likeness to Leodonta zenobia is increased by the slight
convexity of the laminal sides. The genus is characterised
throughout by the comparative thickness of the footstalk ;
this is a point of distinction from both Leodonta and Pereute.
Another characteristic feature, frequent though not universal,
is the extreme breadth of the lamina as compared with its
length. Among the species known to me, this is best seen in
Catasticta flisa and C. bithys; it is also marked in C. bryson
and C. hegemon. The lamina in the latter is peculiar. In
shape it is like a very broad arrow-head, the barbs being
represented by short, blunt cornua. The sides are strongly
convex, almost angular; the fimbriae, long and straight, are
set on about the distal two-thirds of the nearly straight line
which runs from the point of greatest convexity up to the
apex. There is no angle, such as exists in nearly every other
kind of plume-scale, marking the point at which the fimbriae
begin. The lamina in C. colla is somewhat similar, but less
broad and more regularly cordate. In most of the species of
Catasticta the base is right-angled ; it is often slightly bilobed ;
seldom rounded off, though this occurs in Catasticta theresa,
C. manco, and one or two others. The sides are nearly always
H 2
() exvin, %)
parallel ; they may diverge slightly towards the distal margin,
as in C’. ctemene, C. sisamnus, C. semtramis and C. chrysolopha.
Rarely they show a slight distal convergence, as in C. tomyris
and sometimes in C. corcyra. The lamina in C. manco is
heavily pigmented.
Two points with regard to the fimbriae in this genus remain
to be noted. In C. flisa, and to a somewhat less degree in
C’. philone, these distal structures have a beaded appearance,
as if furnished with a row of orifices, or perhaps with a
scalariform framework. In C. coreyra they are sometimes
plainly bifid, but in C. chrysolopha they are arranged in
groups, each group with a common stem,
It would not, I think, be surprising if the scent-scales in
Huterpe were like those in the three preceding genera. As a
matter of fact they are very different. The lamina in all
species of Huterpe is long and narrow, the distal border is
straight or very slightly convex, the sides taper more or less
gradually into a comparatively stout footstalk, which opens
proximally into a moderate-sized disc. Slight specific differ-
ences are present ; in 1. approximata the sides of the lamina
are nearly parallel, in /. critias and LE. rosacea there is slight
lateral compression, in #. tereas the lamina tapers gradually
into the footstalk, the base being scarcely marked. In
E. negrina the fimbriae are very short, perhaps barely separ-
ated; in H. rosacea they are longer than in the rest of the
genus. There are some indications of an unequal distribution
of scent-scales in at least one species of Huterpe, viz. HL. critzas,
but I have not at present come upon anything in these species
deserving to be called a sex-brand.
The plume-seales in Leptophobia, another neotropical genus,
form a very natural group, chiefly characterised by the
minuteness of the accessory disc. This takes throughout the
genus the form of a hardly perceptible expansion of the
footstalk ; a proximal orifice is apparent in some of the
species, e.g. L. semicaesia and L. tenuicornis. In Leptophobia
penthica the plume-scales appear to be scanty in the white
area of the wing, and abundant in the black. This may also
be the case with other species of the genus. The laminae are
rather long in proportion to their breadth, though much less
(Sexyai: >)
so than in Huterpe. ‘The apex is usually rather sharp, especi-
ally so in ZL. eleone, L. tovaria, L. semicaesia, L. tenuicornis
and L. caesia. The sides as a rule are nearly parallel; there
is slight lateral compression in ZL. eleone; in L. aripa and
L. tovaria the sides converge slightly towards the apex; in
L. tenuicornis they diverge slightly towards the base. The
fimbriae are fairly long, in ZL. penthica they appear to be
unusually broad. The base is well rounded in JZ. erinna,
L. eleone, L. semicaesia and L. cinerea ; it is slightly cornuated
in L. tovaria, L. penthica and L. tenwicornis. The lamina of
L. caesia is somewhat exceptional in the genus, a little recall-
ing some of those in Catasticta. It is triangular, the sides
converging towards the apex, which is acute. The base is
prolonged into distinct cornua, which may be sharp and
almost claw-shaped. The disc, however, is thoroughly char-
acteristic of Leptophobia, bearing no resemblance to that of
the former genus.
The group of neotropical butterflies to which Dr. Butler
restricts the generic name Pieris, and which is known to some
other authors as Perrhybris, falls apart, so far as its scent-
seales are concerned, into two very distinct sections. The first
of these consists of species allied to Pieris calydonia, such
as P. viardi, P. locusta and P. pylotis. The second comprises
what, may be called the P. buniae group, including P. phaloe
and P. sevata, as well as one or two forms at present unnamed.
In the former division the plume-scales are not unlike those
of Leptophobia, being moderate in size, with sides more or less
parallel. They can, however, be at once distinguished from
those of Leptophobia by the appearance of the disc, which
instead of being represented merely by a slight proximal swell-
ing of the footstalk, is a definite structure generally oval or
circular in outline, and attaining in P. pylotis considerable
relative dimensions. The sides of the lamina converge
slightly towards the apex in Pieris locusta and P. apicalis ;
in Preris tithoreides, P. calydonia and P. demophile they show
a slight distal divergence. The base is rounded in P. viardi,
P. demophile and P. calydonia, squared or angulated in
P. tithoreides, P. mandela, P. marana and P. pylotis; P.
locusta and P, apicalis possess rudimentary basal cornua. In
( exvar ©}
P. viardi, pylotis and apicalis the fimbriae are unusually long.
The dise in several of the species has an evident proximal
orifice; this in P. apicalis is exceptionally distinct, and is
furnished with a chitinous rim. Some of the ordinary scales
in P. marana are peculiar, being shaped somewhat like a
green fig, and heavily loaded with pigment.
In Pieris phileta, more generally known as P. monuste, the
scent-scales are numerous. They are much like those of
P. tithoreides and P. demophile, but larger. The base is
rounded and somewhat narrowed ; the sides diverge towards
the apex, which is sharp. The disc is small, triangular, and
possesses an evident aperture. ‘The fimbriae are rather long,
straight and distinct.
Coming now to what I have called the second section of
Pieris, we find plume-scales of a very different type from those
just described. The laminae are exceedingly long and narrow,
with a more or less rounded base. The apex is seldom quite
so filamentous as in many species of Delias, but the general
contour and to a great extent the sculpturing of the lamina is
strongly reminiscent of that genus. A well-marked point of
difference, however, exists in the disc, which in this section of
Pieris is extremely small. A conspicuous peculiarity of the
assemblage now under notice is the localised distribution of
the scent-scales on the surface of the wing. If the male of
one of these butterflies, say P. phaloe or P. buniae, be ex-
amined, it will be seen, as has indeed been pointed out by
Dr. Butler, that the upper surface of both fore- and hind-
wing is divided between a smooth and a mealy or rough-
ened area, the difference of texture between the two being
on a naked-eye view very like that which is apparent on the
wings of male individuals of the genera Catopsilia and Calli-
dryas. In these species of Pieris, however, the roughened area,
instead of constituting a kind of border to the wings, occurs in
the form of streaks which follow more or less closely the
course of the nervures, ending in a tapering extremity as the
margin of the wing is approached or reached. These rough-
ened or mealy streaks, which are easily visible to the naked eye,
mark the situations where the plume-scales are to be found.
Here these structures, which are very easily detached, are so
Vecsey
abundant as frequently to outnumber the scales of the ordinary
kind.
In most if not all of the species of this section, the plume-
scales are somewhat variable in size and shape, according to
their situation ; but all are very long and narrow. Scent-
scales from the forewing of Pieris phaloe have the lamina
tapering gradually from the base for about three-quarters of
the distance from base to apex ; the sides for the last quarter
run nearly parallel. The base is rounded, the apex very nar-
row and acute. The laminae of scales from the hindwing tend
to be shorter and broader, but retain the same general charac-
ter as those from the forewing. In some, the base tends to
squareness, and the sides taper uniformly nearly up to the
apex. The ordinary scales are also long ; especially those from
the forewing. They show what is a very common if not uni-
versal character in the subfamily ; viz. that the distal margin
tends to be indented in scales from the upper side of the fore-
wing ; smooth in those from the underside of the forewing and
both surfaces of the hindwing.
The scales in P. ausia are scarcely to be distinguished from
those of P. phaloe ; in P. sevata they are somewhat shorter and
smaller. In P. buniae again, the plume-scales are extremely
abundant, far outnumbering, in their special situation, the
ordinary scales of the wing. ‘They resemble the scales in P.
phaloe, and, like them, vary somewhat according to the part
of the wing from which they are taken. They can, however, be
distinguished from those of that species by the fact that the
laminae taper more gradually from base to apex, not showing
an attenuated distal portion with sides almost parallel. A
species of Pieris from Lower California hitherto undescribed,
presents us with the longest plume-scale, except those of two
or three species of Huphina, that 1 have ever yet met with.
It tapers gradually from base to apex just like the similar
structure in P. buniae, from which in fact it only differs by its
extraordinary length and narrowness. As in other species of
this section, the base is rounded and the disc minute. The
mealy streaks of the forewing are richly provided with these
remarkable scales ; the hindwing, which has no mealy areas, is
devoid of them or at least only scantily furnished. The species
(Care)
which comes nearest to the form just mentioned is apparently
Pieris josepha. Ihave been unable to examine the scent-scales
of the latter insect, as the specimens at my command are all
females, A form of Pieris, also undescribed, brought by Dr.
G. B. Longstaft from Venezuela, belongs to the present section.
Like P. buniae and others, it has conspicuous mealy streaks,
well-developed on the forewing, and less extensive on the hind-
wing.
Pieris phileta, otherwise P. monuste, shows by its scent-
scales no resemblance whatever to the last-mentioned section.
On the other hand, its affinity with the first section of the
genus, as already stated, appears to be very close. The plume-
scale, but for its larger size, might almost be taken for that
of P. tithoreides or P. demophite.
We now come to a group of neotropical species, which on
account of their similar venation were ranked by Mr. Butler
along with the African species agathina, chloris, etc., in the
genus Mylothris. As already mentioned, I had for a long
time suspected that the evidence of the venation was in this
instance deceptive, and that there was no close affinity between
“ Mylothris” pyrrha, malenka, etc., and the old-world forms
with which they had been associated. Mr. Trimen had ex-
pressed a similar opinion, though I was not aware of this at
the time. From these considerations, the examination of the
scent-scales became especially interesting. Their testimony
was clear; the scent-scales of the neotropical species men-
tioned belong to an entirely different type from that of the
African genus Mylothris. On the other hand, they are by no
means unlike the corresponding structures in what I have
called the first section of Pieris, and in one or two points show
a resemblance to Catastiota. If we depended on the evidence
of the scent-scales alone, we should unhesitatingly rank pyrrha
and its associated species with Pieris locusta, mandela, apicalis
and demophile.
The plume-scales in I. pyrrha itself are rather scanty. The
lamina is somewhat exceptional in being lance-headed, the
sides showing a regular curve instead of an angle. The con-
dition is a little like that seen in Catasticta hegemon and C.
colla, but the scale is not nearly so broad as in those species.
Ca ear =)
The base is squared and the apex sharp. In WW. malenka also
the scent-scales are scanty. They are like those of IZ. pyrrha,
but narrower in proportion. The apex is still sharper, and
makes a distinct angle with each side of the lamina. The
disc, which is somewhat smaller in proportion than that of
M. pyrrha, has an evident proximal aperture.
In JM. lorena and M. lypera the scent-scales are fairly
numerous. They are of the P. calydonia and P. demophile |
type. The sides of the lamina in /. lorena diverge slightly
towards the distal border ; the disc is moderate in size, round-
ish or oval. Among these scales I have found one specimen
of ascale presenting a very different appearance. It is large,
long and narrow, the proximal two-thirds tapering gradually
into a short, wide footstalk, which ends in a small oval dise.
The distal border of the lamina is very slightly convex, and
the fimbriae are rather short. The scale has very much the
appearance of a Huterpe plumule, though the lamina is larger
and the disc smaller than in any species of that genus known
to me. As in all cases of scales unique among their sur-
roundings, the doubt arises as to whether it really belongs to
the specimen from which it was taken, or whether it has acci-
dentally found its way there from an extraneous source of
origin. J. lypera has a scale like that of JZ. lorena, but with
the lamina shorter and squarer. ‘The sides are nearly parallel
and the fimbriae long and wavy. The scales seem to vary
somewhat in breadth. One scale has been observed which is
very much larger than the usual form ; the sides of the lamina
diverge widely from a narrow and somewhat squared base,
the distal border is segmental, not angulated, and the fim-
briae are much as in the usual form, being long, thick and
wavy. .
The scent-scales of the African, or true J/ylothris, are like
one another, but like nothing else in the world except perhaps
a dice-box or a lady’s corset. The lamina in every species
shows lateral compression ; this is specially well-marked in
M. poppea, M. phileris and M. agathina ; less so in MW. jacksont.
The proximal half of the lamina contains about twelve to
fourteen prominent chitinous ribs, roughly parallel, and con-
nected laterally with one another by cross-pieces, the whole
(> 7exe
forming an irregular reticulum. The central ribs, generally to
the number of six, are prolonged through the median constric-
tion of the lamina into the distal portion, where they diverge,
afterwards converging slightly towards the distal extremity of
the lamina. These chitinous ribs are connected by means of a
clear interstitial membrane, which in the distal portion is not
interrupted by cross-pieces or other visible structure. The
extreme tips of the ribs are free. The disc is clear, usually
triangular and apparently bilobed.
It is not easy to bring the structure of these remarkable
bodies into relation with that of the usual type of plume-
scale, It may however be plausibly conjectured that the
chitinous ribs, though comparatively few in number, and
somewhat irregular in disposition, are homologous with the
similar structures to be observed more or less distinctly in the
scent-scales of many other genera. The distal portions of the
ribs, or their free extremities, may conceivably correspond
more or less exactly with the fimbriae of the ordinary plume-
scale, which in many cases appear to be simple prolongations
of the intra-laminar ribs. It is worthy of note that among
the ordinary scales of most, perhaps all, of the species of
African Mylothris, some occur of a peculiar shape; being
nearly rectangular and provided with sharp proximal
spines. These peculiar scales often exhibit a row of distal
projections, caused by protrusion of the ribs beyond the
general border of the scale. So far as my observations extend,
these scales are confined to the male sex. They certainly
suggest comparison with the curiously specialised scent-scales
of the genus.
With regard to specific differences within the limits of the
genus, there is not much to be said. The median constriction
of the lamina is very slight in MM. jacksoni, less slight in
M. bernice and M. rubricosta, moderate in M. chloris and
M. riippellii, and strongly marked in I. agathina, M.
philerts and M. poppea. The base in all the forms is angular
rather than rounded ; in those species where the constriction
is best marked, the proximal portion of the lamina is broad-
ened at the base. J/. poppea may have indications of basal
cornua, ‘The ribs in some species are beaded; this is very
exam’)
evidently the case in MW. jacksoni, and may also be seen in J,
rippellii and M. agathina. The lateral connections between
the ribs in the proximal part of the scale are especially prom-
inent in MW. jacksoni. In M. rubricosta the ribs of the distal
part, after their original divergence, appear to converge and
then again to separate slightly ; the interstitial membrane
ceasing at the point of nearest approach. The disc, which
preserves the same bilobed character throughout the genus, is
large in VW. chloris and M. agathinu, moderate in M. riippellii
and WV. phileris, small in MW. bernice, M. rubricosta, M. poppea
and MW, jacksoni. The scent-scales from one of the transitional
forms between MW. chloris and M. agathina bear a closer
resemblance to the latter-than to the former. Two specimens
of “ M. poppea” show differences in the form of the lamina,
one having definite cornua and a less strongly-marked median
constriction. Both are from Lower Nigeria. A _ feature
especially well seen in Mylothris is the convergence of the ribs
of the scent-scales proximally towards the footstalk, pre-
sumably to take up the odoriferous substance conveyed by the
latter. In scales of the ordinary type, the ribs take through-
out a nearly parallel course, with little or no reference to the
footstalk. This applies to all genera.
In the genus Elodina I have so far failed to find scent-
scales. In the species of Vychitona from Africa I have been
equally unsuccessful, though I have examined many specimens
of the different forms to be found in that continent. After
this experience, I scarcely expected the Asiatic Vychitona to
yield any positive result ; however, on examining a preparation
taken from a specimen of WNychitona xiphia captured at
Singapore, I was agreeably surprised to find numerous plume-
scales of a form different from any that I had previously met
with. The lamina of these structures is shaped like the blade
of a mason’s or bricklayer’s trowel ; the apex is sharp and the
base rounded. The fimbriae are rather long and distinct, the
footstalk straight, the disc cylindrical with a proximal orifice.
The Hope Collection possesses a co-type of the large
Nychitona captured by Wallace in Celebes, and described by
him as Pontia dione. Scent-scales from this specimen are of
the same general character as those of .V, wiphia, but the
( Gxsmiy 9)
lamina is much broader. The fimbriae are rather long and
distinct ; the footstalk is straight, terminating in a cylindrical
disc with a minute proximal orifice. The base of the lamina
is rounded; almost semicircular. The scent-seales in this
specimen are not numerous.
We now come to the large group of Pierines in which the
anal valves of the male are furnished with a conspicuous tuft
of hairs. This peculiarity was first brought into notice by
Mr. A. R. Wallace, who founded upon it his genus Zachyris.
At the present time it has been found convenient to sub-
divide Wallace’s genus; and the generic or subgeneric names
Glutophrissa, Phrissura, Appias, Saletara, Hyposcritia, and
Catophaga, in addition to Tachyris, are all in use. It may be
doubted whether each of these sections, though the arrange-
ment is serviceable in practice, forms a perfectly natural
group; I much question, for example, whether there is any
good distinction between Glutophrissa and many species of
Phrissura ; while two or three forms of the latter genus appear
to stand apart from the rest. TZachyris again, even as at
present restricted, is not homogeneous; the celestina group
being somewhat sharply marked off from that assemblage of
species that centres round Tachyris hippo.
The genus or subgenus Glutophrissa is common to Africa
and South America with the West Indies; Phrissura is
African and Oriental ; the remaining genera are Oriental and
Australian. Glutophrissa in America consists of several sub-
species or local races which may all be ranked under the
general head of G. drusilla. Similarly, the African species,
Glutophrissa saba, occurs under somewhat different forms in
different parts of the Ethiopian province, including Madagascar.
In Glutophrissa drusilla from Guatemala the scent-scales are
numerous. The sides of the lamina are parallel; the apex
moderately sharp; the base rounded at the corners. ‘The
fimbriae are distinct ; the footstalk often bent ; the dise some-
what elongated and furnished with an orifice. In a specimen
from Brazil, the lamina is generally a little longer in propor-
tion to its breadth than in the individual just described from
Central America.
In Glutophrissa suba the scent-scales are much like those
fe emys )
of the American species. The lamina, however, is broader in
proportion and the apex somewhat blunter. The base is less
rounded, and has a well-marked clear area. The fimbriae,
somewhat shorter than in G. drusilla, are distinct; the disc
moderate in size and cylindrical.
The plumules of Phrissura lasti, which are numerous, are
much like those of Glutophrissa. 'The lamina is longer in
proportion than in G. saba, bearing in this respect a greater
resemblance to the American species. The disc, as in the forms
above described, is moderate in size and cylindrical.
Phrissura sylvia has fairly numerous scent-scales. They are
not unlike those of P. last, but broader in proportion. The
fimbriae show a lyriform arrangement at the apex of the
lamina; this is also visible in P. last, to some extent in
G. saba, and occasionally in G. drusilla.
The scent-scales in Phrissura phaola and P. nagare are of a
somewhat different character from those in the rest of the
genus. In P. phaola they vary a little in breadth, but are
always slightly goblet-shaped; with the base rounded, the
sides diverging slightly towards the distal aspect, and a well-
defined clear area at the base. The fimbriae are very short ;
the footstalk is usually bent; the disc is large and oval,
showing often a distinct proximal aperture.
Phrissura nagare has plumules like the last, but generally
broader. The base of the lamina is less rounded and some-
what tapering ; the basal clear area is less well-defined. The
sides, as before, diverge distally ; the fimbriae are not quite
so short. The disc is large, and may be oval or spheroidal.
Phrissura aegis from the Philippines presents us with a
scent-scale having a long, narrow lamina, with slight lateral
compression and rounded base. There is a well-defined clear
basal area; the fimbriae are long, the disc small and oval.
The seale is not much lke that of an African Phrissura, but
rather recalls that of a Tachyris of the hippo group.
In Appias libythea the sides of the lamina are nearly parallel ;
the base almost squared, or with a slight indication of cornua.
The disc is oval, moderately large, and generally shows a very
distinct orifice, not always terminal. The lamina in Appias
selmira is a little shorter and broader than in its congener.
( CexxyT,
The sides are slightly convex, usually converging towards the
apex, which is sharp. The fimbriae are rather short ; the base
has its angles slightly rounded off. The disc is spheroidal or
chestnut-shaped.
In both species of Saletara the scent-scales are numerous.
They are small; in S. panda markedly smaller than the
ordinary scales. The laminae in S. liberia are somewhat
variable in length and breadth ; they are usually constricted
in the middle, and are occasionally goblet-shaped. The fimbriae
are distinct ; the base well rounded ; the disc small, narrowly
conical, and proximally truncated. S. panda has plumules
similarly variable in shape; like the last they show a
median constriction and a well-rounded base. The dise again
is small, almost linear, and presents a similar proximal
truncation.
We now come to a group of these brush-tailed Pierines, the
members of which possess certain obvious characters in com-
mon. This is the group to which Mr. Wallace’s original
generic name of Jachyris is still applied. It appears to fall
into two sections, the first of which consists of Zachyris celes-
tina, clementina, placidia, zarinda and nero. The mutual
affinity of these forms is borne out on an examination of their
scent-scales, as regards both their structure and their dis-
tribution. The most noticeable characteristic of the assem-
blage from this point of view is the large size and usually
pyriform outline of the disc. Another remarkable feature is
the difference in the shape and size of the scale, and in the
relative proportion of its several parts, according to the region
of the wing from which it comes.
Thus, on the forewing of Zachyris celestina 3, the plume-
scales, which are not numerous, somewhat resemble those of
Appias libythea, having the sides parallel or with a very
slight distal convergence; the fimbriae straight and rather
short ; the base squared, with a bare indication of cornua.
The disc is moderate in size and pear-shaped. But if the
hindwing be carefully examined, a patch will be observed
about half-way along the inner margin, which is distinguished
by its paler colour from the general blue tint of the upper
surface. This patch is practicaily a ‘‘sex-brand.” It contains
GG exxvi ©)
in great abundance plume-scales of a very different character
from those sparsely distributed over the forewing. These
‘“‘ brand-seales,” as they may be called, have a Jamina which is
sagittate or hastate, the sides converging regularly from base
to apex. The laminae vary somewhat in length and breadth,
but the apex is always sharp and the basal cornua distinct.
The fimbriae are rather short, generally straight, but with a
sharp curve near the distal termination. These laminae are
considerably larger than those of the forewing, but the most
remarkable thing about the brand-scales is the enormous size,
both relative and absolute, of the accessory disc. This is
sometimes quite half the size of the lamina itself ; it is pear-
shaped, occasionally with a distinct narrow proximal prolonga-
tion. There is an evident proximal aperture, and the
internal chitinous tubing is distinct. The footstalk is straight
and rather wide. <A feature to be found, as above noted, in
very many species, is here well-marked ; viz. that the ordinary
scales from the forewing tend to be dentated distally, whereas
in those from the hindwing the distal margin is usually
smooth. .
In Tachyris clementina there is less difference than in the
preceding species between the scales of the sex-brand and
those of the general surface. The latter on the forewing are
scanty ; larger than the corresponding scales in 7’, celestina ;
the lamina is cordate, with sides curving convexly from base to
apex ; the apex is sharp ; the base has no distinct cornua ; the
moderately large disc is provided with a proximal aperture.
T. clementina possesses a sex-brand on the hindwing like that
of 7. celestina. The plumules in this situation are abundant,
the laminae are cordate, with the apex prolonged and very
sharp. The basal cornua are strongly developed ; the disc is
large, pyriform, with proximal aperture. Under a low power
and by transmitted light the disc looks dark in comparison
with the lamina; this is probably due to its well-marked
internal system of chitinous tubing.
The forewing of Zachyris placidia contains numerous scent-
scales ; these are large, subcordate and broad. The cornua
are remarkable, being very long and tapering ; they are often
waved, and are turned inwards so as almost or quite to meet
( exxvii ‘4
each other, and frequently to obscure the disc. This is large
and chestnut-shaped. A similar brand to that seen in
T. celestina and 7’. clementina exists in Tachyris placidia, but
in this case it is dark instead of pale. The plume-scales here
are again numerous, and not unlike those of 7. celestina from
the corresponding situation. They are sagittate, tapering
from base to apex ; the cornua are here far less marked than
in the scales from the forewing—a quite exceptional arrange-
ment. The dise is very large, with an evident internal
chitinous tubing; it is pyriform or flask-shaped with proximal
aperture. The fimbriation is sometimes unsymmetrical, being
continued further down from the apex on one side than on the
other.
Tachyris zarinda possesses on its forewing an array of scent-
scales somewhat resembling those of 7’. celestina ; and, like them,
not very numerous. The laminae are somewhat broader than in
that species ; the sides show a very slight distal convergence ;
the base is nearly square, and the disc is moderate in size,
oval or triangular. There is no very evident scent-patch on
the hindwings; but scales from the position occupied by the
patch in other species of Zachyris have laminae that are cordate
with a sharp apex, like those of 7’. celestina and other forms
just described. They are, however, generally broader and
show less indication of cornua. The disc is large, though not
so large as in the preceding species ; it is chestnut-shaped, has
a slight proximal projection, and usually a very distinct
proximal orifice.
In Tachyris nero there is less difference between the scent-
scales of fore- and hindwing than we find in the allied forms
above mentioned. The scales from the forewing are like
those of 7. zarinda, but their laminae have parallel sides and
rounded bases. The apex is less sharp than in 7’. zarinda,
and the dise is smaller. Scent-scales in the situation of the
brand are not numerous ; the laminae are broader than in
those from the fore-wing, and there is a slight indication of
cornua, The apex is sharper, though again less sharp than in
T. zarinda and other allied forms, and the sides are nearly
parallel until the fimbriae begin. The disc is pyriform and
only moderately large.
(| cxzix, );
The scent-scales in Tachyris domitia, the form representing
T. nero in the Philippines, are not unlike those of 7’. nero, but
show in some respects a transition from that species towards
T. zarinda. Thus, in scales from both fore- and hindwing the
base of the lamina exhibits indications of cornua; in scales
from the latter region the apex is prolonged, and the sides of
the lamina appear to converge slightly towards the distal
margin. The disc, which is elongated and _ pyriform,
approaches 7. nero rather than 7’. zarinda. In the hindwing
the elongation of the disc is often extreme.
With Tachyris hippo we enter upon a new section, charac-
terised by scent-scales with long, narrow laminae and minute
accessory discs. There is no definite sex-brand like those in
T. celestina and its immediate allies, but there are usually
slight differences to be observed between the scales from the
fore- and hindwing respectively.
In T. hippo itself, the scales from the forewing have the
lamina elongated, with sides tapering very slightly towards
the apex. The base shows a tendency to cornuation; the
fimbriae are long and wavy; the disc elongated and very
small. The scent-scales from the hindwing are somewhat
larger ; moreover the sides of the lamina do not converge, but
show a slight median compression. In other respects they
resemble those from the forewing.
In TYachyris ada I have not found scent-scales. In 7’.
nephele they occur, but not abundantly. They are of quite
the same character as in 7’. hippo; the laminae in those from
the hindwing are rather longer and narrower than in the rest,
and their sides are perhaps more nearly parallel.
The plume-scales in 7’. hombronii clearly belong to the
hippo group. As in those of the preceding species, the lamina
is long, rectangular, with sides very nearly parallel; the base
slightly cornuated, and the disc very small, almost linear. The
scales from the hindwing vary somewhat in breadth, but are
generally broader than those from the forewing.
The scent-scales of the hippo group recall those of ‘* Phris-
sura” aegis, except for the rounded base of the latter. They
may also be looked upon as an enlarged and elongated version
of the scales in Saletara liberia and S. panda.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1909. I
() exxx) })
In Hyposcritia lalage the laminae are rather short, broad,
and laterally compressed. The base is rounded; the dise
small, oval or circular, and rather thickly loaded with chitinous
tubing. On the hindwing the laminae are somewhat shorter,
the sides more nearly parallel, and the base more rounded.
Certain specimens from Manipur, which I have been
accustomed to consider as a dry-season form of H. lalage,
show such differences in respect of their scent-scales as to
suggest that they must be specifically distinct. In H. lalage
the scent-scales are scanty everywhere; the laminae show a
tendency to hour-glass compression ; the dises are elongated
and translucent. In the “dry-season” form referred to the
scent-scales are abundant in the forewing; the laminae are
long, with parallel sides ; the disc is circular and opaque.
Hyposcritia lagela has on the forewing scent-scales which
vary a little in shape, but generally recall those of the genus
Saletara. They are, however, larger than in that genus, and
the disc is differently shaped and larger in proportion.
Lateral compression is well-marked, the base is rounded, the
dise is circular and provided with a_ strongly-developed
chitinous internal structure. On the hindwing the scent-scales
are again variable, but usually larger than on the forewing.
Some resemble those of the forewing; others are cordate in
outline, and but for the small size of their discs would recall
those from the forewing of 7. clementina. Perhaps on the
whole they are, though considerably larger, most like the scent-
scales of Appias zelmira. A curious plume-scale, with sides
straight and slightly diverging and no disc, has been observed
in a preparation made from this species.
The scales in H. indra are rather variable, but on the whole
they closely resemble those of the forewing of H. lagela.
The scent-scales in H. pandione from Java are like those of
H. lalage. The disc is smallish, circular, and opaque. The
scent-scales in H. leptis, also from Java, are like those of the
“‘ dry-season’” form described under H. lalage.
Hyposcritia plana from Borneo has scent-scales like those of
H. le tis, but with the lamina a little shorter and broader.
The sides are very nearly parallel, the base is slightly rounded,
The dise is generally circular, and has the appearance, common
GF oxext<.)
in Hyposcritia, of great brightness by reflected, combined with
opacity by transmitted light. It is occasionally notched, or
otherwise irregular in outline. On the hindwing the lamina
is usually longer.
The scent-scales in Catophaga are not widely different from
those in Hyposcritia. A specimen of Catophaga paulina from
Ceylon has the sides of the lamina parallel, the base slightly
rounded, the disc moderate in size and oval. In a specimen
from Bengal the lamina is broader, the sides slightly con-
vergent towards the apex, the disc small and elongated.
Catophaga agave shows on the forewing a rather small plume-
scale ; the sides of the lamina are laterally compressed, the
base rounded, the disc small and oval. On the hindwing the
scent-scales are similar in shape, but longer.
In Catophaga melania the lateral compression is better
marked, and the base shows signs of cornuation. The disc, as
before, is small and rather narrowly oval.
Udaiana cynis has a scent-scale which is very much like
that of a Catophaga or a Hyposcritia. The lamina shows a
lateral compression, the proximal being broader than the distal
dilatation. The base is rounded, the dise rather small, circular
or oval,
We now come to the well-marked genus Huphina, Oriental
and Australian in distribution, which offers in many of its
members so curious a parallelism in aspect with forms of the
genus Delias. A comparison of the scent-scales shows that the
resemblances between the genera are more than superficial.
The scent-scales in Huphina at once recall those of Delias,
from which they can scarcely be distinguished except by the
comparative smallness of their accessory discs. ‘Their likeness
also to the phaloe group of Pieris is remarkable. A character-
istic feature of the special scales in Huphina is their great
relative abundance. In this respect likewise they resemble
both Delias and the phaloe section of Pieris.
Huphina boisduvaliana presents a scale with lamina of the
elongated pear-shape so frequently met with in the two genera
just mentioned. The base is rounded ; the disc small, circular
or triangular. On the hindwing the special scales are
similar, but the lamina is broader at the base and a little
2
(fo crx oi
shorter. The lamina in Huphina pitys is elongated and cord-
ate, the sides tapering more abruptly than in the last species.
The dise is small and circular, looking dark from the enclosed
chitinous tubing. On the hindwing the special scales are
similar, but broader at the base. The plume-scales in H. wal-
laceana are obclavate, less broad at the base than in the two
preceding species, and tapering much more gradually. ZH.
quadricolor has plume-scales of much the same character, but
a little smaller. In H. agnata we meet with a scale which
may be called triangular with elongated apex. The dise, as
before, is small.
The scent-scales in Huphina nerissa are extremely abundant,
apparently outnumbering those of the ordinary form. The
laminae are very long, obclavate, tapering gradually up to
the distal extremity ; the disc is small and circular. In 7. lea,
again, the scent-scales appear to preponderate over the others.
They are slightly shorter than in HZ. nerissa, and the lamina is
a little broader at the base ; hence the tapering is more abrupt
than in that species. The condition in H. nadina is much
the same, the scent-scales being very numerous, with laminae
shaped lke an elongated racquet. They are, however, some-
what shorter than is usual in this genus.
The scent-scales in Huphina naomi and H. judith resemble
those in H.lea; the scales from the hindwing being generally,
though not invariably, a little shorter and broader than
those from the forewing. In H. olga and H. aspasia they
are enormously long on the forewing, tapering gradually to
the apex from a rounded base; on the hindwing they tend,
as before, to somewhat greater breadth and shortness. The
dise in these species, though still small, is larger than in the
otherwise similar forms of Pieris.
Huphina periclea, H, scyllara, H. remba, H. andersonit,
H. julia and H. eperia form a group in which the scent-scales
all display, in slightly varying amount, an elongated pyriform
outline like that seen in H. boisdwvaliana and H. pitys. The
scent-scales in H. abnormis are exceptional in the genus, being
relatively very small, with the laminae laterally compressed,
and not tapering to a point. They have, however, the rounded
base and small circular disc characteristic of Huphina.
( exeniin’’*)
In the Central Asian genus Jetaporia I have so far failed
to find plume-scales of any description.
In the genus Ganoris we have G. rapae, G. napi, and the
allied forms, with scent-scales similar to one another though
specifically distinct. G. brassicae, with its geographical races,
stands somewhat apart from the rest in this as in other par-
ticulars. The lamina of G. brassicae is very long, cordate with
distinct cornua, the sides tapering gradually towards the nar-
row distal extremity, which is squared, not pointed, and
furnished with fimbriae which are long, filiform and irregularly
disposed, forming a sort of tangle. The plumule in G.
wollastoni is scarcely to be distinguished from the preceding,
but that of G. cheiranthi tends to be somewhat longer, and also
thicker towards the apex.
The plume-seale of Ganoris rapae is well known, Its lamina
is strongly cordate, with the distal portion elongated. The
basal cornua are strongly marked, and the apex is sharp. The
chitinous sculpturing is elaborate, consisting of longitudinal
bars with frequent lateral connections. The bars, which
follow roughly the contour of the lamina, converge towards
the apex, forming an irregularly granular area at about a
third of the distance from the apex to the base. The portion
distal to the granular area is almost clear, but marked with
fine longitudinal and parallel lines, probably corresponding to
the fimbriae. The disc is moderate in size and nearly circular.
The scent-scale in G. canidia much resembles this, but the
narrowing of the lamina towards the apex is more abrupt, the
sides of the distal portion being parallel. The cornua are
more pronounced than in G. rapae. The scent-scale of G. napi
resembles the last, but the lamina is somewhat larger, and has
the cordate form still more distinctly marked, the sides of the
proximal portion showing a strong convexity. The cornua are
broad, blunt and very pronounced ; they are generally turned
inwards towards the middle line. The axes of the distal and
proximal parts of the lamina are in these three species usually
inclined to one another at an angle. The scales, both ordinary
and special, of Ganoris canidia and G. napi suggest those of
some forms of Pinacopteryx. The ordinary scales of Ganoris
brassicae are very different from any of these, being very long,
(> fexxcxv* \)
narrow and straight-sided, showing no sign of spatulation.
In every species of Ganoris known to me, but especially in
G. brassicae, the scent-scales are abundant.
The plumule of Ganoris erucivora is much like that of G.
rapae; those of G. oleracea, G. melete and G. ajaka are more of
the napi type. G. oleracea is remarkable in having the cornua
ending in sharp spines, which give a perfectly distinctive
appearance to the plumule of that species. A certain approach
to this condition is seen in G. ajaka, where many of the
plumules have a rudimentary spine on one or both cornua.
Forms included under the name of G. melete have scent-scales
showing differences which may be specific. One such form
has accessory discs which are enormously large in proportion
to the laminae.
With respect to their scent-scales, the members of the genus
Synchloe show a strong resemblance to many forms of Huchloe,
The laminae, for instance, in S. chloridice are strikingly like
those of Huchloe creusa, exhibiting a similar expansion towards
the blunted distal margin. The discs in both genera are
small, and circular or oval. Synchloe hellica and S. johnstonii
have plume-scales of the like character, while those of S.
glauconome differ chiefly by the sharpness of their apex. The
laminae in S. daplidice vary considerably in breadth; they
bear much resemblance to those of /. awsonia and £. belemia,
having like them a somewhat short apex. In both genera,
Euchloe and Synchloe, the laminae are characterised by a well-
marked longitudinal ribbing, which is in obvious relation with
the fimbriae.
The genera Baltia and Phulia appear to be devoid of plume-
scales. Their ordinary scales are peculiar, being unusually
short and broad; in which respect they are in some degree
resembled by those of the genus Z'atochila.
The scent-scales of this latter genus are not altogether dis-
similar from those of Synchloe, though generally very much
larger. They show interesting specific differences ; the lamina,
which is basally squared in 7’. stigmadice and rounded in 7.
canthodice, being shaped like the blade of a mason’s trowel in
T. theodice, and having convex sides in 7’. autodice.
In Pontia soracta the plume-scales, which are very numerous,
(ivemamy ))
are broadly goblet-shaped. The base is slightly rounded, the
distal margin segmentally arched, not angulated. The fimbriae
are short, waved and discrete. The scales vary somewhat in
breadth and in other particulars. This is also the case with
P. crataegi, where however the sides are usually parallel and
the base rounded. The apex is sharp, as often in Tutochila,
and the fimbriae resemble in character those of P. soracta.
The scent-scales in Weophasia menapia are found with
difficulty, being to all appearance very scanty. They are
peculiar in aspect, long and narrow, with the sides nearly
parallel and the base sloping away into a footstalk which
terminates in a slight expansion representing the accessory
disc. In one of these scales the distal extremity is rounded,
and a central tuft of very short fimbriae occupies about half
of the distal margin ; in another, the distal extremity has a
distinct apex provided with very short fimbriae along its
whole extent. The aspect recalls that of the narrower plume-
scales in Synchloe daplidice, where also the fimbriae may be
very short.
One of the most interesting members of the Pierine sub-
family is the gregarious nest-making butterfly Hucheira socialis.
This insect disappoints expectation by providing nothing in
the way of scent-scales which might help in determining its
affinities. If such structures exist, I have so far been unable
to find them.
With Hucheirta we may end our present survey of the
Pierine subfamily. It now remains to notice some of the
general results that the consideration of the Pierine plume-
scales enables us to reach.
In the first place, it is obvious that inasmuch as the occur-
rence of these structures within the subfamily is not universal,
we may make a rough division of the Pierines into those that
possess them and those that do not. Sucha division, however,
though good in logic, would not by itself form an accurate
basis for zoological classification. It would, for example, not
only separate the /dmais group of Teracolus from the bulk of
that genus, for which doubtless there is something to be said,
but it would throw the African species of Vychitona into one
section and the Asiatic species into the other ; besides intro-
( sexentva 5”)
ducing a similar division into such genera as Tachyris, Huchloe,
Synchloe, and Teracolus proper itself. Facts such as these
prove that too much dependence must not be placed on the
presence or absence of the plume-scales as evidence of affinity.
Nevertheless, it is quite certain that, if conducted with due
discrimination, the examination of the occurrence, and still
more the character, of these organs is capable of giving
valuable assistance in the way of confirming or correcting the
conclusions arrived at from other sources.
Thus, we have seen that the genus Daptonura is shown by
the unique character of its plume-scales to be really a natural
group; and on the same evidence we must pause before we
consider it to be so nearly allied to Belenois as on the strength
of other characters we might be tempted to suppose. Again,
no assemblage could be more clearly marked out as closely
related among its own members, and isolated from all other
forms, than is the African section of Mylothris by its very .
peculiar scent-scales. On the like evidence we perceive that
the resemblance borne to the African by the American species
of that genus in the matter of neuration is merely superficial ;
and that the true affinities of the so-called American Mylothris
are with a certain section of another genus, the so-called Pieris,
inhabiting the same zoological region with itself.
The obvious resemblance between such forms as Huchloe
cardamines ? and Synchloe daplidice suggests that in spite of
‘certain differences in neuration these two genera must be
closely allied. This suggestion is quite borne out by the
characters of their respective scent-scales; and a further
examination of the same structures indicates that there is no
very near relationship between Synchloe and the groups
represented by Ganoris rapae, napi and brassicae.
It has already been pointed out that the three recognised
sections of Eyronia, viz. Nepheronia, Leuceronia, and Eronia
proper, are easily distinguishable by their scent-scales ; a kind
of bridge between the first two sections being afforded by
Nepheronia avatar and Leuceronia thalassina. In this, as in
many other Pierine assemblages, it is noticeable that specific
distinctions between the plume-scales, though nearly always
present and recognisable, are often very slight; that the
( Vexxzevii: -)
passage, in fact, from race to race and from species to species
is commonly a gradual one. On the other hand, we do from
time to time meet with cases that may come under the head of
discontinuity ; thus, while the scent-scales from the West
African form of Leuceronia argia show very slight variation in
structure from those of the Southern race or subspecies, the
distribution of these scales on the surface of the wing is com-
pletely different in the two forms. On the other hand, the
scent-scales in Leuceronia buquetii and in Belenois gidica, con-
sidered in relation to their congeners, may be said to be
discontinuous in form though not in distribution. The
sporadic cases of absence of scent-scales in the midst of genera
usually possessing them, for instance Teracolus auxo and
T. incretus, also apparently Tachyris ada, may likewise be
accounted as instances of discontinuity.
In the genus Pereute the scent-scales constitute a fairly con-
tinuous series. But it is to be observed that if the species of
Pereute were arranged according to the character of their
scent-scales, the arrangement would not coincide with that
founded upon the modifications of the colour-pattern. Thus,
the plume-scale of P. swainsonii is very like that of P.
callinice, but that of P. antodyca is quite different. P.
swainsonti and P. antodyca are, however, like one another in
general aspect, and unlike P. callinice. If we had only the
scent-scales of the two former species to go upon, we should
say, “ here is discontinuity”; but another species, P. callinira,
though discontinuous in aspect, supplies a link in the matter
of scent-scales. Many reasons might be adduced in explana-
tion of this phenomenon, which after all is only one instance
of a principle constantly to be met with in all taxonomic
investigation. One feature in the case may here be noticed:
there can be little or no doubt that mimicry in one form or
another has exercised a disturbing influence on the general
aspect of the species of Pereute. From this influence the
scent-scales must be free; and they are therefore, wherever
this and similar factors are concerned, likely to be more
trustworthy guides than the general aspect to the true
affinities of the species.
Pereute swainsonu and P. antodyca, though so near to one
( S@XxxVil1" >)
another in general aspect, can be distinguished at a glance, as
we have just seen, by the character of their scent-scales ; and
this serves to illustrate the usefulness of these structures as
aids in specific diagnosis. J have found them, for instance, of
great service in distinguishing between the extreme dry-season
forms of some tropical species of Pierines. These may some-
times resemble each other so closely in general aspect as to
baffle even the experienced naturalist. Another interesting
case is the following—A rather worn and battered Pierine
was brought from Mexico, and pronounced by competent
authorities to be probably a Ganoris. The occurrence of a
member of this genus in such a locality would be, to say the
least, remarkable ; and I thought it desirable to submit the
specimen to a careful examination. The microscopic inspec-
tion of a few scales showed me at once that the butterfly was
neither a Ganoris nor a Synchloe, buta Leptophobia. A similar
test proves the very curious South American form Mathania
agasicles to be practically a Hesperocharvs.
In some instances, as in the two Pereutes lately mentioned,
the examination of a single scent-scale from each would be
sufficient to separate the species ; but this would not always
be the case. Just as in the use of the ordinary methods of
diagnosis one may sometimes doubt about a single specimen,
but find one’s difficulties removed if a series is available, so
with the scent-scales. And in measuring, or otherwise estimat-
ing, the average character of the scent-scales in a given pre-
paration, we have the advantage of knowing that they all come
from a single individual ; whereas we cannot always be certain
that a supposed series of a species is really homogeneous. It
is of course a limitation to this method of diagnosis that the
scent-scales belong only to the male sex. This is a limitation
shared to a very great extent by diagnosis from the genitalia ;
but it is largely counterbalanced in the case of the scent-scales
by the ease with which the examination can be made, by the
facts that no special mode of preparation is necessary, and that
the requisite material can be obtained without in the least
interfering with the natural appearance of the specimen ; also
by the further fact that few specimens are so badly preserved
as not to afford ample scope for this kind of investigation.
(7; CXRNIR | 5)
We have seen that the evidence of the scent-scales demon-
strates that the assemblage known in some arrangements as
Mylothris is heterogeneous. We have observed also that the
same is true of the South American genus called by Dr.
Butler Pieris, and perhaps more usually known as Perrhybris.
It has further been pointed out above that examination of
the scent-scales suggests modification of the existing sub-
divisions of the old genus Appias or Tachyris. Thus, part of
Phrissura seems indistinguishable from Glutophrissa ; while
another part, consisting of the Eastern species, is probably
more nearly allied to the hippo section of Zachyris; a third
part standing at a little distance from the rest. But the use
of the scent-scales in suggesting differences between the
members of assemblages supposed to be homogeneous is not
confined to genera or subgenera. It can be carried into the
domain of reputed species, and is of avail in the discrimina-
tion of subspecies or local races. An instance of this is
afforded by two forms of Ganoris from the Far East, which,
following Mr. Leech, I have been accustomed to rank together
under the head of G. melete. But the differences between
their plume-scales are so marked that, as stated in a previous
part of this address, the question must be raised whether they
are not specifically distinct. It will be recalled that there
appears to be an appreciable, though slight, difference in
respect of the scent-scales between African and Indian speci-
mens of Belenois mesentina, while in addition to a small
variation in form there is a marked difference in distribution
of the scent-scales between the two geographical races of
Leuceronia argia.
The question may fairly be asked whether any light is
thrown by these means on Pierine phylogeny, and whether
any conclusions emerge as to the developmental history of the
plume-scales themselves. ‘To such questions only a guarded
answer can be given. Plume-scales, as is well known, are not
confined to the Pierines, but are found in Nymphalines and
Satyrines’as well. Pierines are in some respects more ancestral
than either of the other groups, and it may be that the origin
of the plume-scales is to be sought among the subjects now
before us, rather than among the groups which have not been
(ercxie)
dealt with on the present occasion. Certainly there exist
among the Pierines, as we have seen, structures which bear
the appearance of ordinary scales just beginning to take on
the special features of plume-scales. Such may be seen in
Euchloe, Euterpe, Neophasia and elsewhere. The accessory
dise appears to be a form of specialisation characteristic of
the Pierinae, and it is natural to conjecture that those Pierine
forms in which the disc is absent or ill-developed are the
earlier. But it is not always easy to determine whether
apparent simplicity of structure is ancestral or the result of
degradation ; and it would be hazardous in the extreme to
pronounce, for instance, that the feeble development of the
disc in Leptophobia is an indication of high antiquity in that
genus. At the same time, I venture to think that in both
Euchloe and Neophasia we have early Pierine genera, the
ancestral condition of which is in some sort represented by
their plume-scales. The apparent absence of these structures
from such presumably early genera as Hucheira and Metaporia
is noteworthy; embryological investigation might possibly
determine whether in these genera they ever existed. The
remarkable scale of the African Mylothris, so often mentioned,
is comparatively simple; but I am inclined to consider its
simplicity as due rather to specialisation than to the persist-
ence of ancestral conditions. It is obvious that we have
here touched upon a subject that calls for much fuller
investigation.
I should wish, before concluding, to put in a word of caution.
The nature of the facts dealt with in the present address is
such that it has not been possible to avoid a certain appear-
ance of dogmatism. No one can feel more strongly than I
do that dogmatism is, as a rule, out of place in science ; and
IT do not wish my statements to be taken as more than the
nearest approach to truth that I have been able to make after
a long-continued investigation. JI am quite sensible that my
results ought to be checked by other observers ; and that
some, perhaps many, of them will require subsequent modifi-
cation. In several instances I have had to depend on the
examination of single individuals, and it has not been possible
for me to be sure that these examples were truly represent-
Cy exis)
ative of their species. When I have spoken of the scent-
scales as absent, it may simply be that I have been unable to
find them ; when they have appeared to be scanty, it may be
that the particular specimen examined has happened to have
lost them ; and other sources of error may very easily exist.
Nevertheless, I may be permitted to feel with some degree of
confidence that much of what I have put before you is both
new and true, and that a path of research has been opened
which may be followed up with good hope of both interesting
and valuable results.
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( exhii )
GENERAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
The President’s Address is not separately indexed.
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Aberration, in Lepidoptera, exhibited, lxiv ; in Palaearctic butterflies, exhi-
bited, lxix ; of Leucanidae, new, exhibited, Ixx.
Abraxas grossulariata, Mendelism in, exhibited, xxxi.
Acidalia virgularia, Mendelism in, exhibited, vi.
Africa, locusts and dragonflies from, exhibited, iv; on some new and little-
known Hesperiidae from tropical West, vii; revision of species of genus
Lycaenesthes from, 1; Lycaenid from West, exhibited, lvi; notes on
some rare or little-known Homoptera from South, lix ; mimetic relations
of butterflies from East and West, exhibited, xvii.
Aglais pupae, colour variation of, exhibited, ]xx1.
Agriades thetis (bellargus) and A. coridon, discussion of the affinities of, lxxiv.
Agrotis vestigialis, attack by earwig on, exhibited, iii.
America, in London, sawfly from North, exhibited, xxix ; Chrysophanids
from North, exhibited, xlix.
Anthocharids from South France, exhibited, xxix.
Ants, rare British, exhibited, xxiii; from North Britain, exhibited, xxxi; and
their mimics, black, exhibited, xlv; gynandromorphous, exhibited, lix
nests, some experiments with, xxx; by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, on
the colonisation of new nests of, 413.
Arctiid from Hyéres, exhibited, lvii.
Ascalaphus coccajus from Geneva, exhibited, xlix.
Auditors for 1910-11, appointed, Ixxii.
Aulacodes simplicialis, notes on the life-history of, exhibited, xl.
Australia, note on the Zuctola of, Ixxxi; and Tasmania, revision of the
Malacodermidae of, 45.
Barker, H. W., notice of death of, xlviii.
Beetle, mimicry of oriental cockroach and, exhibited, iii ; injuries to Cetoniid,
exhibited, xi; rare British, exhibited, xxx, xlviii, lviii, Ixv ; new Irish,
exhibited, xxxii ; carrier of winged Diptera, exhibited, xlvi.
Birds, attacking butterflies, xxviii; and lizards, the liability of butterflies to
attacks by, lix; as a factor in the production of mimetic resemblances
among butterflies, 329.
Blattidae, mimetic oriental, exhibited, xviii; studies of the, 253.
( exhv )
Bolivia and Peru, descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from, 13.
Braconidae, rare, exhibited, xlviii.
British, Coleoptera and Hemiptera, new, exhibited, x, lxv; ants, rare, ex-
hibited, xxiii; beetle, rare, exhibited, xxx, xlviii, lviii, xv; ants, North,
exhibited, xxxi; Mymaridae, new, xlvii, 1, 449; Hemipteron, new,
exhibited, lviii; dragonfiy, rare, exhibited, Ixv ; Heterocera, new and
rare, exhibited, xx; Voctu¢dae, on a new genus and species of, 461.
Brown, John, notice of death of, xxix.
Bugs resembling flower, mass of, exhibited, xlvi.
Buprestid, living tropical, exhibited, lxiii.
Butterflies, birds as a factor in the production of mimetic resemblances
among, vii, 329 ; birds attacking, xxviii; from Durban, exhibited, xxx;
from Dauphiné, exhibited, xlviii; from Hungary, exhibited, lv, lxiii;
from Central Italy, exhibited, lv, xix ; to attacks by birds and lizards,
the liability of, lix; mimetic relations of East and West African,
exhibited, Ixvii; aberrant Palaearctic, exhibited, ]xix.
Callophrys, new Palaearctic species of, exhibited, xxix ; on C. avis, xxii.
Cambridge Darwin Centenary, address to, xlvii.
Carabid, teratological example of a, exhibited, lxxi.
Cassida fastuosa, new locality for, exhibited, xxv.
Castnia bred from an orchid in England, rare, exhibited, xxxiv.
Cetoniid beetle, injuries to, exhibited, xi.
Ceylon, two mimics of Danaida chrysippus in, exhibited, xxv; cases of
mimicry from, exhibited, xxv.
Charaxes, breeding experiment with, exhibited, xlix.
Chrysids from Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho, with descriptions of new
species, 1, 465.
Chrysophanids, North American, exhibited, xlix.
Chrysophanus hippothoé, aberrant form of, exhibited, x.
Clerus formicarius, wanted, xi.
Coccinellidae captured in covtu, species of two genera of, exhibited, xxxiii.
Cockroach and beetle, mimicry of oriental, exhibited, iii.
Coenobia, oviposition of, exhibited, ix.
Coleoptera, new to Britain, exhibited, x, lxv; on the origin and ancestral
form of Myrmecophilous, xx, 397; colour variation in, exhibited, xxiv;
on the colonisation of new nests of ants by Myrmecophilous, xlvii, 413 ;
with descriptions of new species of Hybosorinae, on the characters and
relationships of the less-known groups of Lamellicornia, 1], 479; rare and
variant, exhibited, lviii; late autumn, exhibited, Ixxii.
Conversazione, announcement as to, ]xxii.
Council, election to, i, liv; for 1910-11, nomination of, xvi, 1xxii.
Danaida chrystppus, exhibited, xxv; in Ceylon, two mimics of, exhibited,
XXVi.
Darwin Centenary, address to Cambridge, xlvii.
Dauphiné, butterflies from, exhibited, xlviii.
Deuterocopus, on the genus, lxxx.
Diptera, and the present classification of the Vemocera, on the antennae of,
xx ; from Oxford and the New Forest, exhibited, xxxiv; beetle carrier of
winged, exhibited, xlvi; exhibited, xlviii.
Dragonflies, from Africa, exhibited, iv ; rare British, exhibited, Ixv.
CU Vere 5)
Durban, butterflies from, exhibited, xxx.
Earwig on Agrotis vestigialis, attack by, exhibited, iii.
Egyptian Scarab, carved, exhibited, xxxiii.
England, rare Castnia bred from an orchid in, exhibited, xxxiv.
Euchloé, gynandromorphous, exhibited, ix.
Eulophonotus myrmeleon, with descriptions of the imagines of the two
Heterocera, on the larvae of Hamanumida daedalus, Hoplitis phyllocampa
and, 1.
Euploeinae, Miillerian mimicry in, exhibited, xxxvii.
Eurytela hiarbas and E. dryope, discussed, xxv.
Fellows, election of, i, vi, viii, xxviii, xlvii, liv, xii, xvi, lxxii.
Fireflies, Hungarian, exhibited, lxxi.
France, Pzerts mannt from South, exhibited, xxv ; Anthocharids from South,
exhibited, xxix; rediscovered Micro-Lepidopteron from the South of,
exhibited, xxix.
Geneva, Ascalaphus coccajus from, exhibited, xlix.
Hamanumida daedalus, Hoplitis phyllocampa and Eulophonotus myrmeleon,
with descriptions of the imagines of the two Heterocera, on the larvze
of, 1.
Hardy, Capt. F. H., notice of death of, ix.
Heliconiine butterflies, colour variation in, exhibited, lvii.
Hemiptera, new to Britain, exhibited, x.
Hemipteron, new British, exhibited, lviii.
Heredity in the female forms of Hypolimnas misippus, exhibited, xxxvi.
Hesperiidae from tropical West Africa, on some new and little-known, vii.
Heterocera, new and rare British, exhibited, lxx ; on the larvae of Hamanu-
mida daedalus, Hoplitis phyllocampa and Eulophonotus myrmeleon, with
descriptions of the imagines of the two, 1.
Homoptera, notes on some rare or little-known South African, lix.
Hoplitis phyllocampa, Hamanumida daedalus, and Eulophonotus myrmeleon,
on the larve of, 1.
Hungarian butterflies, exhibited, lv, lxiii; Pierids and Fireflies, exhibited,
lxxi.
Hybosorinae, on the characters and relationships of the less-known groups
of Lamellicorni Coleoptera, with descriptions of new species of, l,
479.
Hyéres, Arctiid from, exhibited, lvii.
Hymenoptera, with a view to giving a simpler and more certain nomenclature
to the alary system of Jurine, a description of the superior wing of the,
xlvii, 439 ; probable mimetic association of Aculeate, exhibited, lxix.
Hypolimnas misippus, heredity in the female forms of, exhibited, xxxvi.
Trish beetle, new, exhibited, xxxii.
ltaly, butterfiies from Central, exhibited, lv, Ixix.
Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho, with descriptions of new species, a list of
Chrysids from, 1, 465,
Juras, Parnasstus from the Swiss, exhibited, Ixiii.
Kraatz, Dr. Gustave, notice of death of, lxvi.
Ladybirds, migration of, exhibited, xxxii.
Lamellicorn Coleoptera, with descriptions of new species of Hybosorinae, on
the characters and relationships of the less-known groups of, 1, 479.
PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., v. 1909. K
\ Wexivee—)
Larvae and lizards, edibility experiments with, 1].
Lepidoptera, wide-ranging, exhibited, xlv; rare and aberrant, exhibited,
lxiv; experiments on the edibility of larve of, 471.
Leucanidae, new aberrations of, exhibited; lxx.
Lizards, edibility experiments with larvae and, 1; the liability of butterflies
to attacks by birds and, lix.
Locusts, and dragonflies from Africa, exhibited, iv; mimetic, exhibited, xi.
London, North American sawfly in, exhibited, xxix.
Luciola of Australia, note on the, Ixxxi.
Luperina, the unidentified, exhibited, xxiii.
Lycaenesthes, revision of the African species of the genus, 1.
Lycaenid, West African, exhibited, lvi.
Lycaenidae, on some new and little-known Neotropical, xlvii, 431.
Malacodermidae, revision of the Australian and Tasmanian, 45.
Malayan Rhynchota, new, xx, 385.
Mantid oothecae, two remarkable forms of, lix, 509.
Mendelism, in Aczdalia virgularia, exhibited, vi; in Abraxas grossulariata,
exhibited, xxxi.
Micro-Lepidoptera, from the south of France, rediscovered, exhibited, xxix ;
from Bolivia and Peru, descriptions of, 13.
Migration of Lady-birds, exhibited, xxxii.
Mimicry, of oriental cockroach and beetle, exhibited, iii; birds as a factor in
the production of mimetic resemblances among butterflies, vii, 329; in
locust, exhibited, xi; in Oriental Blattidae, exhibited, xviii; on recipro-
cal, xx; two mimics of Danaida chrysippus in Ceylon, exhibited, xxvi;
from Ceylon, cases of, exhibited, xxvi; in Euploeinae, Millerian, exhi-
bited, xxxvii ; black ants and their mimics, exhibited, xlv; bugs resem-
bling flower, exhibited, xlvi ; mimetic relations of East and West African
butterflies, exhibited, Ixvii; probable mimetic association of Aculeate
Hymenoptera, exhibited, lxix.
Mymaridae, new genera of British, xlvii, 449; new British, 1.
Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, on the origin and ancestral form of, xx, 397 ; on
the colonisation of new nests of ants by, xlvii, 413.
Wemocera, on the antennae of Diptera, and the present classification of the,
XX.
New Forest, Diptera from the, exhibited, xxxiv.
Noctuid, new, exhibited, xviii,
Noctuidae from Britain, on a new genus and species of, 461.
Obituary. Capt. F. H. Hardy, ix; John Brown, xxix; H. G. Palliser,
H. W. Barker, xlviii; Dr. Gustave Kraatz, Ixvi.
Oestrid fly, Rhinoceros, exhibited, xxiii.
Officers for 1910-11, nomination of, Ixvi, Ixxii.
Osmylus, larval habit of, exhibited, ]xxi.
Oxford, Diptera from, exhibited, xxxiv.
Palliser, H. G., notice of death of, xlviii.
Papilios, polymorphic Eastern, exhibited, i; polymorphic Brazilian, exhibited,
xe
Pararge aegerta, forms of, exhibited, xxx.
Parnassius from the Swiss Juras, exhibited, ]xiii.
Peru, descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and, 18,
(: "exlvair. )
Pieris, pupal coloration of, exhibited, vii; P. mannz from South France, ex-
hibited, xxv; temperature experiments with pupae of P. brassicae,
exhibited, lvii; from Hungary, exhibited, Ixxi.
Plebeidi, exhibited, ix; P. argus (degon) and P. argyrognomon, discussed, xii,
Xvili; notes on the ancillary appendages of species of Plebezus, to illus-
trate the relationships of P. argus (aegon), lix.
President for 1910-11, nomination of, Ixvi, lxxii.
Rhodesia, mammoth scale insect of, exhibited, x.
Rhyncota, new Malayan, 385.
Ruwmicia phlaeas, exhibited, ix.
Saw-flies, saws of, exhibited, iv; in London, North American, exhibited
xxix ; during oviposition, use of saw by, xliv.
Scale insect of Rhodesia, mammoth, exhibited, x.
Scarab, carved Egyptian, exhibited, xxxiii.
Sea, small moths captured at, exhibited, xxxviii.
Styx infernalis, exhibited, xi.
Swiss Juras, Parnassius from the, exhibited, Ixiii.
Tapinostola fulva, ova of, exhibited, xviii.
Tasmanian Malacodermidae, revision of the Australian and, 45.
Variation, in Coleoptera, colour, exhibited, xxiv; in Heliconiine butterflies,
colour, exhibited, lvii; of Aglazs pupae, colour, exhibited, Lxxi.
Vice-Presidents for 1909-1910, nomination of, i.
Visitors, M. A. Janet and M. Severin, present as, ix; Dr. E. P. Felt, present
as, Ixiii.
Zygaena, hybrid, exhibited, vii.
( Vexlix.? )
SPECIAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’ ; the Roman numeral
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings,
abbreviata (Temnelytra), 304
abdominalis (Attalus), 171
nA ep), LAOp sl, 272;
1
rr (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 64
ee Porrostoma), 64
abnormis (Mycalesis), 1, lii
Abraeus, 410
Abraxas, xxxi
abundans (Dasytes), 240, 244, 245, 247,
248
Acalla, 17
Acanthaspis, xxviii
Acanthocerini, 486
aceris (Neptis), lxiii, 336
acervorum (Leptothorax), xxxi, 404
achilleae (Anthocera), lxiv
», (Zygaena), vii
Achras, 49, 67
Acidalia, vi
Aclopinae, 482, 483, 485, 502
Aclopus, 482, 483, 502, 508, 507
aconthea (Adolias), 4
a (Euthalia), 4
Acraea, 1, liii, liv, Ixvii, xviii, 355,
357, 361, 363, 372
Acraeinae, lxiii, 329, 388, 861, 372
Acridium, iv
Acrotylus, xi
actaeon (Hesperia), 352
Actenodes, lxv
Actinote, lxi
Aculeata, 440, 441, 442, 443
acuminata (Homoeusa), 415, 417
BS (Melanophila), Ixv
Adalia, xxxili
adamsi (Thecla), 482
Adelops, 492
adippe (Argynnis), 340, 352, 353
Adolias, 2, 3, 4,
aegeria (Lasiommata), 345
», (Pararge), xxx
aegerides (Pararge), xxx
aegon (Plebeius), xii, xiii, xiv, xvili, lv,
lix, xxvii
aenea (Cetonia), 410
», (Polyzosteria), 258, 259
aequistriata (Phaenognatha), 508, 505
aeruginosus (Onthophagus), 359
aesculi (Zeuzera), 11
aestuans (Gyna), 314, 320, 323
», (Panchlora), 323
aetola (Gyna), 313, 315, 319
africana (Gyna), 317
»» (Panchlora), 317
agamemnon (Papilio), 371
Agasma, 250, 251
agathina (Mylothris), 356, 358, 362
3; __ (Pieris), 356
agilis (Enaesius), 456
aglaia (Argynnis), 341, 353
Aglais, lxxi
Agriades, lv, lvi, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxvi,
Ixxviii, xxix, Ixxx
Agriocoma, 24
agrippina (Phalaena), 382
Agrotis, ili, iv
alatus (Thecla), 434
albomarginata (Platyzosteria),
2838
5 var. brunnea (Platyzo-
steria), 288
x (Polyzosteria), 283
Alcimocoris, 386, 387
Alcimus, 386
alcinoe (Planema), Ixiii, lxiv
alciphron (Chrysophanus), lv
alciope (Acraea), Ixvii, Ixviii
Aleochara, 398
alexandra (Gonionota), 26
alicia (Planema), Ixvii, lxviii
alienus (Lasius), 417, 424
alinda (Eurytela), xxxvi
alleni (Laius), 152, 161
269,
ee
alphabeticus (Hypattalus), 170, 174
alternatus (Liparochrus), 489
a (Telephorus), 113, 120
alterniventris (Carphurus), 187, 190,
195
althoffi (Acraea), liii
Alucita, xxxix, xl
Alucitidae, 348
alutacea (Zonioploca), 293
alutaceus (Carcinochelis), 391
amabilis (Calochromus), 101, 103, 104
», (Heteromastix), 148
amasina (Chrysis), 469
Amathusia, 366, 372
Amathusiinae, 372
amatista (Thecla), 433
Ameles, 512, 513, 514
amemosyne (Parnassius), 344
americana (Periplaneta), 279
americanus (Chrysophanus), 378
5S (Rumicia), 1x
Amissus, 388, 389
Amphicoma, 481
Amphidasys, 473, 476
Amphotis 426
ampliatus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 61,
62, 76, 97
Ae (Synchonnus), 76
A (Trichalus), 91, 249
is (Xylobanus), 61, 97
amplicollis (Dasytes), 241, 248
amplipennis (Colopteron), 90
amplus (Phaeochrous), 499, 500
Amydria, 43
anacardii (Salamis), 361
Anagri, 452
Anaides, 486
analis (Homalota), 406
», (Platyzosteria), 266, 271, 272
», (Polyzosteria), 271, 272
Anamesia, 257, 264, 294, 298, 299,
800, 301, 302, 303
Anarhynchus, 101
anglica (Anisotoma), Ixv
angolensis (Apotrogia), 318
angulata (Chrysis), 469
», (Thiasophila), 416
angulicollis (Trichalus), 91, 94
‘3 (Xantheros), 94
angusta (Phaenognatha), 504, 505
angustatus (Carphurus), 191, 196, 208
sa (Sunius), Ixv
angustifrons (Chrysis), 468
angustulus (Trichalus), 91, 94
Anisotoma, Ixv, Ixxiii
annulata (Chrysis), 469
annulatus (Selenurus), 125, 126
Anosia, 379
Antaeotricha, 30, 31
Antennophorus, xxiii
Anthocera, lxiv
Anthocharis, xxix
anticus (Heteromastix), 132, 137, 147
Antiopa, 374
Antiopa (Vanessa), 341,
380
antipoda (Pelmatosilpha), 306
5, (Scabina), 305, 306
antipodum (Methana), 285
Antispila, xxix
Apanteles, lviii
Apatura, 353
Aphaenogaster, 405
Aphis, 344
aphrodite (Argynnis), 378, 379
apicalis (Carphurus), 190, 193, 226,
239
», (Lampyris), 108
,, (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 70
,, (Porrostoma), 70
», (Selenurus), 125, 127
apiciflavus (Trichalus), 91, 99
apiciventris (Carphurus), 190, 197, 206
56 var. dubius (Carphurus),
353, 376,
Apidae, 440
apidanus (Panchala), 370
Apion, Lxxiii
Aplecta, vii
Aphodiinae, 485, 486
apollo (Parnassius), xiii, 344, 354
,, ab. pseudonomion (Parnassius),
]xiii
Aporia, 350, 354
Aporolaus, 487
aposematica (Platyzosteria), 270, 288
Apotrogia, 310, 311, 312, 318
appendiculatus (Selenurus), 125, 128
Appias, 364, 372
apterus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 72
,, (Telephorus), 113, 116, 120
aquaticus (Notiophilus), xxiv
arabicus (Phaeochrous), 497
archippus (Anosia), 379
Arctia, 343
arcturus (Papilio), 365, 373
ardrossanensis (Platyzosteria), 293
arge (Melanargia), lxix
argiolus (Celastrina), Ixxvii
», (Cyaniris), 354
», (Lycaena), 349
argus (Plebeius), ix, xii, xiii, xiv, Xv,
KV, XVI, KV, Keven
lxxiv, Ixxvii
,, f. aegidion (Plebeius), xiii
,, f. bejarensis (Plebeius), xiii, xiv
Ciel” 4)
argus ab. bella (Plebeius), ix, xiii, xiv
», f. brafiuelasensis (Plebeius), xiii
f. casaicus (Plebeius), xiii
corsica (Plebeius), ix, xiii,
xiv
. hypochiona (Plebeius), xiii
hypochionoides (Plebeius), xiii
. koreana (Plebeius), xiv
. micrargus (Plebeius), xiv
. ongodai (Plebeius), xiv
. orientalis (Plebeius), xiii, xiv
. philonomus (Plebeius), xiii
. pseudaegon (Plebeius, xiv
. pyrenaica (Plebeius), xiii
. sifanicus (Plebeius), xiv
», f. vigensis (Plebeius), xiii
Argynnis, xxvi, 340, 349, 351, 352,
358, 375, 376, 378, 379
Argyrocheila, 1, lii
argyrognomon (Plebeius), ix, xii, xiii,
ven SA VI, XVlle MMII) KIX, ly,
Ixxiv, lxxvii
var. corsica (Plebeius),
xiv
argyrotoxus (Plebeius), xii
Aricia, lv
arida (Chaetocnema), lviii
arion (Lycaena), Ixxvii
armata (Platyzosteria), 266, 273
armicollis (Laius), 152, 161, 163
armipennis (Carphurus), 187, 188, 195,
200, 203
arrogans (Pompilus), xlvi
arvensis (Carabus), xxiv
Ascalaphus, xlix
Asilidae, 330
Aslauga, 1, lvii
asperipennis (Laius), 151, 160
Astilbus, 403, 404
astrarche (Aricia), Ixxvii
eG f. calida (Aricia), lv
astronoma (Stenoma), 34
atalanta (Pyrameis), 343, 353
atechka (Chrysis), 469
Atella, 356, 359, 361
Atemeles, 417, 419, 420, 421, 427, 428
ater (Balanophorus), 182, 186
», (Helcogaster), 216, 223
», (Trichalus), 50, 90, 93
», (Xylobanus), 93
Aterica, 331
aterrima (Blatta), 290
i, (Periplaneta), 272
He (Platyzosteria), 266, 272
athamas (Charaxes), 369
‘ (Eulepis), 372
atlas (Amissus), 388, 389
atractias (Machlotica), 38
”
ae ENE
Dh he hh eh hh th
2
atrata (Periplaneta), 274
», (Platyzosteria), 267, 274
atratus (Lycus), 54
», (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 53, 54,
80, 89
», (Xantholinus), 424
atricapillis (Carphurus), 190, 210
atricornis (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 63,
85
atripennis (Trichalus), 63, 91, 94
+3 (Xylobanus), 94
atronitens (Carphurus), 188, 199
Attalus, 168, 171, 172
Atteria, 14, 15
Atyphella, Ixxxii, 47, 106, 107, 108,
110, 111, 249
atys (Papilio), 431
», (Thecla), 431
Aulacodes, xl
aura (Thecla), 436
aurata (Cetonia), 410, 411, 426
auratus, var. abdominalis (Ellampus),
aureola (Kuphaedra), 4
| aurifrons (Chrysis) 466
auritus (Trichalus), 91, 92
aurivillii (Acraea), Ixvii, lxviil
ee (Gina) olde allo a4.
australiae (Dasytes), 240, 245
australis (Attalus), 171, 172
Ae (Cantharis), 112, 250
- (Charactus), 249
MA (Hypattalus), 169, 170, 171,
GPA aleday alias}
ap (Lamypris), 108
a (Luciola), lxxxi, 108, 110
fs (Lycus), 49, 249
y (Telephorus), 250
avis (Callophrys), xxix, xxx, Ilxxii,
Ixxvi
avocaensis (Platyzosteria), 279
azureipennis (Carphurus), 193
bacchanalis (Helcogaster), 198, 215,
238
bacis (Thecla), 431
», var. vulnerata (Thecla), 431
baeticus (Lampides), 368, 372
45 (Polyommatus), 368
| bagoti (Polyzosteria), 258, 259
balanitis (Idiocrates), 19
Balanophorus, 47, 180, 181, 182, 183,
184, 185, 186, 187, 197, 205, 207
ballus (Thestor), 348, 349, 354
balteata (Platyzosteria), 270, 287
Baoris, 355, 358, 862
barbara (Aphaenogaster), 405
barbata (Chrysis), 468
basalis (Calochromus), 101, 102, 103
( clii_ )
basiflavus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 62,
76
se (Stadenus), 76
basilaris (Tramea), iv
basipennis (Carphurus), 187, 195
basirufus (Helcogaster), 216, 224
basiventris (Carphurus), 187, 190, 199,
basizonis (Neocarphurus), 211
batesi (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 81
batuensis (Phaeochroops), 495
beccarii (Phaeochrous), 498
Belenois, 356, 357, 358, 359, 362
belia (Anthocharis), xxix
bellargus (Agriades), lv
lxxv
(Plebeius), xvi
bellona (Argynnis), 375
(Brenthis), 380
151, 154, 155, 156,
lvi, Ixxiv,
9)
bellulus (Laius),
167
betularia (Amphidasys), 473, 476
bicolor (Cosmozosteria), 295
(Cratomorphus), 249
(Heteromastix), 131, 133, 148
”
»» var, primus (Heteromastix),
133
», var. secundus (Heteromastix),
(Lampyris), 249
(Melanozosteria), 278
(Platyzosteria), 265, 268, 278
», (Polyzosteria), 297
», (Pyrocoelia), 249
(Rhynchocoris), 387
bicornis (Hymenopus), 512
bidentata (Chrysis), 469
bifida (Platyzosteria, 267, 274
», (Polyzosteria), 274
bifoveatus (Carphurus), 183, 190, 197
bifurcatus (Trichalus), 90, 96
biglumis (Platyzosteria), 267, 277
rH (Polyzosteria), 277
biguttatus (Notiophilus), xxiv
bihamata (Chrysis), 469
biloba (Platyzosteria), 268, 278
», (Polyzosteria), 278
bilobus (Helcogaster), 216, 228, 238
Binna, 354
biplagiatus (Balanophorus), 182, 184
bipunctifera (Schoenobius), xxxix
biquadrata (Periplaneta), 308, 309
bistigmaticus (Euphorus), xlix
Blabera, 255
blackburni (Carphurus), 188, 199, 203
blandinalis (Choreutis), 39
Blatta, 254, 255, 263, 264, 290, 317,
512
Blattaeformia, 512
Blattidae, iii, xviii, 253, 310, 512
Boarmia, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477
boeticus (Lampides), Ixix, Ixxv, xxvii
bolina (Hypolimnas), 368, 372
Bombus, 441
bonnairei (Ilyobates), 417
Borboridae, xlvi
boreale (Myrmicinm), 440
boschjesmana (Tribelocephala), 392
bourgeoisi (Dasytes), 240, 244
Brachyplatea, 24
brachypterus (Helcogaster), 215, 217,
232
Bracon, 442
Braconidae, xlix
brassicae (Pieris), lvii, 340, 349, 354,
374, 880, 472, 474, 475
Bremei (Calochromus), 101
Brenthia, 40, 41, 42
Brenthis, lv, lxx, 376, 380
brevicornis (Calochromus), 100
5 (Dumbrellia), 100
3 (Hypattalus), 171
as var. occidentalis (Hypat-
talus), 171
brevipennis (Balanophorus), 182, 188
- (Carphurus), 183, 191
brevipes (Myrmecopora), x
brevirostris (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 55,
70
(Porrostoma), 70
brevis '(Atyphella), 106, 107, 110, 111
5» (Quedius), 407, 423
| brigitta (Terias), 357, 362
brisbanensis (Metriorrhynchus), 58, 75
brunnea (Platyzosteria), 269, 283
brunneus (Aclopus), 482, 507
,, (Lasius), 399, 409, 410, 416,
417, 422, 423
brunni (Cutilia), 290, 292
,, (Platyzosteria), 292
bryographa (Peronea), 16
buccata (Pachylomma), xlix
buchholzi (Gyna), 318
Bulenides, 94
Buprestis, lxv
busa (Thecla), 433
butleri (Empoasca), x
caelatus (Micropeplns), xxxii
caespitum (Tetramorium), xxiii, 420,
425
eatfrorum (Gyna), 311, 312, 314, 315,
323
= (Panchlora), 323
caja (Arctia), 343
c-album (Polygonia), 353
(Vanessa), 340, 353
calcar (Petillia), 391
«> cle}
calcaratus (Hypattelus), 168, 170, 176
Caligo, 382
pail (Thecla), 437
Callicerus, 405
callidora (Setiostoma), 36
Callidryas, lx, lxi
Calliphora, 472
calliscelis (Copocentra), 34
Callophrys, xxix, xxx, lxxii,
354
Calochromus, 47, 99, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105
Calopteron, 54, 90, 249
camerunensis (Phaeochrous), 499
Camponotus, xlvi
canaliculatus (Astilbus), 404
(Helcogaster), 215, 218,
219, 221
cancellatus (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 51,
Ixxvi,
”
, 86
candor (Thecla), 433
Cantharis, 112, 115, 250
cantharopa (Atteria), 14
capucina (Gyna), 311, 312, 316
capucinus (Metriorrhynchus), 66
Carabidae, 482
Carabus, xxiv
Carcinochelis, 391
cardamines (Euchloe), ix, 344
cardui (Pyrameis), xlv, 353, 355, 361,
378, 380
carinaticeps (Carphurus), 221, 232
(Helcogaster), 214,
221
Carphurus, 47, 121, 179, 180, 181, 182,
183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,
191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205,
206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213,
214) (221), 295. 227, 239
earteri (Hypattalus), 170, 177
carus (Laius), 151, 154, 160
Cassida, xxv, lviii
castanea (Gyna), 312, 317
», (Platyzosteria), 268, 279
», (Polyzosteria), 279, 281
castaneus (Coelodes), 490, 491
», (Salpingus), xxiii
Castnia, xxxiv, xxxv
Casyapa, 373
Catagramma, Ixii
Catophaga, 368, 871, 372, 373
Catopsilia, 356, 357, 359, 360,
365, 366, 368, 369, 371, 373
caudatus (Sirex), xxix
caunus (Papilio), iii, 370, 373
cavicornis (Laius), 152, 167
cebrene (Junonia), 360
215,
362,
Celastrina, Ixxvii
celsalis (Glyphodes), XXXix
centralis (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 71
centurio (Gyna), 313, 319
Cerace, 15
ceratodi (Platyzosteria), 268, 281
,, (Polyzosteria), 281
Cercopidae, 395
cerisyi (Thais), 350, 354
Cerura, 7
cervicalis (Carphurus), 191, 197
Cetonia, 410, 411, 414, 426, 429
ceylanica (Pareronia), 373
Chaetocnema, lviii
Chaetodus, 486, 491, 492, 500
Chalcididae, 440
Chaleis, 441
chalcogrammella (Coleophora), lxx
Chalcolampra, 257
Chalepus, 395
chalybeitarsis (Actenodes), lxv
Charactus, 249
Charaxes, xlix, 1, 861, 363, 367, 369,
370, 372
Chasmatopterus, 481
chestertonii (Heliconius), lvii
chionogramma (Orphnolechia), 29
chiriquitana (Peronea), 17
Chironinae, 485
chlorops (Neocarphurus), 211, 212
Chnaunanthus, 481
chobauti (Philoctetes), 466
Choreutis, 38, 39
Chortophila, xxxiv
chrysippus Alana XXV, XXVi
of f. albinus (Danaida), XXV,
XXvi
ss f. alcippoides (Danaida),
XXV
Pe f. alcippus (Danaida), xxv,
XXvl
3 ie dorippus (Danaida), xxv,
XXV1
f, klugii (Danaida), xxvi
Chrysis, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469
Chrysobothris, Ixili
chrysodeta (Machlotica), 37
Chrysogona, 465
Chrysomelidae, xviii
Chrysopa, lxxi
Chrysophanus, ix, x, xlix, lv, 378
chrysops (Osmylus), Ixxi
Cicadidae, 392
cimiciformis (Paracletes), xxiii
cincta (Desmozosteria), 302, 303
cinctus (Apalochrus), 155
», (Laius), 153, 155, 156
»» (Metriorrhynchus), 51 66
(- chv, 9
cinctus (Porrostoma), 65
cingulatus (Dysdercus), xlvi
cinnamomea (Anisotoma), Ixy, ]xxiii
cireumcincta (Anamasia), 800, 302
33 (Polyzosteria), 302
circumducta (Periplaneta), 286
3 (Platyzosteria), 270, 286
cirtana (Chrysis), 468
Cladophorus, 62, 63, 64, 84
Claviger, 424, 425, 428
cleodora (Eronia), 356, 362
Cleptes, 466
Cleridae, 178
Clerome, 366
Cleruchus, 453
Clerus, xii
cliens (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 66, 71, 75
clientulus (Metriorrhynchus), 49, 50,
66, 75
7 (Porrostoma), 66
5 (Synchonnus), 66
Clitopa, 484
Clythra, 414, 426, 429
coarcticollis (Luciola), 1xxxi, 1xxxii,
109
coatesi (Neocarphurus), 211, 212
coccajus (Ascalaphus), xlix
A var. leucocilius (Ascalaphus),
xlix
Coccinella, xxxii, xxxiii
Coccinellidae, ili, xviii
Codrus, 441
Coelodes, 487, 490, 491
Coelophora, iii
Coenobia, ix
Coenonympha, lv, 352
coenosus (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 51, 67,
71, 73, 86
cognata (Myrmedonia), 422
Coleophora, lxx
Coleoptera, xx, 336
Colias, 343, 344, 345, 350, 354, 374,
375, 876, 377, 378, 380
colini (Gyna), 315, 325
collaris (Hypattalus), 170, 173, 177
», (Myrmedonia), 402, 403
», (Zyras), 403
Colletes, xxxiv
Colophotia, 106
columbaris (Stenoma), 31
comastis (Gonionota), 25
Commatica, 18, 19
communis (Drymaplaneta), 285
ee (Platyzosteria), 270, 285
compressicornis (Scarabaeus), Xxxill
concaviceps (Helcogaster), 217, 221, |
231, 232, 234
concinna (Derocrania), xlv, xlvi
confusa (Notothecta), 423
congerens (Formica), 408, 417
conica (Sphecapata), Xxxiv
conicicornis (Laius), 151, 153, 157, 164
conjuncta (Platyzosteria), 269, 282
consobrina (Platyzosteria), 267, 275
Rs (Polyzosteria), 275
conspicua (Epilampra), 323, 324
constricticollis (Metriorrhynchus), 51,
76, 78
contracta (Ponera), 406, 409
convexa (Methana), 306, 307
5 (Periplaneta), 307, 308
coolgardiensis (Platyzosteria), 270, 287
Copocentra, 34
Coprinae, 480, 485, 486
coracopis (Tinea), 42
core (Crastia), 363
», (Euploea), 372
Coreidae, 390
coridon (Agriades), lv, lvi, Ixxiv, Ixxv,
Ixxvill, Ixxix, xxx
,, f. addenda (Agriades), lxxx
», f. albicans (Agriades), Ixxix,
Ibex
»; f. arragonensis (Agriades), lxxix,
lxxx
xh sf ab. caerulescens
(Agriades), Ixxx
ab. plumbescens
(Agriades), lxxx
,, #. basijuncta (Agriades), lxxx
», var. calydonius (Agriades), lvi
. caucasica (Agriades), lxxix
. cimeus (Agriades), 1xxx
. corydonis (Agriades), 1xxx
. corydonius (Agriades), Ixxix
. costajuncta (Agriades), Ixxx
. extensa (Agriades), lxxx
. hispana (Agriades), Ixxix
. meridionalis, gen. 1. vernalis
(Agriades), Ixxx
. obsoleta (Agriades), Ixxx
. olympica (Agriades), Ixxix
», var. ossmar (Agriades), 1xxix
,, f. parisiensis (Agriades), xxx
,», f. striata (Agriades), Ixxx
»» var. syngrapha (Agriades), xxx
,, f. tiphys (Agriades), Ixxx
,, f. tithonus (Agriades), lxxx
corinneus (Papilio), 357
Corticaria, 248
bP) >
aci-ae) BR ea PA Ph eh ee
| corticarioides (Dasytes), 241, 248
corydon (Agriades), lv
», (Lycaena), xxix
», (Polyommatus), 335, 342, 352,
354
oe ee ee
€ ely. )
Corymbites, xxiv
Cosmocoma, 458, 459
Cosmopterygidae, 17
Cosmopteryx, 17
Cosmozosteria, 255, 257, 277, 279, 294,
295, 296, 297, 298, 302
Cossidae, 8, 9
costalis (Gyna), 312, 316, 317
», (Panchlora), 316
costicollis (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 63, |
84
costifer (Xylobanus), 62
cowleyi (Luciola), 106, 107, 108, 111
coxalis (Platyzosteria), 267, 277
», (Polyzosteria), 277
Crabro, xxxiv
erameri (Tronga), xxxvili
crassa (Lembeja), 395
crassicornis (Heteromastix), 131, 137
Crastia, 363
crataegi (Aporia), 350, 354
Cratomorphus, 249
- erepundia (Thecla), 434
Criocephalus, lxv
cristatifrons (Carphurus), 187, 188, 198,
200
Croesus, xliv
croesus (Poecilocoris), 385
erypsiphragma (Orphnolechia), 29
Cryptamorpha, lvili
Cryptogenius, 486, 501
Cryptophagus, Ixv, |xxiii
eryptospilo (Gynopeltis), 326
Cryptotympana, 392
cucullatus (Calochromus), 101, 103
culminicola (Thecla), 434
Cupido, lxiv, xxv
euprea (Cetonia), 410
», (Polyzosteria), 258, 259
cupreus, var. aeruginosus (Corymbites),
xxiv
curiosa (Platyzosteria), 268, 278
curvigera (Methana), 306, 308
43 (Periplaneta), 308
curvipes (Telephorus), 113, 124
Cutilia, 254, 256, 281, 289, 290, 291,
292, 304
cyanaspis (Doleromima), 23
cyanastra (Brenthia), 40
cyanea (Chrysis), 465, 467
eyaneipennis (Carphurus), 189, 192, 193
a var. aeneipennis (Car-
phurus), 192
Cyaniris, 354
cyanocephalus (Laius), 154, 158, 167
eyanopterus (Carphurus), 191, 192, 196,
207, 208
(Helcogaster), 192, 213
9
| cybele (Argynnis), 376, 379
Cymus, x
Cyrestis, 369, 372
daedalus (Hamanumida), 1, 2, 3, 4
damon (Polyommatus), Ixx
Danaida, xxv, xxvi, 371
Danainae, 329, 338, 371, 379
Danais, 367, 369
Danaus, 365
dardanus-cenea (Papilio), 362
f. niobe (Papilio), Lxiii
f. planemoides (Papilio), I xiii
Ee)
3”
| darsius (Ornithoptera), 371
Dasytes, 48, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243,
244, 245, 246, 247, 248
Dasytiscus, 245
decipiens (Helcogaster), 217, 234
33 (Heteromastix), 131, 140
decora (Luciola), 107, 111
| deflexus (Philoctetes), 466
deione (Melitaea), xlvili
,, var. berisalensis (Melitaea), xl viii
dejeani (Luciola), 108
demodocus (Papilio), 360, 362
demoleus (Papilio), 364, 373
Dendrophilus, 409, 410, 425
dentata (Dinarda), 418
dentigera (Belenois), 357, 362
dentipes (Calochromus), 101, 105
», (Hypattalus), 168, 170, 175
deperditus (Hymenopterites), 440
Depressaria, Ixx
depressicolis (Ichthyurus) 126
(Selenurus), 126
var. luteopictus (Selenu-
rus), 126
derasus (Phaeochridius), 488
Derocrania, xlv, xlvi
desjardinsi (Cryptamorpha), lviii
Desmozosteria, 257, 302, 303
detecta (Baoris), 355, 362
Deuterocopus, Ixxx
dichroa (Chrysis), 468
dichrous (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 67, 68,
75
9)
9?
(Porrostoma), 67
a (Stadenus), 67
Dicopus, 455
Dicraeodon, 487
Dicronorrhina, xi
didyma (Melitaea), xlviii, lxx
Dieuches, xlvi
dilutum (Lathrobium), lxv
dimidiatipennis (Eumenes), lxix
dimidiatus (Pterostichus), xxiv
diminutivus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 63,
84
Dinarda. xxiii, 397, 416, 417, 418
”?
(ielvarc
diopthalmus (Carphurus), 196
directrix (Thioscelis), 30
dirtea (Symphaedra), 370, 372
discicollis (Calochromus), 104
discoflavus (Heteromastix), 132, 143
discoideus (Porrostoma), 95
2 (Trichalus), 77, 90, 95, 96
disconiger (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 52,
80
dispar, var. rutilus (Chrysophanus), lv
», (Hypattalus), 168, 170, 174
_(Phaeochrous), 496
”?
A (Phaeochrous), 496
distinctus (Trichalus), 91, 92
distinguendus (Calochromus), 100, 104
distortipes (Hypattalus), 168, 170,
lye if /
distortus (Heteromastix), 130, 187, 147
Ps (Laius), 152, 160
dives (Poecilocoris), 886
djelma (Chrysis), 468
Doleromima, 23
Dolerus, iv
dolichocephalus (Heteromastix), 130,
132, 150
dolus (Hirsutina), lv
donisthorpei (Tetramoperia), xxiii
donzellii (Lycaena), Ixxviii
doreas (Chrysophanus), xlix
Doriclytus, 451, 458, 459
doris (Heliconius), lvii
», ab. tecta (Heliconius), lvii
dorsalis (Odontoscelis), lviii
dournovi (Spinolia), 467
doursi (Euchroeus), 467
Drilides, 47
drucei (Hypolimnas), 357
druraei (Poecilocoris), 385
Drymaplaneta, 265, 284, 285, 286
dryope (Eurytela), xxxv, xxxvi
dubius-drucei (Hypolimnas), 361
Dumbrellia, 48, 99, 100
duodeviginti-guttata (Halyzia), xxxili
dux (Liparochrus), 489
Dynastinae, 502
Dysdercus, xlvi
eastii (Anamesia), 294
» (Zonioploca), 293, 294
Eccoptomera, Xxxiv
echerioides (Papilio), 331
echidna (Papilio), ii
edelsteni (Nonagria), lxx
edusa (Colias), 348, ‘344, 345, 350, 354
edwardsi (Phloeophilus), lxxiii
egenus (Laius), 153, 160
egeria (Pararge), 353
Elachista, 17
Elachistidae, 17
elegans (Carphurus), 189, 209
», (Chrysis), 469
», (Heteromastix), 1382
», (Hypattalus), 168, 169, 170,
ZANT.
5» var, tasmaniensis (Hypattalus),
173
(Porrostoma), 61
(Stephanodes), 457
eliminata (Sarangesa), 355, 3862
Ellampus, 466
elongatus (Carphurus), 189, 192
5 (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 64, 88
Elymnias, xxvi, xxvill, 371, 372
emarginatus (Atemeles), 420, 421, 427
(Phaeochrous), 497
ematheon (Papilio), 432
s (Thecla), 4382
Embolosterna, 387, 388
empedoeles (Papilio), 370, 373
Empoasea, x
Enaesius, 456
Enchocrates, 24
Entomophaga, 440, 441, 442
epaea (Planema), 1, lili, liv
Epargyreus, 381
epicydes (Papilio), ii
Epilampra, 255, 323
Epinephile, 340, 344, 346, 347,352, 353
Epipeda, xv
Epitola, 1
epophrysta (Stenoma), 33
eques (Liparochrus), 489
Krebia, ]xiii
eremita (Laius), 152, 160
», (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 53, 86,
87
eremitus (Metriorrhynchus), 70.
eremna (Commatica), 19
Eresia, ]xi
ergane (Pieris), lxxi
erichsoni (Phaenognatha), 503, 504,
505, 506
erigone (Chrysis), 468
erithonius (Papilio), 364, 368, 369, 370,
371
Eronia, 356, 862, 368
Eros, 83
eros (Lycaena), Ixxviii, lxxx
erratica (Tapinoma), xxxi, 424
Erythmelus, 454, 455
erythropterum (Metriorrhynchus), 57,
58
(Porrostoma), 55, 57
erythropterus (Metriorrhynchus) 58
escheri (Polyommatus), lv
essoni (Peucephila), 461
( clvii_ )
Euchlée, ix, 354
Euchroeus, 467
Eucosmidae, 14
Eudamus, 375
Eulepis, 372
Eulophonotus, 1, 8, 9, 10, 12
eumedon (Lycaena), Ixxvii
Eumenes, |xix
Euphaedra, 2, 3, 4
euphenoides (Euchloe), ix
Euphoeades, 379
Euphorus, xlix
euphrosyne (Brenthis), lxx
Euploea, iii, 365, 367, 369, 372
Kuploeinae, xxxvili
Eurema, 366
eurychrysa (Psittacastis), 22
Eurycotis, 305
eurynome (Neptis), xxvili, 372
Eurytela, xxv, xxxvi
Huthalia, 2, 3, 4, 364, 372
Kuthia, 409
Euzosteria, 255, 262, 263, 264
evanidus (Dasytes), 240, 247
Evaniidae, 441
evenina (Teracolus), 357, 362
exarata (Homalota), 405
exaratus (Chaetodus), 491
exaspera (Platyzosteria), 279
exilis (Hypattalus), 170, 178
exsecta (Formica), xxiii, xxxi, 402, 406,
408, 409, 418
eyrensis (Laius), 151, 153, 160
facialis (Carphurus), 191, 195
5, (Chrysis), 469
faleonivibrans (Spilomma), xlix
fallax (Metriorrhynchus), 49, 53, 70
», (Porrostoma), 70
fasciculatus (Carphurus), 188, 200, 202
fasciipennis (Carphurus), 187, 196
fastidiosus (Laius), 151, 159
fastuosa (Cassida), xxv
faticina (Prasia), 393
fatiloqua (Prasia), 394
faunula (Clerome), 366
», _(Melanocyma), 372
fava (Thecla), 433
femoralis (Dieuches), xlvi
3» (atus), 155, 156
», (Metriorrhynchus), 49, 61
a3 (Polyzosteria), 263
5 (Tetramoperia), xxiii
femoratum (Hedychridium), 466
os var. miricolor ‘ (Hedy-
chridium), 466
fernshawensis (Selenurus), 127
ferox (Platyzosteria), 266, 273
ferruginea (Polyzosteria), 298
ferrugineus (Hetaerius), xxx
Ss (Leistus), xxiv
ferus (Criocephalus), Ixv
fervida (Gyna), 311, 314, 315, 322, 323
», (Holopyga), 466
ey Geanchlora), 322
figurata (Polyzosteria), 263
filipendulae (Zygaena), vii
filirostre (Apion), lxxili
flabellicornis (Trichalus), 91, 97
flagellatus (Metriorrhynchus), 57, 58
flammans (Atyphella), 110, 111
flammea (Panolis), 462
flava (Formica), xxx, 403, 404, 421
flavicollis (Luciola), lxxxi, 106, 107,
109, 110, 249
a var. gestroi (Luciola), lxxxi,
Ixxxii, 109
flavifrons (Heteromastix), 131, 138, 148
flavipennis (Heteromastix), 129, 130,
132, 142
7 (Telephorus), 113, 117, 125
flavipes (Notothecta), 423
flaviventris (Hypattalus), 170, 175
flavolimbatus (Papilio), ii
flavopictus (Laius), 152, 166
3 (Trichalus), 91, 93
flavosparsa (Philagra), 396
flavus (Lasius), xxiv, xxxi, 403, 404,
406, 407, 415, 424, 425
floralis (Meigenia), xlix
florella (Catopsilia), 356, 357, 359, 360,
362
floricola (Cetonia), 410, 411, 414, 426
floridalis (Syngamia), xxviii
foliatus (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 71
fonscolombii (Sympetrum), Ixy
Formica, xxiii, Xxx, xxxi, xlix, lix, 352,
398, 399, 400, 402, 403, 404, 405,
406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 415,
416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422,
423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 440
formicarius (Clerus), xii
formiceticola (Oxypoda), 416
Formicidae, 440
formosa (Coelophora), iii
fortipes (Periplaneta), 279
fossor (Carphurus), 188, 202
foveiceps (Helcogaster), 216, 218
foveicornis (Helcogaster), 215, 230, 237
frater (Heteromastix), 131, 139
fratercula (Typhlocyba), x
frenchi (Carphurus), 188, 189, 203
frenchii (Anamesia), 299, 300, 302
», (Polyzosteria), 258, 259
froggatti (Cosmozosteria), 295
# (Telephorus), 114, 118
3 (Trichalus), 91, 94
( clviii )
froggatti (Xylobanus), 94
frustrator (Typhlocyba), x
fryi (Cryptogenius), 501
fuliginosa (Formica), 399, 400, 402, 403,
405, 407, 409, 410
fuliginosus (Lasius), xxxi, 399, 400,
401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407,
408, 409, 410, 415, 416, 417, 421,
492, 423, 424, 426
fulva (Tapinostola), xviii
fulvaria (Mimacraea), Ixvili
fulvornata (Anamesia), 300, 302
fumipennis (Coelodes), 491
fumosus (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 71, 89
», (Xylobanus), 71
funereus (Trichalus), 90, 95, 99
funesta (Myrmedonia), 421
fusca (Formica), xxx, xxxi, xlix, 352,
398, 399, 403, 404, 406, 415, 416,
418, 420, 421
fusicornis (Heteromastix),
138, 145, 146
9 (Telephorus), 129, 135
fuscipennis (Dasytes), 240, 241, 242
fuscitarsis (Helcogaster), 216, 221, 230,
232, 239
fuscolineatus (Metriorrhynchus), 53,
68, 69, 86, 87
gagaticeps (Heteromastix), 131, 134,
135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146,
147, 148
gagatinus (Helcogaster), 215, 218
var. occidentalis (Helcogas-
ter), 218
var. Tasmaniensis (Helcogas-
ter), 218
galatea (Melanargia), lv, 351, 353
ab. leucomelas (Melanargia), lv
», var. procida (Melanargia), lxiii
galeatus (Heteromastix), 135, 136
» (Telephorus), 129, 135
galene (Aterica), 331
Galesus, 441
gambiensis (Phaeochrous), 499
gamma (Plusia), 473
», (Thecla), 437
gangeticus (Scarabaeus), xlvi
garuda (Adolias), 3, 4
a) (Huthalia)"3, 436400372
gaulica (Psittacastis), 21
Gelechiadae, 18
geminatus (Liparochrus), 490
gemistis (Amydria), 43
geniculatus (Heteromastix), 132, 147,
149
gentilis (Microglossa), 400, 401, 402
Geotrupinae, 482, 483, 484, 485,
486
131, 135,
”)
9?
”
germari (Miltogramma), xxxiv
gibberosa (Thecla), 4383
5 tomlinsoni (Thecla), 433
gigantea (Tribelocephala), 392
gigas (Metriorrhynchus), 57
,, (Phaeochroops), 492, 493
glabra (Periplaneta), 272, 281
(Platyzosteria), 269, 281
,, (Syntomaptera), 272
glabriventris (Ilyobates), 417
glaciata (Antaeotricha), 30
glandicolor (Cymus), x
Glaphyridae, 482
Glaphyrinae, 480, 481, 482
glaucippe (Hebomoia), 368, 373
glaucus (Papilio), 379, 381
globosus (Abraeus), 410
glomeratus (Apanteles), lviii
gloriosa (Blatta), 317
(Cosmozosteria), 295, 297
(Gyna), 312, 317
7
» var. ignicollis (Holopyga),
466
»» var. punctatissima (Holopyga),
466
», var. viridis (Holopyga), 466
Glyphodes, xxxix
Gnathoncus, Ixv
godarti (Scydmaenus), 408
gongylodes (Gongylus), 512
Gonepteryx, 354
Gongylus, 512
Gonionota, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
goochi (Erythmelus), 455
goryi (Calopteron), 54
(Lycus), 54
», (Metriorrhynchus), 54, 56
Gorytes, 443
gracilis (Cladophorus), 84
»”?
be)
(Metriorrhynchus), 53, 83
,, (Myrmecocoris), x
grandis (Platyzosteria), 266, 270
granulatus (Carabus), xxiv
5 (Selenurus), 125, 126, 127
granulipennis (Dasytes), 240, 246
Grapta, 378
gratiosus (Xylobanus), 62
gressneri (Ptenidium), 409
griffithi (Trichalus), 91, 98
grosse-punctata (Desmozosteria), 302,
303
grossulariata (Abraxas), xxxi, xxxii
var. lacticolor (Abraxas),
XXXl, XXXIi
gueneei (Luperina), Ixxili, lxxiv
guerini (Calochromus), 100, 101, 104
» (Luciola), Ixxxi, 108
”
'guttulatus (Laius), 151, 159
Gorelis 7)
Gyna, 255, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314,
315, 316, 317, 318, 319 320, 321,
322, 323, 324, 325, 326
Gynopeltis, 326
Hadena, 475, 477
Hadeninae, 462
haemopterus (Pseudolychus), 48
haemorrhoa (Oxypoda), 402
haemorrhoidalis (Metriorrhynchus), 50,
54, 67, 82
3 (Pseudolychus), 48, 57
hagensi (Dinarda), xxiii, 418
Halyzia, xxxili
Hamanumida, 1, 2, 3, 4
Hapalonychus, 487
haroldi (Phaeochridius), 488
harpuri (Temnelytra), 305
hartmeyeri (Platyzosteria), 270, 288
hastata (Philagra), 395
havila (Thecla), 482
haworthi (Myrmedonia), 402
= (Zyras), 403
Hebomoia, 368, 369, 373
hecabe (Eurema), 366
», (Terias), 366, 367, 369, 373
hecate (Brenthis), lv
hector (Papilio), 368, 871, 373
hectorides (Papilio), xi
Hedychridium, 466
Hedychrum, 465
hegemone (Pseudargynnis), 359
Helcogaster, 45, 47, 180, 186, 187, 188,
192, 193, 196, 212, 213, 214, 215,
216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228 229,
230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236,
237, 238, 239
helice (Synchloe), 362
Heliconii, 330, 382
Heliconinae, 329
Heliconius, lvii
Heliodines, 35
Heliotis, 47, 250
Heliozela, xxix
hellica (Pieris), 355
helmsi (Dasytes), 241, 243, 245, 248
», (Helcogaster), 216, 235
Hemerobius, lxxi
Hemiptera, 440
Heodes, lxiv, lxv, 380
heodes (Thecla), 437
hepatica (Homalota), 405
herodiana (Spinolia), 467
Hesperia, 352, 366
Hesperiidae, 337,
381
Hetaerius, xxx, 397
Heterocera, 1
352, 362, 373,
heterodoxus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 87
Heteromastix, 48, 112, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141, 142, 148, 144, 145,
146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 250
Heteroptera, 385
Heterothops, 406, 407
heydeniana (Cutilia), 290, 292
= (Periplaneta), 292
ae (Polyzosteria), 292
hexaselena (Brenthia), 41
hiarbas (Eurytela), xxxv, xxxvi
», var. flavescens (Eurytela), xxxv
hierta-cebrene (Precis), 361
Hipparchia, Ixix, 351, 353
hippo (Appias), 364, 372
hippothoe (Chrysophanus), x
Hirsutina, lv
hirtipes (Metriorrhynechus), 50, 71
hirtus (Sphex), lxix
Hister, 409
Histeridae, 410, 484
hobleyi (Pseudacraea), ]xiii, Ixiv
Holocacista, xxix
Holopyga, 466
holosericeus (Camponotus), xlvi
Homalota, Ixxili, 405, 406
Homoeusa, 415, 416, 417
Homoptera, 392
hopei (Heliotis), 250
Hoplitis, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
horta (Acraea), 357
hosei (Methana), 307, 309
humeralis (Myrmedonia), 403, 422
(Rhynchocoris), 387
humilis (Luciola), 106, 107, 108, 110
humuli (Theela), 375, 376
hyalina (Gyna), 311, 314, 324
Hybochaetodus, 500
Hybosoridae, 486
Hybosorinae, 1, 485, 486, 487, 488
Hybosorus, 487
Hydnobius, lxxiii
Hydrocampinae, xl
Hylotoma, 441, 442
hymenaea (Choreutis), 38
Hymenoptera, 439, 440, 442, 449, 465
Hymenopterites, 440
Hymenopus, 512
Hypattalus, 45, 47, 168, 169, 170, 171,
IP ales AES alydas wlydsee al/icealeitsy
179, 180, 250
hyperbius (Argynnis), xxvi
Hypercallia, 24
Hypolimnas, xxvi, xxxvi, xxxvii, 357,
861, 368, 372
hypophlaeas (Chrysophanus), xlix
Fy (Rumieia), ix
(irclxe *)
hypophleas (Heodes), 380
Hypseloderus, 488
icarus (Lycaena), Ixxix
», (Plebeius), xvi
», (Polyommatus), 354
,, ab. celina (Polyommatus), lv
Ichneumonidae, 440, 442
Ichthyurus, 126
idas (Plebeius), xii, xiil
Idiocrates, 19, 20
Idiophantis, 20
Idiostoma, 502
Idiostominae, 485, 501
idomeneus (Caligo), 382
ignifrons (Chrysis), 468
ignita (Chrysis), 466
Ilyobates, 417
imitator (Heteromastix), 131, 147
Imma, 35, 36
immaturus (Telephorus), 114, 123
imperialis (Salius), xxiii
‘5 (Teinopalpus), 365, 373
55 (Telephorus), 118, 116, 117,
119, 125
impressa (Polyzosteria), 258, 260
impressifrons (Helcogaster), 215, 218
impunctatus (Carphurus), 212
i (Neocarphurus), 211, 212
incertulas (Schoenobius), xxxix
incisa (Chrysis), 469
», (Gonionota), 27
incisicollis (Helcogaster), 215, 223
inclusa (Periplaneta), 282
», (Platyzosteria), 269, 282
incommoda (Gyna), 314, 321
inconstans (Telephorus), 114, 119, 121
incrassata, var. gratiosa (Chrysis), 468
infernalis (Styx), xi
inflatus (Heteromastix), 130, 149
inquilina (Thiasophila), 417
inquinulus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 67
(Porrostoma), 67
/ (Stadenus), 67, 78
insidiator (Calochromus), 101, 103, 105,
106
insignata (Trichomera), 311, 322
insignicornis (Laius), 151, 159
insignipennis (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 54,
778. 80
insignis (Trichalus), 90, 96
insularis (Helcogaster), 217, 280, 234
intermedia (Pseudogyna), 325
intermedius (Laius), 153, 158
interrogationis (Grapta), 378
3 (Polygonia), 380
invenustus (Carphurus), 191, 197
invisa (Periplaneta), 271, 275
», (Platyzosteria), 267, 275
& ”
invisa (Polyzosteria), 258, 261, 262
io (Vanessa), 343, 353
iphita (Precis), 368, 372
iridicolor (Polyzosteria), 258, 259, 262
iris (Apatura), 353
irregularis (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 68,
249
x (Porrostoma), 68
isabellae (Teratoneura), 1, li
ismenius (Heliconius), lvii
isophylla (Gonionota), 25
Ithomiinae, 329
Ixias, 3866, 372
Izatha, 24
janetta (Euphaedra), 3
janira (Epinephele), 340, 344, 347, 352,
353
,, (Hipparchia), 349
jenseni (Phaenognatha), 503
», (Sanganus), 389
janthinipennis (Balanophorus), 182,183,
186, 197
jocosa (Gyna), 318, 317
joppensis (Chrysis), 468
joya (Thecla), 437
Junonia, 360, 369
jurtina (Epinephele), 346, 353
jutta (Oeneis), 377, 379
kaschmirensis (Pyrameis), 372
9 (Vanessa), 865
Kakerlac, 309
kazungulana (Gyna), 314, 320, 321
kershawi (Telephorus), 113, 121
Knephasia, 292, 293
kohli (Chrysis), 468
Laeosopis, 1xxv
laesifrons (Carphurus), 188, 198, 227
laeta (Terias), 364, 367, 373
laetus (Metriorrhynchus), 68, 87
laevinodis (Myrmica), 403, 404, 406, 421
Laius, 46, 47, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 230
lambii (Anamesia), 299, 300
Lamellicornia, 479, 480, 481, 483
Lampides, ]xix, lxxv, Ixxvii, 368, 371,
372
Lamprinus, 406
Lampyrides, 47, 106
Lampyris, 46, 106, 107, 108, 249
Landbecki (Idiostoma), 502
Laparosticti, 479, 480, 483, 484
lapidaria (Choreutis), 39
Lasiommata, 345
Lasius, xxiv, xxxi, xlix, 399, 400, 401,
402, 408, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, ;
409, 410, 415, 416, 417, 421, 422, .
423, 424, 425, 426, 428
Crcelet)
Laspeyresia, 14
lata (Panchlora), 322, 323
latebricola (Staphylinus), 407
lateralis (Cosmozosteria), 255, 295, 298
* (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 68, 69,
86, 87, 249
(Polyzosteria), 298
Lathrobium, lxv
laticeps (Enaesius), 456
laticollis (Heteromastix), 131, 140
*3 (Myrmedonia), 423
laticosta (Gyna), 3138, 317, 322
», (Panchlora), 317, 318
latipennis (Carphurus), 191, 197
latizona (Platyzosteria), 270, 287
latus (Heteromastix), 129, 132, 145, 146
Leistus, xxiv
Lembeja, 394, 395
Lepidoptera, 440
lepidus (Carphurus), 189, 199
Leptalides, 337
Leptinus, 408
Leptothorax, xxxi, 404
Leptozosteria, 256, 289, 291
Lethrus, 484
leucera (Luciola), lxxxii
ligata (Periplaneta), 308
», (Polyzosteria), 297
ligulicornis (Osmia), 468
Limacis, 450
limbata (Myrmedonia), 403
», (Polyzosteria), 258, 259
limbatus (Achras), 67
5 (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 67
», (Porrostoma), 67
Limnoecia, 17
lindsayi (Anamesia), 299, 301
lineatum (Porrostoma), 68
lineolatus (Alcimocoris), 386, 387
Liogluta, 405
Liparidae, 9
Liparochrus, 486, 487, 489, 490
Lipteninae, 1, 329
lisa (Terias), 374, 381
liturata (Platyzosteria), 270, 286
», (Polyzosteria), 286
Lobopelta, xlvi
logistis (Brenthia), 41
Lomechusa, 398, 417, 419, 420, 422,
427, 429
longicauda (Oophilus), 458
longicollis (Carphurus), 190, 196
longicornis (Claviger), 425, 428
BS (Hypattalus), 170, 174, 178
‘a (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 62,
64, 76
‘3 (Quedius), 407
o (Xylobanus), 64
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1909.
longipes (Carphurus), 189, 207
longus (Carphurus), 189. 209, 210
Lophococcus, x
lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 472, 474, 477
lucilla (Neptis), [xiii
Luciola, ]xxi, ]xxxi, ]xxxii, 46, 47, 106,
107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 249
lugens (Myrmedonia), 422
lunaria (Selenia), 473, 476
lunata (Wodongia), 308, 309
Luperina, lxxiii, lxxiv
lurida (Gyna), 314, 315, 321
luridicollis (Heteromastix), 131, 134
. (Malachius), 134
luteopictus (Selenurus), 126
lyaeus (Papilio), 355
Lycaena, Ixxv, Ixxvii, lxxix, lxxx, 349
Lycaenesthes, 1, lii
Lycaenidae, xlvii, lxix, 337, 348, 352,
372, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 431
Lycaeninae, 354, 361, 372, 380
lychnus (Atyphella), 106, 107, 110, 111
Lycides, 45, 46, 47, 48, 57, 99, 100
Lycus, 49, 54, 55, 57, 95, 249
Lydiae (Chrysis), 468
lyonessius (Sunius), Ixv
lysithous (Papilio), xi
macareus (Papilio), 369
Machlotica, 36, 37, 38
macleayi (Balanophorus), 182, 184, 185,
205
he (Heteromastix), 131, 137
Macroglossa, 340
macrops (Telephorus), 114, 124
maculata (Polyzosteria), 259
maculiceps (Helcogaster), 216, 229
maculimarginata (Cosmozosteria), 295,
. (Platyzosteria), 297
maculipennis (Gyna), 311, 314, 315,
316, 320, 321, 323
x (Panchlora), 320
maculiventris (Carphurus), 190, 207
maculosa (Lembeja), 394
madagascariensis (Binna), 354
rf (Phaeochrous), 498
magna (Methana), 306, 307
major (Helcogaster), 217, 221, 232
», (Laius), 153, 154, 157, 166, 167
Malachiides, 47, 150
malachitis (Brenthia), 40
Malachius, 154, 156
Malacodermidae, 45, 47, 58, 162, 242
Mamestra, 462
mandarina (Cryptotympana), 393
Mania, 471, 478
manni (Pieris), xxv, lxxi
manowensis (Dicronorrhina), xi
L
(Ge seahe
manowensis (Neptunides), xi
Mantidae, 513
Mantinae, 511
Mantis, 511, 512, 514
Mantura, lxxiii
marapokensis (Alcimocoris), 386
marginalis (Methana), 306, 307, 308
35 (Periplaneta), 308
marginata (Amphotis), 426
marginatus (Hister), 409
iis (Pseudolychus), 48
marginicollis (Helcogaster), 215, 221
A (Metriorrhynchus),69, 249
marginifera (Periplaneta), 292
marginipennis (Lampyris), 46, 106, 107
x (Metriorrhynchus), 53,
67, 71, 86
marginiventris (Carphurus), 187, 189,
193, 194
marianne (Ixias), 866, 372
miarkeli (Dinarda), 417
», (Trichonyx), 409
marmorea (Stugeta), 1, lii
mashunus (Phaeochrous), 498, 499
mastersi (Balanophorns), 182, 184, 185
ise (Calochromus), 100, 104
5 (Laius), 155, 156
3, (elephorus), 112, 113, 114,
118, 123, 124
matthewsi (Mantura), lxxili
maximus (Lophococcus), x
McDonaldi (Heteromastix),
136, 138
medilinea (Knephasia), 293
i (Zonioploca), 293
Medon (Idiostoma), 502
medusa, var. psodea (Erebia), 1xiii
megalops (Balanophorus), 182, 184
Megalura, ]xi
Meigenia, xlix
Melampyrus, 99
Melanargia, lv, Ixili, ]xix, 351, 353
melanaria (Periplaneta), 271, 272
ne (Platyzosteria), 265, 266, 271,
272, 274, 275
»» (Polyzosteria), 271
», var. grandis (Polyzosteria),
270
melanesiae (Cutilia), 290, 291
Melanitis, 865, 372
Melanocyma, 372
Melanophila, Ixv
melanopis (Antaeotricha), 31
Melanozosteria, 265, 278
melaspis (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 69
», (Porrostoina), 69
meleager (iuycaena), 1xxix
a (Polyommatus), lv
131, 135,
melidor (Thecla), 431
melinus (Thecla), 880
Melitaea, xlviii, lv, lxix, lxx, 349, 353
Meloe, 413
Melolonthinae, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484
Melyrides, 47, 48, 239
mendica (Spilosoma), lvii
= ab. nigromarginata
soma), lvii
menelaus (Morpho), 382
mentaweiensis (Phaeochroops), 495
mentitor (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 71
merope (Papilio), 356
meruensis (Spathicera), xxiii
mesentina (Belenois), 356, 359
mesomelinus (Quedius), 407
mesonyctia (Zaratha), 17
Methana, 254, 257, 285, 306, 307, 308,
309
Mctrionchynvhus, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52. 53,
(Spilo-
54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 2 63,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,
74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,
84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 99, 249
meyricki (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 71,
73, 77, 78
michaelseni (Desmozosteria), 302, 303
Microglossa, 399, 400, 401, 402
Micropeplus, xxxii
microps (Eccoptomera), xxxiv
», (Quedius), 407
miersianus (Cryptogenius), 501
milberti (Vanessa), 375, 376, 380
milhauseri (Hoplitis), 7, 8
| militaris (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 85
Miltogramma, xxxiv
| Mimacraea, Ixviii
mingrelica (Luciola), 1xxi
miniaticollis (Metriorrhynchus),
73, 76
a (Xylobanus), 63, 71
miniatus (Cladophorus), 64
»» (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 64, 83
minimus (Cupido), Ixiv, lxxv
minor (Calochromus), 101, 105
minutissima (Dicopus), 455
mirabilis (Heteromastix), 131, 1387
(Hypattalus), 170, 174
(Myrmechusa), 398
miranda (Thecla), 435
Miselia, 462
misippus (Hypolimnas), xxxvi, 368,
372
50, 71,
9
var. alcippoides (Hypolim-
nas), XXXV1
inaria (Hypolimnas),
XXXVi, XXXVIl
mitchellii (Blatta), 264
ei)
» f
( elxiii)
mitchellii (Euzosteria), 255, 263, 264
a (Polyzosteria), 264
mnemosyne (Parnassius), 344, 354
moerens (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 54, 79
», (Porrostoma), 80
Mompha, 17
monastra (Stenoma), 33
Monima, 462
Monophloebus, x
montanus (Hypattalus), 169, 170, 179
* (Papilio), 371
monticola (Metriorrhynchus),
81, 86, 87
morosa (Platyzosteria), 269, 282
Morpho, 382
mossmani (Telephorus), 113, 119
mucronatus (Hypattalus), 170,
175, 176
mutabilis (Chrysis), 469
Mycalesis, 1, lii, 370, 372
Mydas, xxvii
Mylothris, 356, 358, 362
Mymaridae, xlvii, 1, 450, 451
myrina (Argynnis), 375, 378
», (Brenthis), 376, 380
Myrmechusa, 398
myrmecobia (Homalota), 406
myrmecophilus (Othius), 407
Myrmecopora, x
Myrmecoris, x
50, 71,
174,
Myrmedonia, 398, 399, 401, 402, 403, |
404, 421, 422, 423
myrmeleon (Eulophonotus), 1, 9, 10,
1
Myrmetes, 426
Myrmica, xxxi, lix, 403, 404, 406, 407,
420, 421, 440
Myrmicidae, 440
Myrmicium, 440
Myrmoecia, 408
mystaceus (Gorytes), 443
Nacaduba, 371
napi (Pieris), vii
», var. bryoniae (Pieris), vii
}, Var. napeae (Pieris), lxx
neanthes (Charaxes), 361
neavei (Gynopeltis), 326
nebras (Machlotica), 37
nebulosa (Aplecta), vii
Necrobia, 161
Nemocera, xx
nemoralis (Carabus), xxiv
Neocarphurus, 47, 180, 186, 211, 212,
213
Neptis, xxviii, lxiii, 366, 372
Neptunides, xi
neurica (Nonagria), Ixx
»» ab. fusca (Nonagria), Ixx
neurica, ab. rufescens (Nonagria), lxx
Neuroptera, 489
niasana (Cryptotympana), 392
niasianus (Phaeochroops), 494, 495
nickerlii (Luperina), ]xxiii, lxxiv
nidicola (Gnathoncus), Ixv
(Laius), 153, 160
», (Microglossa), 399, 401
niger (Helcogaster), 216, 222
(Heteromastix), 131, 141, 144
(Lasius), xxxi, xlix, 404, 405,
415, 416, 417, 421, 422, 424,
425
nigra (Heterothops), 406, 407
nigricans (Dasytes), 240, 242, 243
», (Epipeda), lxv
nigriceps (Helcogaster), 216, 233
nigrifrons (Gyna), 313, 818
nigripennis (Coelodes), 490
be (Luciola), 106
nigripes (Heteromastix), 132, 145, 146
(Metriorrhynchus), 49, 52, 61,
88, 249
59 (Porrostoma), 49
nigrirostris (Metriorrhynchus), 54
nigritulus (Philonthus), lxv
nigroterminalis (Telephorus), 113, 114,
122
nigrovittatus (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 78
niphe (Argynnis), xxvi
nireus (Papilio), 356
», lyaeus (Papilio), 362
nitens (Carabus), xxiv
s, (Polyzosteria), 258, 259
nitida (Cutilia), 254, 281, 289, 290
», (Platyzosteria), 265
», (Polyzosteria), 290
nitidula (Liogluta), 405
:» (Homalota), 405
9)
99
9
9?
' nitidus (Phaeochrous), 497, 498
niveodactyla (Alucita), xxxix
nobilis (Cassida), lviii
(Euzosteria), 263
», (Polyzosteria), 263
nobilitatus (Cantharis), 115
(Telephorus), 112, 118, 115,
116, 119, 140
var. andersoni(Telephorus),
115
var. proprius (Telephorus),
11
99
var. ruficollis (Telephorus),
Tale:
var. vibex (Telephorus),
ily als
Noctua, 382
Noctuae, 462
Noctuidae, 348, 374
( *elstivo)
nodicollis (Calochromus), 101
nodicornis (Laius), 153, 160
nohara-halali (Acraea), 355, 361
nomius (Papilio), 368, 373
Nonagria, Ixx
Notiophilus, xxiv
notodontella (Gonionota), 24
Notodontidae, 4
notophilus (Telephorus), 113
Notozus, 462
Notothecta, 423
noyvae-seelandiae (Platyzosteria), 268,
279
Ss (Polyzosteria), 279
nubicollis (Trichalus), 90, 96
a (Xantheros), 96
nubipennis (Carphurus), 187, 198
numen (Thecla), 433
Nymphalidae, 1xii, 2
Nymphalinae, 2, 329, 588, 353, 361,
872, 379
oberthuri (Acraea), liii
obliquiceps (Helcogaster), 215, 222,
228, 229
obliquus (Cymus), x
obliterata (Adalia), xxxili .
oblonga (Gyna), 318, 318
oblongiuscula (Homalota), 405
oblongosignatus (Laius), 151, 160
obolarcha (Heliodines), 35
obscura (Periplaneta), 280
», (Platyzosteria), 268, 280, 282
obseuripennis (Metriorrhynchus), 52,
ie
obseuripes (Drymaplaneta), 284
as (Platyzosteria), 269, 284
obscuroviridis (Polyzosteria), 258, 260
obscurus (Hybochaetodus), 500
occidentalis (Heteromastix), 132, 148
ee (Metriorrhynehus), 50, 71
Ochodaeinae, 485
ochraceus (Lycus), 49, 249
an (Metriorrhynchus), 249
ee (Trichalus), 91
ochreatus (Trichalus), 90, 96
(Xantheros), 96
ochus (Thecla), 434
oculata (Periplaneta), 308, 309
», (Polyzosteria), 258, 261
Ocypus, 472, 474,
Odontoscelis, lviii
Odynerus, 1xix
Oecophoridae, 17, 23
Oecophylla, xxvii
Oedemeridae, 48, 57, 82, 250
Oeneis, 377, 379
olens (Ocypus), 472, 474
oleracea (Hadena), 475, 477
oleracea (Pieris), 377, 378, 380
Omalus, 441
Omphra, lxxi
Oncerini, 481
Onthophagus, 359
Oophilus, 458
ootheca (Mantid), 511
opacicollis (Phaeochroops), 493
opacus (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 89
oraniensis (Chrysis), 468
orbifer (Pyrgus), lv
orbitulus (Lycaena), Ixxvii
orcicornis (Laius), 153, 160
ordinarius (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 52,
81, 86, 87
5 (Porrostoma), 81
oreographa (Tortrix), 16
orientalis (Blatta), 512
orion, gen. vern. ornata (Polyommatus);
lv
orithya (Precis), 370, 372
ornata (Anamesia), 300, 302
,, (Pseudolampra), 302
ornatus (Carcinochelis), 391
Ornithoptera, 371
Orphnidae, 502
Orphninae, 485
Orphnolechia, 28, 29
orthodoxus (Laius), 152, 163
Orthopteroidea, 512
osiris (Chrysis), 468
Osmia, 468
osmiae (Chrysis), 468
Osmylus, I xxi
Othius, 407
Oxygrapha, 17
Oxylobus, 389
Oxypoda, 402, 416
Pachylomma, xlix
Pachypodinae, 484
Pachypus, 482, 483, 484
palephates (Papilio), ii
pallida (Phytodecta), xlix
,, (Zonioploca), 293, 301
pallidifrons (Carphurus), 191, 207, 208
pallidipennis (Carphurus), 188, 189,
193
palliditarsis (Chrysis), 469
pallidus, var. argenteus (Cryptopha-
gus), lxv
(Laius), 154, 158
ae (Phaeochrous), 496, 497
pallipalpis (Kakerlac), 309
Bs (Methana), 307, 309
BE (Periplaneta), 308, 309
pallipes (Heteromastix), 131, 1389
palmerstoni (Telephorus), 113, 120
pammon (Papilio), 367
( elxv: )
pamphilus (Coenonympha), lv
Panchala, 370, 372
Panchlora, 310, 316, 317, 320, 322,
323
panis (Parallelaptera), 454
Panolis, 462
panopinus (Papilio), ii
Panthus, 450
Pantolasius, 486
papaveris (Amphicoma), 481
paphlagon (Pseudolycoena), 434
< (Thecla), 434
354, 355, 356, 357, 360, 362, 364,
365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371,
373, 376, 379, 381, 431, 432
Papilionidae, 378, 379
Papilioninae, 329, 354, 362, 373, 381
papua (Methana), 307, 309
papuus (Liparochrus), 489
Paracletes, xxiii
»» (Metriorrhynchus), 71, 73, 74
paradoxus (Atemeles), 421
¥ (Metriorrhynchus), 50
Parallelaptera, 454
parallelus (Helcogaster),
224
Paramethana, 254, 257, 309, 310
Paraponyx, xl, xli
Pararge, xxx, lxili, 353
Pareronia, 373
parhassus (Salamis), 361
Parnassius, Ixiii, 344, 354
Parnopes, 469
parthenie (Melitaea), lv, lxix, lxx
55 f, varia (Melitaea), xx
patula (Euzosteria), 263, 264
» (Polyzosteria), 264
paulina (Catophaga), 371, 373
Paulseni (Idiostoma), 502
pauxillus (Heteromastix), 132,135, 144,
146, 149
= (Telephorus), 129, 135
pavesii (Spathicera), xxili
pavonacella (Brenthia), 42
pectoralis (Polyzosteria), 296, 297
peculiaris (Luciola), lxxxii
Pelmatosilpha, 305, 306
pelopoeicida (Chrysis), 468
peltata (Phenacisma), 325, 326
peninsularis (Phaeochroops), 492, 493
Pentatomidae, 385
perabundans (Heteromastix), 132, 144,
145
215, 219,
peregrinum (Acridium), iv
Perigrapha, 462
peringueyi (Gyna), 318, 318.
Periplaneta, 265, 271, 272, 274, 275
279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286,
287, 290, 292, 304, 307, 308, 309
Perisphaeriinae, 326
Perissoneura, 394
Peronea, 16, 17
perplexa (Platyzosteria), 268, 277
perseus (Mycalesis), 370, 372
Petillia, 390, 391
Peucephila, 461
Phaenognatha, 482, 483, 502, 508, 504,
505, 506
Phaeochridius, 486, 488
Phaeochroops, 486,488, 492,498, 494,495
Phaeochrous, 486, 488, 496, 497, 498,
499, 500
Phalaena, 382
| phalantha (Atella), 356, 359, 361
Phausis, lxxi
Phenacisma, 325, 326
phidippus (Amathusia), 366, 372
Philagra, 395, 396
philodice (Colias), 374, 375, 376, 377,
378, 380
philonthoides (Carphurus), 188, 198
Philonthus, lxv
phlaeas (Chrysophanus), ix
>, (Rumicia), ix
», ab. alba (Rumicia), lxiv
,, ab. schmidtii (Rumicia), lxiv
Phloeophilus, xxiii
phocodes (Gonionota), 27
phoebe (Melitaea), lv
phrosine (Thecela), 435
Phryganidae, 344
Phygadenon, 441, 442
phyllocampa (Hoplitis), 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
Phyllodromiinae, 304
Phyllognathus (Idiostoma), 502
Phymatidae, 391
Phytodecta, xlix
Phytophaga, 440, 442, 483
piceus (Myrmetes), 426
picta (Cosmozosteria), 295, 298
,, (Gynopeltis), 326
», (Platyzosteria), 298
pictipes (Carphurus), 190, 199
picturata (Petillia), 390
pictus (Balanophorus), 182, 184
», (Telephorus), 119
Pieridae, xxi, 338, 377
Pierinae, xxxviii, 829, 388, 354, 362,
372, 373, 380, 381
Pieris, vii, xxv, lvii, lxxi, 340, 341,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349,
350, 352, 354, 355, 360, 374, 375,
876, 377, 378, 380, 472, 478, 474,
475
( “clxvi- }
pilosicornis (Calochromus), 100
r (Dumbrellia), 100
piplea (Thecla), 434
Pityogenes, lxv
plagiaticollis (Laius), 151, 152, 159,
164
Planema, 1, liii, liv, lxiii, lxiv, lxvii,
lxvill
planiceps (Laius), 153, 160
platygaster (Luciola), lxxxii, 106, 107,
108, 110
Platylesches, 358
platyxantha (Promalactis), 18
Platyzosteria, 255, 256, 265, 266, 267,
268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274,
275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281,
282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298
Plebeius, ix, xii, xlli, xiv, xv, lv, lix,
lxxiv
Pleocoma, 483, 484
Pleocominae, 484
Pleurosticti, 479, 480, 483, 484
plexippus (Anosia), 379
plicata (Euthia), 409
plinius (Tarucus), 355
Plusia, 473
Plutellidae, 34
pluteus (Cleruchus), 453
podalirius (Papilio), 345, 354
Poecilocoris, 385, 386
poggei (Planema), Ixiii, Ixiv, Ixviii
polita (Periplaneta), 290
polonus (Agriades), lv, lvi, lxxix
polychloros (Vanessa), 340, 353
polychron (Dicronorrhina), xi
polyctor (Papilio), 365, 373
Polyergus, xxxi, 421
Polygonia, 353, 380
polylineatus (Tychius), xlviii
polymnestor (Papilio), 371, 373,
Polyommatus, lv, Ixx, 335, 342, 352,
354, 368
polytes (Papilio), 371, 373
polyzona (Anamesia), 299, 300, 301,
303
55 (Polyzosteria), 300
Polyzosteria, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259,
260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 270, 271,
272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288,
290, 291, 292, 296, 297, 298, 300,
302, 305
Pompilus, xlvi, xix
pomposa (Gyna), 317
Ponera, 406, 409
Pontiae, 352
populi (Empoasca), x
porcatus (Micropeplus), xxxil
porphyraspis (Strobisia), 23
Porrostoma, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 61, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 80, 95
postica (Hoplitis), 7
posticalis (Cladophorus), 63
a (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 63, 84
praefectus (Eros), 83
Prasia, 393, 394
Prasoplecta, iii
pratensis (Formica), xxxi, 402, 406,
416, 417, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426
pratensoides (Atemeles), 428
pravus (Carphurus), 188, 199
Precis, 359, 361, 368, 369, 370, 372
pretiosus (Laius), 152, 160
prima (Leptozosteria), 289
Prioneris, 369, 372
Promalactis, 18
prometopa (Utuca), 13
protesilaus (Papilio), Lxi
protocrossa (Imma), 36
provisionalis (Periplaneta), 282
55 (Platyzosteria), 269, 282
psaphon (Charaxes), 363, 367, 372
Pseudacraea, lxiii, lxiv
Pseudargynnis, 359
pseudatrata (Platyzosteria), 266
pseudepaea (Acraea), 1, liii
pseudocastanea (Platyzosteria), 268, 281
Pseudogyna, 325, 326
Pseudolampra, 298, 299, 301, 302
Pseudolycaena, 434
Pseudolychus, 48, 57, 82
Pseudopsis, x]viil
Psilus, 441
Psittacastis, 20, 21, 22
Ptenidium, 409
Pterophoridae, xlv, 13
Pterostichus, xxiv
Ptinidae, 247
puberula (Homalota), Ixxili
pubescens (Antennophorus), xxili
(Cryptophagus), ]xxiii
i (Polyzosteria), 258, 260, 261
pubicollis (Atemeles), 427, 428
pudica (Luciola), 106, 107, 109, 110
pulchella (Polyzosteria), 258
pulchellus (‘Telephorus), 112, 113, 114,
125
var. notophilus (Telephorus),
4
”
”
pulcherrimus (Hypattalus), 169, 174
pulchripes (Helcogaster), 216, 236
pulla (Microglossa), 399, 401, 402
punctata (Anamesia), 800, 301
», (Platyzosteria), 267, 276
5, (Polyzosteria), 276
( jelxvit °)
punctata (Pseudolampra), 299, 301
punctatissimus (Hydnobius), ixxiii
punctatum (Miltogramma), xxxiv
punctatus (Carphurus), 189, 210
- (Dendrophilus), 409
puncticollis (Quedius), 407
punctilobus (Helcogaster), 215, 238
punctipennis (Coelodes), 491
(Helcogaster),
226, 237
punctulata (Anisotoma), Ixxili
punctulatus (Hypattalus), 169, 172,
174
pupilla (Luciola), Ixxxii
purpurantes (Thecla), 435
purpurascens (Polyzosteria), 258
pusilla (Phaenognatha), 506
pusillus (Heteromastix), 132, 133, 134,
144, 148, 149
var. dilataticollis
mastix), 183, 134
(Scydmaenus), 408
,, (Telephorus), 129, 133
pusio (Telephorus), 129, 133
pustulata (Cryptotympana), 392
pustulosa (Chrysis), 458
putridella (Depressaria), 1xx
Pycanum, 389
pygmaea (Dinarda), 418
pygmaeus (Dendrophilus), 410, 425
pylades-angolanus (Papilio), 362
Pyralidae, xlv, 348
Pyrameis, xlv, 343, 353, 355, 361, 372,
378, 380
Pyrgota, 359
Pyrgus, lv
Pyrocoelia, 249
quadrifascia (Polyzosteria), 296, 297
quadrimaculata (Thecla), 438
quadripunctata (Clythra), 414, 426, 429
quadripunctula (Heterothops), 406
Quedius, 407, 423
quercus (Thecla), 352, 354
quinquenotatus (Laius), 152, 156, 167
quinqueplagiatus (Laius), 151, 159, 165
quinquespinosa (Acanthaspis), xxvili
rabbaiae (Acraea), 359, 361
rafflesii (Euploea), 365, 372
rahel (Terias, ) 357
ramosus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 74
rapae (Pieris), vii, xxv, lxxi, 340, 341,
342, 348, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349,
350, 354, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
380, 473, 475
rattus (Phaeochroops), 494, 495
ravola (Euphaedra), 3, 4
raymondi (Trichalus), 95
rebecca (Chrysis), 467
215, 224,
”
(Hetero-
9
92
|rufa (Formica),
Reduviidae, 392
reflexa (Polyzosteria), 263
religiosa (Mantis), 511, 512
rhadamanthus (Euploea), ii
rhagonychinus (Carphurus), 190, 198,
206
rhamni (Gonepteryx), 354
rhipidius (Lycus), 57
(Metriorrhynchus), 49, 50, 52,
55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 69, 80, 89
a (Porrostoma), 49, 55
rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 473, 474, 475,
476, 477
Rhynchocoris, 387
rhyticephalus (Helecogaster), 217, 226
rhytideres (Carphurus), 188, 198
rigidicornis (Callicerus), 405
rivillei (Holocacista), xxix
rivularis (Trechus), xlviii, xlix
roboris (Laeosopis), Ixxv
robusta (Lembeja), 394
(Paramethana), 310
», (Zonioploca), 293, 294
robustus (Aclopus), 507
roseum (Hedychridium), 466
rostratus (Calochromus), 100, 104
rothei (Anamesia), 300, 302
», (Pseudolampra), 299, 302
rotundatus (Gnathoncus), lxv
roxelana (Pararge), |xiii
rubi (Callophrys), xxix, xxx, 354
», (Cupido), xxv
bed
be)
| rubra (Myrmica), 420
rubriceps (Telephorus),
me
404, 405,
410, 411,
419, 420, 422,
426, 427, 428
pratensis (Formica), xxxi, 417
114, 120
xlix, 398,
406, 407,
416, 417,
423, 424,
399,
408,
418,
495,
402,
409,
99
| rufescens (Desmozosteria), 302, 303
(Methana), 307, 308
(Polyergus), xxxi, 421
27
”
PruBbarbia (Worsicay) XxxI,) 41/85 4215
425
~~ var. fusco-rufibarbis (For-
mica), 418, 419, 421
| ruficeps (Platyzosteria), 267, 275
ruficollis (Luciola), lxxxi
ruficornis (Aleochara), 398
(Helcogaster), 215, 218, 219
(Mydas), xxvii
x4 (Periplaneta), 271, 272
rufipenne (Metriorrhynchus), 58
rufipennis (Lycus), 54, 55
(Metriorrhynchus), 48, 49, 50,
58, 54, 55, 56, 58, 69, 83,
86, 95
99
”
2?
( elxviil )
rufipennis, var. haemorrhoidalis (Metri-
orrhynchus), 55, 56
a3 var. lugubris (Metrior-
rhynchus), 55, 56
‘5 var. marginatus (Metrior-
rhynchus), 54, 56
var. miles (Metriorrhynchus),
55
var. plagiatus (Metrior-
rhynchus), 55, 56
(Porrostoma), 54
var. haemorrhoidalis (Por-
rostoma), 55
pees (Porrostoma),
55
rufipes (Necrobia), 161
», (Platyzosteria), 267, 278
rufirostris (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 88
rufitarsis (Chrysis), 469
rufiventris (Telephorus), 114, 118
rufofusca (Platyzosteria), 266, 274
rufoterminata (Platyzosteria), 268, 280
a (Polyzosteria), 280
rufovirens (Laius), 151, 159
rufulus (Hybosorus), 487
rufum (Idiostoma), 502
rugiceps (Laius), 153, 158, 164
ruginodis (Myrmica), 406, 407,
421
als
420,
rugosa (Spinolia), 467
rugulipennis (Laius), 151, 159, 165
Rumicia, ix, xiv
russatus (Metriorrhynchus), 65
,, (Porrostoma), 65
sacer (Scarabaeus), xxxili
saginatus (Lamprinus), 406
Salamis, 860, 361
salebrosus (Metriorrhynchus), 54, 56
a (Porrostoma), 54, 55
Salius, xxiii
Salpingus, Ixxiii
salvini (Planema), lxvii
Sanganus, 389, 390
sanguinalis (Thecla), 437
sanguinea (Buprestis), Ixv
(Formica), xxxi, lix, 402, 403,
404, 406, 408, 417, 418,
419, 421, 423, 425, 426
sanguinolenta (Lembeja), 394
Sarangesa, 355, 362
Sarcophaga, 359
sarpedon (Papilio), 369, 370, 378
Satyrinae, 353, 372, 378, 379
Satyrus, lxix
saulopis (Gonionota), 28
saussurei (Chrysis), 469
scaber (Trox), 501
Scabina, 257, 305, 306
>
scabra (Platyzosteria), 267, 276
scabra (Polyzosteria), 276
scabrella (Platyzosteria), 267, 276
scabrinodis (Myrmica), xxxi, lix,
406, 407, 420, 421
scabriuscula (Periplaneta), 280
403,
ss (Platyzosteria), 265, 268,
280, 282
scalaris (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 70
», (Porrostoma), 70
183,
scapulatus (Balanophorus), 182,
184, 205
Fn (Carphurus), 183, 199
Scarabaeidae, 479, 480, 483, 484
Scarabaeus, xxxiii, xlvi
schausi (Thecla), 435
schmiedeknechti (Parnopes), 469
Schoenobius, xxxix
scintillans (Atyphella), 106, 107,
111
scitiscabra (Derocrania), xlvi
Scolia, xxvii
Scolitantides, 433
scripta (Panchlora), 323, 324
sculpturata (Gyna), 313, 319
sculptus (Laius), 152, 162, 166
scutellaris (Anarhynchus), 101
(Calochromus), 101, 102, 105
cs (Crabro), xxxiv
scutellata (Phaenognatha), 505
scutelligera (Gyna), 312, 316, 317
55 (Panchlora), 316
Scydmaenidae, 408
Scydmaenus, 408
secunda (Leptozosteria), 289, 291
sedilloti (Cutilia), 256, 290, 292, 304
», (Polyzosteria), 292
segmentarius (Carphurus), 187, 198
Selenia, 473, 474
Selenurus, 48, 112, 119, 121, 125, 126;
Wes BAS EAD
semele (Hipparchia), xix, 35], 353
semialata (Phenacisma), 325, 326
semiatratus (Trichalus), 62, 91, 96
semicincta (Periplaneta), 284
semicostatus (Metriorrhynchus), 95
ah (Trichalus), 90, 95
semicrudum (Agasma), 250
semivitta (Periplaneta), 285
F (Platyzosteria), 270, 285
senegalensis (Terias), 360, 362
septemcavus (Lycus), 57
be (Metriorrhynchus), 57, 58
septentrionalis (Croesus), xliv
(Danaus), 365
(Tirumala), 371
serena (Trichotaphe), 23
| serraticornis (Lycus), 95
110,
9
99
(
serraticornis (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 65
PP (Trichalus), 90, 98, 95
Setiostoma, 36
severina (Belenois), 356, 359
sexguttata (Periplaneta), 287
i (Platyzosteria), 270, 287
silhetana (Terias), 364, 367, 373
Silphidae, 484
simillimus (Calochromus), 100, 104
simplex (Heteromastix), 129, 132, 145
simplicialis (Aulacodes), xl
simpliciceps (Helcogaster), 216, 227,
228, 237
simplicicornis (Metriorrhynchus),
74
simplicifrons (Idiostoma), 502
simsoni (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 82
simulator (Carphurus), 190, 206
sinus (Laius), 151, 153, 157
Sirex, xxix
Sisyra, lxxi
sitaris, 413
slateri (Papillio), 11
smaragdina (Oecophylla), xxvii
Smerinthus, 6
sobrinus (Dasytes), 240, 244, 245, 246
(Neocar phurus), 211, 213
sodalis (Homalota), 406
sordidus (Hypattalus), 169, 170, 178
soror (Methana), 307, 308
», (Periplaneta), 508, 309
(Platyzosteria), 270, 284
», (Polyzosteria), 284, 285
Spathicera, xxii, xxili
spenceri (Platyzosteria), 269, 284
sphaleropa (Tortrix), 15
Sphecapata, xxxiv
Sphegidae, 440
Sphex, Ixix
Sphingidae, 378, 379
spiculifera (Eronia), 368
Spilomma, xlix
Spilosoma, lvii, 472, 474
spinicollis (Helcogaster), 215, 237
Spinolia, 467
splendidula (Phausis), lxxi
spurcata (Panchlora), 322, 323
squiresensis (Dasytes), 240, 243
Stadenus, 49, 67, 74, 76, 78
Stagmatophora, 17
Staphylinidae, 213
Staphylinus, 407
statilinus (Satyrus), lxix
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 340
Stenoma, 31, 32, 33, 34
Stenomidae, 28
Stephanodes, 457
stercorarius (Staphylinus), 407
bil
9
|
clxix )
Stethynium, 452
sticticus (Telephorus), 119
Stilbum, 465
stratiotata (Paraponyx), xl, xli
striata (Lampyris), 46, 106
», (Luciola), 107
stridulans (Gyna), 311, 312, 323, 324
strigiceps (Helcogaster), 217, 235
strigicollis (Carphurus), 189, 208
| strix (Noctua), 382
Strobisia, 23
strumosa (Lomechusa), 419, 427, 429
Stugeta, 1, lii
Styx, xi
subaptera (Polyzosteria), 277
sub-bifasciata (Drymaplaneta), 286
a (Platyzosteria), 270, 286
submarginata (Drymaplaneta), 286
subnobilis (Polyzosteria), 263
subobscura (Thecla), 434
subreflexa (Huzosteria), 262
93 (Polyzosteria), 263
subtruncata (Temnelytra), 304, 305
subverrucosa (Blatta), 263
(Euzosteria), 262, 263
subzonata (Platyzosteria), 297
succincta (Chrysis), 465
fe (Colletes), xxxiv
sulcata (Pseudopsis), xlviii
sulcatus (Liparochrus), 489
», (Trichalus), 90, 91, 92, 93
suleiceps (Helcogaster), 217, 227
sulcicollis (Trichonyx), 409
suleinodis (Myrmica), 420
Sunius, Ixv
sydneyanus (Selenurus), 126, 127, 129
Sympetrum, lxv
Symphaedra, 2, 3, 370, 372
Synchloe, 362
Synchonnus, 49, 62, 66, 74, 76
Syngamia, xxviii
Syntelia, 484
Synteliidae, 484
Syntomaptera, 265, 272
syriacus (Cleptes), 466
tachyporoides (Carphurus), 187, 198
Tachyporus, 406
Taenlocampa, 462
tages, var. bellezina (Anthocharis), xxix
Tapinoma, xxxi, 424
Tapinostola, xviii
tarsalis (Laius), 153, 154, 165, 167
», (Polyzosteria), 276
tartarea (Cutilia), 289, 290
Tarucus, Ixxvii, 355, 361
Taurocerastinae, 485
taurus (Embolosterna), 387
teganitis (Gonionota), 26
( scl, >
Teinopalpus, 365, 373
Telephorides, 47, 48, 112
telephoroides (Carphurus), 187, 189,
198
Telephorus, 48, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,
1072 118, AOS W205 1215 1122, 123,
124, 125, 129, 183, 134, 185, 140,
242, 250
telicanus (Lycaena), lxxv
rr (Tarucus), 355, 361
tellus (Planema), Ixiii
Temnelytra, 253, 257, 304, 305
Temnopteryx, 304
Tenthredinidae, 440, 441, 443
tenuis (Heteromastix), 131, 141
tepperi (Syntomaptera), 272
», (Telephorus), 113, 120
Teracolus, 357, 860, 362, 367, 373
Teras, 17
Teratoneura, 1, li
Terias, 857, 860, 362, 364, 366, 367,
368, 369, 373, 374, 381
terra (Pseudacraea), |xili
terrestre (Bombus), 441
tesserula (Micropeplus), xxxil
testacea (Luperina), ]xxiii, lxxiv
, var. incerta (Luperina), 1xxili
testaceicollis (Cladophorus), 62
(Metriorrhynchus),
62, 63, 84
testaceipes (Carphurus), 192
testaceus (Amissus), 388
(Claviger), 424, 425, 428
a (Leptinus), 408
Tetramoperia, xxiii
Tetramorium, xxiii, 420, 425
tetrasticta (Laspeyresia), 14
textilis (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 65, 88
», (Porrostoma), 65
Thais, 350, 354
thalhammeri (Chrysis), 469
thama (Thecla), 437
Thecla, 348, 352, 354, 375, 376, 380,
431, 4382, 438, 434, 435, 436, 437,
438
theophrastus (Tarucus), lxxvii
therapon (Castnia), xxxiv
thersamon (Chrysophanus), lv
Thestor, 348, 349, 354
thetis (Agriades), lv, lvi, Ixxiv, ]xxv,
Ixxvi, Ixxviii, xxix, lxxx
Thiasophila, 416, 417
Thioscelis, 29, 30
thomensis (Phaeochrous), 499
51,
9
”
thrax (Casyapa), 373
An (Hesperia), 366
Thudaca, 24
Thymele, 375
thyodamas (Cyrestis), 369, 372
| tibialis (Metriorrhynchus), 50, 89
timidus (Liparochrus), 490
Tinaegeria, 18
Tinagma, xxix
tincta (Prasia), 393
Tinea, 42
Tineidae, 42, 344, 348
tirikensis (Pseudacraea), lxiv
Tirumala, 371
tithonus (Epinephele), 352, 353
tityrus (Epargyreus), 381
(Eudamus), 375
», (Thymele), 375
togatus (Metriorrhynchus), 53, 65, 68,
75, 76
», (Porrostoma), 65
Tortricidae, 14, 348, 375, 376
Tortrix, 15, 16
trabeata (Tinaegeria), 18
tragus (Petillia), 390
Tramea, iv
transcaspicus (Dasytiscus), 245
Trechus, xlvill, xlx
trepanatus (Pityogenes), lxv
triangulata (Cutilia), 289, 290, 291
a (Polyzosteria), 291
triareolatus (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 78
Tribelocephala, 392
Trichalus, 48, 49, 50, 62, 68, 77, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
249
Trichomera, 310, 311, 312, 322
Trichonyx, 409
Trichotaphe, 23
triclavatum (Stethynium), 452
tricolor (Selenurus), 126, 127
», (Telephorus), 115
trierica (Psittacastis), 20, 21
trifasciata (Platyzosteria), 296, 297
trifinae (Noctuae), 462
triimpressus (Carphurus), 190, 206
trisignatus (Laius), 151, 152, 155
tristis (Phaenognatha), 504
trisuleatus (Trox), 501
tritypa (Stenoma), 32
trivia (Melitaea), lv
Trogidae, 486
Troginae, 485, 486, 488, 591
troilus (Euphoeades), 379
5, (Papilio), 381
Tronga, xxxviil
tropicus (Helcogaster), 217, 233
trossulus (Philonthus), lxv
Trox, 486, 501
truncata (Polyzosteria), 305
an (Temnelytra), 304, 305
truncicola (Formica), 402
99
(i clexi. ‘ji
T-tuberculatus (Helcovaster), 232,
233
tuberculatus (Helcogaster), 212, 216
(Neocarphurus), 211, 212
tuberculifrons (Helcogaster), 216, 225,
238
turgidum (Ptenidium), 409
turnus (Papilio), 376, 379
Tychius, xlviii
Typhlocyba, x
typica (Mania), 471, 478
umbratus (Lasius), 425, 428
uncinatus (Carphurus), 188, 201
undecem-punctata (Coccinella), xxxii, |
XXXIli
undifera (Argyrocheila), 1, lii
undularis (Elymnias), xxvi, xxviii, 371,
372
undulata (Thecla), 433
undulivitta (Periplaneta), 304
us (Temnelytra), 304
unicolorus (Embolosterna), 388
uniformis (Chrysis), 468
93 (Metriorrhynchus), 52, 70
+ (Porrostoma), 70, 88
unilineata (Chortophila), xxxiv
uniseriatus (Metriorrhynchus), 51, 72
urticae (Aglais), xxi
(Vanessa), 840, 342, 343, 344,
345, 353
ustulata (Hylotoma), 442
Utuea, 13
uvida ( Myrmecopora), x
valida (Periplaneta), 307
Vanessa, 340, 342, 348, 344, 345, 352,
353, 365, 375, 376, 380
Vanessidae, 340, 353
varicornis (Chrysis), 448
variegata (Platyzosteria), 269, 283
variegatus (Laius), 152, 160
3 (Selenurus), 126, 127
variipennis (Carphurus), 189, 190, 205
(Metriorrhynchus), 52, 86
variolosa (Platyzosteria), 267, 276
4 (Polyzosteria), 276
varius (Helcogaster), 188, 216, 220, 222,
228, 229, 232, 234
var. nigripennis (Helcogaster),
220
9
29
var. pallidipennis (Helcogaster),
220
vasanta (Adolias), 3
», (Euthalia), 3
veiovis (Papilio), ii
verna (Chrysis), 469
versicolor (Chrysis), 469
ene (Laius), 152, 1538, 154, 156,
66
9
verticalis (Malachius), 154, 156
vesper (Thecla), 436
vesperalis (Acraea), 1, liv
Vespidae, 440
vespiformis (Pompilus), ]xix
Vespoidea, 442
vestigialis (Agrotis), iii
vetula (Gyna), 320
| vexans (Quedius), 407
| y-flavus (Selenurus), 126, 127
victoriensis (Balanophorus), 182, 185
(Heteromastix), 1382, 134,
145, 146, 149
3 (Telephorus), 129, 134
vigilans (Carphurus), 189, 204
villosus (Laius), 151, 153, 158, 164
vinula (Cerura), 7
violaceus (Hypattalus), 170, 174
9
| violae (Acraea), 363, 372
| virgaureae, var. miegii (Heodes), ]xiv
var. zermattensis (Heodes)
lxiv, lxv
ie!
| virgularia (Acidalia), vi
| viridipennis (Selenurus), 119
9)
(Telephorus), 113,114,119,
122
viridis (Hypattalus), 170, 173
viridissima (Polyzosteria), 258, 262
| viridula (Chrysis), 469
vitripennis (Doriclytus), 459
| vittata (Oxypoda), 416
vittatus (Metriorrhynchus), 49, 69
voltae (Lycaenesthes), lii
vomitoria (Calliphora), 472
vulnerata (Thecla), 431
vulpecula (Phaeochroops), 493
vulpes (Amphicoma), 481
w-album (Thecla), 348, 354
walkeri (Anamesia), 299, 301
wallacei (Pseudolychus), 48, 82
waterhousei (Hybosorus), 487
westwoodii (Pycanum), 389
FP (Sanganus), 390
weymeri (Heliconius), lvii
5 ab. gustavi (Heliconius), lvii
wiburdi (Dasytes), 241, 247
Wodongia, 306, 308, 309
Xantheros, 90, ‘94, 96
xanthochrous (Carphurus), 187, 198
Xantholinus, 424
xenocles (Papilio), 369
xenodes (Tinea), 42
xerophanes (Tortrix), 15
Xylobanus, 62, 63, 64, 71, 93, 94
xypete (Euphaedra), 3
Zaratha, 17
zebra (Platyzosteria), 270, 288
(Polyzosteria), 288
2?
( elxxii_ )
zephyrus (Plebeius), xviii
;, var. lyeidas (Plebeius), xviii
Zeuzera, 8, 9, 11
zitenius (Melanitis), 365, 372
Zizera, 372
zonata (Cosmozosteria), 295, 296, 297
(Polyzosteria), 296, 297
9
Zonioploca, 253, 256, 292, 298, 294,
301, 302
zoolina (Charaxes), xlix, 1
,, f. neanthes (Charaxes), xlix, 1
zophodes (Imma), 35
Zygaena, vil
Zyras, 403
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
For THE YEAR 1909.
I. On the Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus, Fab., Hoplitis
phyllocampa, n. sp., and EKulophonotus myrmeleon,
Feld.; with descriptions of the Imagines of the two
Heterocera. By RoLAND TRIMEN, M.A., F.R.S.
[Read October 7th, 1908.]
Piare I.
I owe to the kindness of my friend and correspondent
for many years, Mr. Alfred D. Millar, of Durban, Natal,
the interesting lepidopterous material here dealt with.
The hitherto unrecorded larva and the f imago of the
little known Cossid moth Lulophonotus myrmeleon were
discovered by Mr. A. D. Millar himself at Durban; the
¢ imago being so strikingly dissimilar from the ? in its
very small size and perfectly transparent wings that,
unless they had been taken paired, it may well be doubted
whether even a practised lepidopterist would have discerned
them to be the sexes of the same species.
The other two larvae here described, viz.: those of
Hamanumida daedalus and of Hoplitis phyllocanupa, n. sp.,
are the discoveries, at Malvern, near Durban, of Mr. H. M.
Millar, brother of Mr. A. D. Millar, and are of high
interest as exhibiting—each in quite different fashion—
a close protective resemblance to the leaves of their
common food-plant. The concealment afforded by this
resemblance may perhaps account in part for the long
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I, (MAY) B
2 Mr. R. Trimen on Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus,
delay in finding the larva of one of the most generally
distributed of Tropical-African butterflies; and it is
worthy of note that the discovery has occurred at what
appears to be the extreme southern limit of the range of
the species, viz. the Coast of Natal, where the butterfly is
by no means common. The Hamanumida presents a
method of protective resemblance for long well known in
the case of the allied Indian genera Adolias (Huthalia)
and Symphaedra, and more recently in that of the related
African genus Luphaedra ; but the larva of the Notodontid
Hoplitis phyllocampa, n. sp., offers an entirely distinct mode
of concealment, effected by a special adaptation of the
combined three hinder abdominal segments—held erect
and reversed in the attitude so characteristic of many
Notodontid larva—in direct imitation of the leaf of the
food-plant.
Family NYMPHALIDAE.
Sub-family VV MPHALINAE.
Larva of Hamanwmida daedalus (Fab.), Plate I, fig. 1.
Length 1 in. 5 lin. ; width generally 24 lin., but head and first
thoracic segment and anal segment only 2 lin.
Head unarmed ; but on each succeeding segment, except first
thoracic and anal segments, a latero-dorsal pair of long horizontally-
projecting spines (10 pairs in all), tapering to a point and closely
clothed with rather long fine bristles—which become shorter and
sparser near tip. The first pair of these spines is directed forwards
so as to obscure the outline of the first thoracic segment and of the
head ; the second and third pairs incline somewhat forward ; the
fourth, fifth, and sixth are nearly at right angles with the body ;
but the seventh, eighth, and ninth are increasingly inclined back-
ward, and the tenth decidedly so. All the spines are about 4 lin. in
length.
Along medio-dorsal line, a little anterior to bases of each pair of
spines (except first, second, and tenth pairs), are two small elongate
black spots rather widely apart from each other.
As regards colouring, the example under notice has suffered dis-
coloration in formalin, being of a dull greenish-brown, whereas
Mr. Millar describes it in life as ‘green, with a yellow stripe down
middle of back.” The spines, however, retain much more green
than the body, and their bristles are blackish or white in about
equal numbers,
Hoplitis phyllocampa and Eulophonotus myrmeleen. 3
This larva is very similar to those of two West-African
species of Huphaedra, vid. LH. ravola (Hewits.), and (pro-
bably) either #. janetta, Butl., or #. xypete (Hewits.),
figured by Aurivillius,* but is somewhat intermediate,
having the narrower head and first thoracic segment shown
in fig. 3, but the longer and more plumose latero-dorsal
spines of fig. 4. The spines are, however, more tapering
and acuminate than shown in either of the figures cited,
and do not bear the single very long terminal bristle which
is so marked a feature in both figures. Except for its very
much shorter latero-dorsal spines, the larva of H. daedalus
nearly approaches in structure, as well as in colouring,
the larva of the well-known Indian Nymphaline, Adolias
(Luthalia) garuda, Moore, as depicted by Hardwicke,t
and it also very much resembles the profile figure of the
larva of A, (#.) vasanta, Moore,t though wanting the
yellow rays emitted at right angles by the median dorsal
stripe which are shown in that figure.
De Nicéville’s description in the footnote § of the Indian
Garuda larva might have been written of the Natalian
H. daedalus larva, as shown by Mr. Millar’s descriptive
notes and photograph of the latter at rest on a leaf of its
food-plant, Combretum guienzii, Sond.|}
It is satisfactory to find the recognized affinity of
Euphaedra and Hamanumida in the imago state confirmed
by the discovery of the larva of the latter now admitting a
comparison of the earlier stages of these two genera; and
much interest attaches to the great similarity existing
between the larvae of these exclusively African genera
and those of the strictly Oriental genus Huthalia.™
Ent. Tidskr., 1894, t. 5, ff. 3, 4.
Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep, E.I.C. Mus, I, Pl. VI, f. 2 (1857).
Lep. Ceylon, I, Pl. 17, f. 2a.
“The larvae of Symphaedra and Euthalia are similarly formed,
and are among the most peculiar and interesting in butterflies. I
have often found that of E. garuda at rest in the middle of a
mango leaf, in which position it is very difficult to see, though its
form is so remarkable ; its body, with the pale dorsal line, answers
to the midrib of the leaf, while the lateral branched spines pass for
the other veins of the leaf on which it is resting, forming a remark-
able instance of protective coloration, structure, and habit com-
bined.”—De Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., II, p. 192 (1886).
wl fea determined by Mr. J. Medley Wood, of Durban,
atal.
‘| The likeness between the earlier stages in Ewphaedra and
Fiuthalia is noted by Aurivillius (Rhop. Aethiop., p. 500, 1899),
B2
CH++—> *
4 Mr. R. Trimen on Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus,
IT am unable to give a complete description of the pupa
of H. daedalus; but from a note and some outline sketches,
and also an empty pupal skin, sent to me by Mr. Millar, it
is clear that it is considerably more slender than that of
Euphaedra, and quite devoid of the great widening and
projection laterally, as well as dorsal acuminate elevation,
of the 4th abdominal segment so marked in the known
pupae of that genus,* and reaching a far greater develop-
ment in the pupae of Huthalia.t The cephalic promi-
nences are short but acute, and closer together than shown
in the figures quoted of the two genera just mentioned.
In profile the dorsal median outline is moderately elevated,
arched, and ridged on thorax and abdomen. ‘The length
of the pupa-skin is 11 lines. The colouring is given by
Mr. Millar as “pale-green, with a creamy streak down
middle of back, and another round margin of wing-covers”;
and he also notes that the pupal state, assumed on June
2nd, lasted until July 10th, 1907.
The larva was discovered at Malvern, near Durban,
Natal, by Mr. B. M. Millar, brother of A. D. Millar.t
FAMILY NOTODONTIDAE.
Genus Hoptitis, Hiibn.
Hoplitis phyllocampa, n. sp. Plate I, fig. 2 (2), fig. 2a (2).
Exp. al. 2 in. 3 lin. (one ¢, one 9).
¢. Fore-wing. A moderate-sized basal patch, a rather broad
inner-marginal border from base to beyond middle, and a con-
spicuous rather broad costal border from before middle to apex, all
* Aurivillius, U.c., t. 5, ff. 3a, 3b, pupa of H. ravola; ff. 5, 5a,
pupa of EL. awreola.
+ Moore, l.c., t. VI, ff. la, pupa of A. (E.) aconthea ; 2a, pupa of
A. (E.) garuda.
t In his account of Lieut. A. Schultze’s collection of Lepidoptera
made in Camaroon, Bornu, etc., Aurivillius (Arkiv. for Zool., bd. 2,
n. 12, p, 7, 1905) gives a note by that observer that at Yola, on the
Benue River, he found a young greenish-white larva with long
white-plumed lateral spines, that rested flat on the leaf of its foed-
plant (‘‘ Combretaceae”), and that he thought was probably the larva
either of a Huphaedra or of Haumanwmida daedalus. The brief
description of the young larva, together with the mention of its
Combretaceous food-plant, incline one to the opinion that it belonged
to H. daedalus.
Hoplitis phyllocampa and Hulophonotus myrmeleon. 5
greyish-white; the costal border considerably whiter than the other
markings, and bounded costally anterior to its abrupt origin and
thence inferiorly along its whole length to apex by wide dark-brown
clouding which gradually pales into the grey tint of the discal and
hind-marginal area; neuration not defined on the greyish-white
markings, but elsewhere black, except for some whitish-discal
scaling on the median nervules; basal patch with two transverse
irregular black streaks, and bounded externally by a third; a sub-
marginal irregularly-undulated whitish-grey streak, outwardly very
finely and distinctly black-edged, but inwardly very indistinctly
edged with dark-grey (except on and near inner-margin, where the
dark edging is much widened); cilia brownish-grey with con-
spicuous white interruptions at extremities of nervules. Hind-wing :
pure white; a slight fuscous edging on costa near apex; a well-
marked triangular fuscous spot on hind-marginal edge, between first
median nervule and submedian nervure, preceded by a very much
smaller less distinct fuscous spot ; inner-marginal border densely
clothed and fringed with white hairs; cilia white, except for a
fuscous interruption next to hind-marginal spot.
UNDERSIDE white. Fore-wing: three brownish spots on costal
edge between middle and apex, and some ill-defined apical brownish
clouding; cilia as on upperside. Hind-wing: markings as on
upperside, but hind-marginal spots fainter, the smaller one
obsolescent.
Head black, with two frontal short tufts of cream-coloured hairs;
stem of antennae superiorly bright-red throughout, and with a small
short tuft of bright-red hairs at its base,—the pectinations dark-
brown superiorly but ovhreous-yellow inferiorly. Thorax greyish-
white with a short black median streak superiorly next to head.
Abdomen white, with a broad black median dorsal band on basal
third, but towards apex grey with two superior half-rings of
brown.
9. Fore-wing : darker, the basal and inner-marginal border and
the upper portion of costal border considerably obscured with
brownish; cilia less conspicuous, the nervular interruptions being
smaller and yellowish-white. Hind-wing: a broad brownish-
fuscous hind-marginal border, wider at apex, encloses the larger
hind-marginal black spot but not the smaller anterior spot; cilia
fuscous, whitish-tipped. UNpmRsIpE.—Fore-wing : a submarginal
brownish-fuscous band, broader apically and becoming macular
inferiorly. Hind-wing : brownish-fuscous border as on upperside.
Head, thorax, and abdomen as in ¢; and the antennae-stem
superiorly, as well as the basi-antennal tuft, of the same
bright-red.
6 Mr. R. Trimen on Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus,
Larva. (Description of specimen preserved in formalin)
P).I, figs. 2b, 2c.
Total length 3 in.
Head large, rounded ; about 3 lin. both in vertical and transverse
diameters.
First thoracic segment not much larger than head, superiorly
flattened almost horizontally but forming ‘a slight elevated ridge
immediately behind head; second segment considerably and third
very much larger than head,
Abdominal segments 1-3 all larger and thicker than thoracic
ones, and also than the three next succeeding abdominal ones ;—the
first abdominal segment with a moderate median conical dorsal
elevation, surmounted by a small smooth mammillated wart. <Ab-
dominal segments 7-9 greatly modified in form, being not only
larger and thicker than the three next preceding ones, but having
their lateral margins widely produced so as to constitute a large
common expansion, more than 1 in. long and nearly ? in. broad in
widest part, thinning off to a leaf-like edge. No anal pro-legs, but
possible rudiments of them in the shape of two very small minutely
granulated ferruginous ridges. On flattened ventral surface this
unified group of the last three segments presents the appearance of
a sub-ovate acuminate leaf with irregularly flexed and sinuated
margins, a median elevated longitudinal stripe of paler tint repre-
senting the midrib, and six pairs of slightly depressed transverse
streaks, together with two similar basal but longitudinal ones, the
branching veins; the whole surface being moreover finely pitted in
resemblance to the stomata of a leaf. The humped back of the 8th
segment bears at apex three minute mammillated warts, and the
extremity of the anal segment two more prominent and acute warts.
General colour throughout a bright pale yellowish-green, appar-
ently without markings.* Head brownish-red, widely reticulated
with ferruginous lines ; mandibles reddish-yellow with conspicuous
black extremities. Legs reddish-yellow with rusty-black terminal
claw; pro-legs mixed greenish and ferruginous. On almost hori-
zontal ridged front of first thoracic segment, immediately above
head, two widely-apart elevated ferruginous spots, in position and
* This is the case in the specimen under description, but in Mr.
Millar’s photographs of the living larva there appears a general
close minute speckling of paler dots on a darker ground (looking not
unlike the granulation in Smerinthus larvae) ; and there is also, in
the photographs which show a considerable part of the dorsal aspect,
a very distinct and broad pale longitudinal median band beginning
on second abdominal segment. Possibly the photographs represent a
larva not in the final moult. See Pl. I, figs. 2d, 2e.
Hoplitis phyllocampa and EHulophonotus myrmeleon. 7
eye-suggesting effect not unlike the correspondingly situated black
spots in the larva of Cerura vinula.
The Imago is allied to H. postica (Walk.), a native of
Natal and the Transvaal, but easily distinguished by its
conspicuous grayish-white costal and inner - marginal
borders in the fore-wing, and generally much lighter and
brighter colouring, as well as by the bright red stem of
the antennae, which in JN. postica is pale arenaceous.
There is, however, in the British Museum an unnamed
g of a much closer congener, from “ Coomassie (H. White-
side),” which also has the antennae-stems red (though
paler than in H. phyllocampa), but in which the field of
the fore-wing is white, with scarcely a vestige of the dark-
brown clouding, while there is a rather large fuscous spot
in the discoidal cell near its extremity.*
A comparison of the Larva with Boisduval’s description
and figures t of that of H. milhauseri (Fab.), a well-known
species of wide Palaearctic range, affords several points of
agreement in the two caterpillars, vid.:—(1) the bright
pale yellowish-green of the general colouring, (2) rufous
head, (3) rufous spot on each side of anterior upper edge
of first thoracic segment, (4) position on first abdominal
segment of principal dorsal process, and (5) profile outline
of elevated seventh, eighth, and ninth abdominal segments,
especially dorsal prominence of eighth segment with its
mammillated apex. But the differences are great, the
H. phyllocampa larva presenting no approach to the long
forked dorsal process occupying the first abdominal seg-
ment, nor any trace of the curved claw-like dorsal pro-
cesses which succeed it on second, third, and fourth
* Prof. Aurivillius (Arkiv, for Zoologi, II, No. 12, p. 27, 1905)
notes a Notodontid larva from Camaroon, and gives an illustration
reproducing the sketch of it made by the discoverer, Lieut. A,
Schultze. The profile and back views given are so very like the
larva of H. phyllocampa, that I think it not improbably may prove
to be the larva of the closely-allied Hoplitis above mentioned asa
native of Coomassie. It is noticeable that the profile sketch of the
Camaroon larva shows a much higher and larger prominence dor-
sally on first abdominal segment than the larva of H. phyllocampa
possesses, and that it represents a very erect attitude of the entire
fore-part anterior to the third abdominal segment—which does not
appear (from Mr. Millar’s photographs) to be assumed by the Natal
Jarva—and a corresponding very much less recurved and indeed not
far from perpendicular carriage of the expanded hind segments.
t Boisd., Rambur, and Graslin :—“ Collect. Iconogr. et Hist. des
Chenilles d’Europe,” Pseudobomb., Pl. IIT, ff. 1, 2 (1832).
S Mr. R. Trimen on Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus,
segments; neither does it possess the conspicuous
reddish-creamy lateral band on abdominal segments 3-6
exhibited by milhausert. On the other hand, the mdl-
hausert larva possesses no indication of the leaf-like
expansion of the abdominal segments 7-9 which is so very
striking a feature of the phyllocampa larva.
When this leaf-like expansion is recurved over the back
—an attitude which Mr. Millar writes is assumed when
the larva is disturbed and also maintained when it is at
rest—its extremity reaches so far forward as to cover the
third abdominal segment. ‘The reversed ventral surface
thus exposed most successfully simulates in its contour,
unevenly sinuated edges, and prominent venation, the leaf
of its food-plant, Combretum gueinzu, Sond., and must
largely screen the larva from detection, especially when
the point of view is directly behind and rather below it.
A portion of the earthen cell in which this larva
pupates has been sent to me by Mr. Millar ; it is rather
solidly and compactly made of minute particles of arena-
ceous soil cemented together, the interior surface being
thickly and smoothly lined with the cementing secretion.
The larva was discovered at Malvern, near Durban, by
Mr. H. M. Millar; the 2 imago above described emerged
on February 2nd, and the f on October 16th, 1907.
Family COSSIDAE.
Genus EvuLopnonotus, Felder.
Allied to Zeuzera, Latr. Head small, hairy ; eyes prominent ;
antennae rather short, in ¢ bipectinate from base to about half
their length but thence simple, in 9 simple throughout and very
slender,
Thorax in g large, broad, prominently prolonged anteriorly, densely
clothed with short hairs, in 9 much smaller and shorter in propor-
tion, only slightly prominent anteriorly, clothed with very dense
but longer hair.
Fore-wings much prolonged apically, the apex itself more acute in
the 9: radial (discoidal) nervure wanting, but its nervules origin-
ating from a common point,—the upper one angulated upward to
join disco-cellular nervule, and the lower one angulated downward
to join third median nervule; in ¢, the costal nervure and the
subcostal nervure, with its first, second, and third branches are
Hoplitis phyllocampa and Eulophonotus myrmeleon. 9
much crowded together on costal margin. Hind-wings very small
and short, but in the @ larger than in the 2, and much more pro-
minent apically; costa prominent before middle, but with an abrupt
downward flexure just above extremity of discoidal cell; costal
nervure not traceable, apparently atrophied ; subcostal nervure arched
upward in conformity with costal outline, so that discoidal cell is
very broad. Legs rather long, the femora and tibiae hairy, the tarsi
long and smooth.
Abdomen of moderate length in ¢, stout, blunt at extremity,
hairy laterally and sparsely tufted at tips; much larger in ?, with a
median dorsal series of conspicuous dense tufts of terminally
widened and flattened bristles, and with a very large sub-globose
anal cushion of closely packed short hair, sparsely interspersed with
some much longer hair.
In naming this genus Dr. Felder gave no diagnosis, but
figured the type, as Hulophonotus myrmeleon (Reise der
Novara, Lepid., Heft IV, p. 4, t. Ixxxii, f. 9, 1874), from
a single 2? sent to him by me in 1867. I am therefore
glad to have the opportunity of defining the features of
both sexes, and of pointing out that, while not unlike
Zeuzera in some respects (and exceedingly like in the larva
stage), Hulophonotus is well distinguished by its widely
differmg neuration; the radial nervure, so greatly and
remarkably developed in Zeuzera, being absent in both
fore-wing and hind-wing, and the costal nervure in the
hind-wing (also robustly developed in Zewzera) being
aborted, while the subcostal nervure is unusually strong,
and arched upwards in accordance with the prominence of
the costa. In both sexes the hind-wings are considerably
smaller and shorter in proportion than they are in Zeuzera,
but this reduction is less marked in the §. The abdomen
is smaller than it is in Zewzera: in the J, too, it is tufted
at the extremity; while in the 2 it exhibits not only a
dorsal series of long dense tufts of remiform rigid bristles,
but also the peculiar character of a very large rounded
anal expansion of extremely dense short silky hair, resem-
bling that exhibited by various 22 of the remote family
LInparidae, The extraordinary disparity between the sexes
as regards size, and the striking dissimilarity of the
pellucid almost scaleless wings of the ? to the black closely
vitreous-spotted ones of the 2, contribute to emphasize the
distinctness of Hulophonotus as a decidedly aberrant genus
of Cossidae.
10 Mr. R. Trimen on Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus,
Hulophonotus myrmeleon, Felder, Reise der Novara,
Lepid., Heft IV, p. 4, t. Ixxxi, f. 9 [2] (1874.)
Mop Oh PAD) AOS (Ly QU EAaT Plate’ 1 Siete
fig. 3a ().
3g. Wings almost wholly hyaline. Fore-awing : a very few black
scales along costal margin, and a narrow edging of dense black
scaling along inner margin. Hind-wing: a densely scaled black
edging along costa, broad at base and narrowing to a point a little
beyond extremity of discoidal cell; anal-angular and inner-
marginal area also black with intermixed greyish hairs. Neuration
yellowish, with some sparse black scales. Underside the same.
Head, palpi, and antennae dark brown. Thorax yellowish-brown
above, but fuscous in front, on sides, and beneath; legs brown, the
femora densely tufted with mixed greyish and yellowish hair. Abdo-
men black above and on sides, yellowish-grey beneath, tufted with
short bristly black hairs laterally, and with long ones at extremity.
2. Wings black; the fore-wing with numerous irregularly grouped
small hyaline spots, most prevalent in discal area. Fore-wing : on
costal margin, from base to middle, 6 separate short hyaline marks
of varying width ; below these, in discoidal cell, a series of 6
minute spots in pairs; below median nervure 3 sub-basal larger
and more elongate spots; the numerous irregularly placed discal and
submarginal spots form little clusters most diverse in the number
and size of their respective components ; immediately beyond the
outermost of these succeeds a more regular series of seven little
groups situated along hind-marginal edge; an inwardly oblique
-ante-median rather wide irregular space from subcostal to sub-
median nervure is without spots, and so is a narrower outwardly
oblique sub-apical space from costa to near middle of hind-margin.
Hind-wing : black duller, shading into greyish-fuscous outwardly,
unspotted ; costa with a rather narrow shining silvery-grey border
from base as far as the abrupt downward flexure. UNDERSIDE like
the upperside, except that in fore-awing the inner margin is shining
fuscous-grey below submedian nervure, and in hind-wing the costal
border is not silvery-grey but dull fuscous like rest of wing.
Head, palpi, and antennae black. Thorax above has been almost
denuded in the specimen under description (but in Felder’s figure
of the type example is shown as very densely clothed with mixed
fuscous and yellowish-grey hair); it retains some rather long inter-
mixed thin grey and terminally thickened black hairs in front and
laterally ; beneath, also, there are remains of similar hairy clothing;
legs black, the femora and tibiae densely tufted with hairs similarly
mingled. Abdomen has been denuded laterally, but retains along
Hoplitis phyllocampa and Eulophonotus myrmeleon. 11
median dorsal line a series of dense tufts of long erect remiform
black bristles ; anal expansion large, rounded, with a dense felting
of short silky yellowish hair, tightly compressed into successive
transverse rings, and interspersed rather sparsely with fuscous hair,
more developed dorsally than ventrally.
Larva.—Plate I, fig. 3b. Cylindrical, thick. Head large, pro-
tuberant, smooth; first thoracic segment very large, bearing dorsally
a large nearly semicircular smooth horny plate, with the anterior
edge almost straight and the lateral and posterior margin strongly
curved,—the middle of the latter being finely tuberculated ; spiracles
on this segment and on the eighth abdominal segment much larger,
and those on the first abdominal segment rather larger than the rest ;
second thoracic segment considerably larger than any of the succeeding
segments. Thoracic legs well developed, rather long, the extremities
very acute; abdominal pro-legs short, the anal pair more prominent
and close together. General colouring the usual dull yellowish-
whitish of wood-boring larvae, with the head, prothoracic dorsal
shield, and anal segment reddish-brown. A series of raised fuscous
spots on each side of back, arranged obliquely in pairs (each pos-
terior spot of a pair considerably larger than the anterior one) and
becoming gradually more elevated and distinctly tuberculous on
each segment towards the hind extremity; a lateral series of similar
rather smaller spots arranged vertically in pairs—each pair con-
sisting of a supra-spiracular spot and an infra-spiracular one; and
an inferior-lateral series of minute single fuscous spots, one just
above each leg. Length 1} in.
Described from a single specimen (from its size almost certainly
a ?)in spirit. Mr, Millar writes that it was found tunnelling in
thee wood of a tree known as the “ Natal Mahogany” (Trichilia
emetica, Vahl.); it was about an inch and half below the bark, and
its tunnel was eight inches in length.
Pupa.—(Empty skin only ;—evidently that of a 9.) Very like
that of Zeuzera aesculi. Towards the anterior part of each
abdominal segment is a slender roughened horny transverse ridge
encircling the segment except for a rather wide ventral gap; and
towards the hind part of each of the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments
a similar but shorter transverse ridge confined to the dorsal region ;
the sites of the second, third, and fourth pairs of larval pro-legs are
also marked by small similar but semicircular roughened ridges,
and that of the anal rudimentary pair is indicated by two small
roughened tubercles.
Mr. Millar found this empty pupa-skin projecting from
the bark of the tree above mentioned immediately below
12 Mr. R. Trimen on Larvae of Hamanumida daedalus, ete.
the freshly emerged 2? H. myrmeleon here described,
which was paired with the transparent-winged previously
unknown 2; this was on November 6th, 1907.
Felder (loc. cit., p. 4) gave “Cape of Good Hope” as
the habitat of the type specimen (2) of this moth which
I sent to him, but my distinct impression is that I
received it in a small collection made at Port Natal. I
have, however, lately seen in the British Museum a
labelled “Kowie River,’—a locality situated on the
eastern coast of Cape Colony.
There is also in the British Museum a # Hulophonotus,
which though larger than /. myrmeleon seems closely
allied ; it bears the locality label of “Gold Coast.”
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
[See Explanation facing the PLATE.]
(3)
II. Descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and
Peru. By EK. Meyrick, B.A., F.RS.
[Read November 18th, 1908. ]
In the following paper seven genera and fifty-three species
from the highlands of Bolivia and Peru are described as
new. The altitudes of the localities quoted are stated as
under, viz. :
Pozuzo, Peru . ; : : . 2,500 feet.
El Porvenir, Peru. A : . 3,000 feet.
Aqualani, Peru. : . 9,000 feet.
Songo, Bolivia ; c : . 6,500 feet.
Chulumani, Bolivia : : . 6,500 feet.
The examples described are in my own collection.
PTEROPHORIDAE.
Utiuca prometopa, n. sp.
3 2. 25-32 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, laterally tinged with
reddish-brown, with a strong conical horny frontal prominence
clothed with a very long conical tuft of scales (33). Palpi long,
ochreous-whitish irrorated with reddish-fuscous except towards apex.
Antennae ochreous-whitish lined with fuscous. Thorax ochreous-
whitish irrorated with reddish-fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous
more or less tinged or mixed with reddish-fuscous, with a lateral
white streak edged beneath with reddish-fuscous, Legs reddish-
fuscous, all tarsi white, anterior and middle tibiae white above.
Fore-wings cleft to %, first segment narrow, acute, second very
broad with pointed apex and obliquely rounded termen ; reddish-
brown becoming paler on posterior half, more or less sprinkled with
dark fuscous, especially anteriorly, and irregularly irrorated through-
out with whitish scales and strigulae ; cloudy round dark fuscous
dots in dise at 4 and 2, and another obliquely beyond and above
second : cilia pale brownish-ochreous mixed with reddish-fuscous,
round apex of wing suffused with dark reddish-fuscous. Hind-
wings grey, slightly reddish-tinged ; cilia light greyish-ochreous.
PERU, Aqualani, in July and December ; five specimens.
Specially characterised by the unusually long frontal tuft.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PaART I. (MAY)
14 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
EUCOSMIDAE.
Laspeyresia tetrasticta, n. sp.
d¢. 11-12 mm. Head rather dark fuscous, lower half of face
beneath a ridge of scales smooth, ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-
whitish tinged with grey externally, apex and anteriorly projecting
scales of second joint grey. Antennae, thorax, and abdomen dark
fuscous. Fore-wings moderate, posteriorly considerably dilated,
costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat,
oblique; dark fuscous, on posterior half with tips of scales pale
fuscous, so as to appear finely striated ; costa marked throughout
with pairs of short fine whitish strigulae, from which on basal half
proceed thick subconfluent dark bluish-purple striae, sharply angu-
lated in disc; two curved deep fuscous streaks from dorsum
indicating margins of a median blotch not paler than ground-colour,
faintly bisected; beyond this two strongly curved deep fuscous
striae, first irregular on dorsal half, and between these a thick deep
blue-leaden stria; three short blue-leaden strigulae from costa
posteriorly, and a mark beneath apex ; a series of four black dots
before lower portion of termen: cilia shining grey, with a purple
tinge. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia grey-whitish, with dark
fuscous basal line.
BouiviA, Songo; two specimens.
TORTRICIDAE.
Atteria cantharopa, n. sp.
" ©.29mm. Head orange, with dark grey central stripe. Palpi
very long, blackish, towards base suffused with orange. Antennae
blackish. Thorax orange, spotted with blackish (partly defaced).
Abdomen blackish-grey. Fore-wings elongate, costa moderately
arched, more strongly towards base, apex rounded, termen rounded,
rather oblique; 7 to about apex (indefinite); orange; markings
dark prismatic blue-green, edged with blue-black ; about six small
irregular spots towards base; two broad direct transverse fasciae
at } and beyond middle ; between these are four large dots, viz.
costal, subcostal, subdorsal, and dorsal; a large roundish blotch in
dise towards termen; a series of small semicircular spots or dots
round posterior third of costa and termen: cilia orange, with green-
blackish bars on marginal spots. Hind-wings orange; markings
dark fuscous; a patch along basal 2 of costa, connected with a
rounded spot in disc before middle, and confluent at base with an
irregular patch along dorsum and lower 2 of termen, enclosing near
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 15
base a small spot of ground-colour; a large spot on costa beyond
middle, and another in disc at #; a series of small spots round apex
and termen, those at end of series larger, first costal united with a
spot below it into a transverse mark ; cilia dark fuscous, spotted with
orange at base on the orange areas.
BoriviA, Chulumani, in December; one specimen. The
genus Cerace, Walk., is synonymous with Atteria.
Tortriz sphaleropa, n. sp.
6. 14-16. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous sprinkled with dark
reddish-fuscous ; palpi moderate, porrected, terminal joint very
short ; thorax with posterior crest. Antennae pale ochreous ringed
with dark grey, rather shortly ciliated. Abdomen rather dark grey,
anal tuft large, mixed with pale greyish-ochreous. Fore-wings sub-
oblong, costa towards base strongly arched, posteriorly somewhat
sinuate, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, slightly oblique, rounded
beneath ; ferruginous-ochreous, with a few dark fuscous or reddish-
fuscous strigulae on costa and dorsum ; markings deep ferruginous,
somewhat mixed with darksreddish-fuscous ; basal patch rather large,
formed of irregular subconfluent striae, outer edge obtusely angulated
below middle; central fascia moderately broad, irregular-edged,
dilated below middle and becoming undefined towards dorsum,
interrupted above middle, dark-marked below interruption ; costal
patch moderately large, semi-oval; an elongate-oval blotch with
posterior extremity touching middle of termen ; an irregular apical
spot : cilia ferruginous-ochreous, becoming dark fuscous at apex and
whitish-ochreous at tornus. Hind-wings dark grey, somewhat
lighter towards base: cilia pale grey, with dark grey basal line.
BouiviA, Songo; three specimens.
Tortrix xerophanes, n. sp.
d. 28mm. Head and thorax deep red-brown. Palpi moderate,
porrected, red-brown, terminal joint pale fuscous. Antennae fuscous,
flatly dentate, ciliations very short. Abdomen grey, anal tuft mixed
with whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, moderate, posteriorly
dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, rather
oblique ; ferruginous-ochreous ; a triangular dark red-brown basal
patch suffused with blackish, very narrow on dorsum but extending
to $ on costa ; from this a very regular thick dark red-brown streak
extends along fold and is bent upwards to terminate in a small
suffused dark grey spot in disc at 3; small irregular blackish spots
along costa ; three oblique ill-defined red-brown streaks or series of
16 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
spots from costa, first terminating in plical streak, second traversing
discal spot to tornus, third running to near termen above tornus ;
between second and third is a series of red-brown dots; terminal
area mixed with grey, towards costa with small scattered dark grey
and red-brown spots : cilia ferruginous-brownish somewhat mixed
with grey, with a grey basal line. Hind-wings pale grey, faintly
spotted with darker ; cilia whitish-grey, with a grey subbasal line.
Peru, Aqualani; one specimen.
Tortrix oreographa, n. sp.
?. 20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous irrorated with ©
whitish ; palpi moderately long, porrected ; thorax with a transverse
bar of blackish irroration, crest ferruginous-brown. Abdomen grey-
whitish irrorated with dark grey. Fore-wings elongate, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, somewhat
oblique ; whitish-brown tinged with ferruginous, posteriorly and on
margins with very small indistinct dark fuscous strigulae ; a slender
white line, thickest towards base, rising from base of dorsum and
running almost to costa at 2, thence angnlated and proceeding
slightly sinuate almost to tornus, both sections of this line followed
posteriorly by broad ferruginous-brown suffusion which is strongest
in disc: cilia grey sprinkled with white and mixed towards base
with ferruginous. Hind-wings grey, towards apex indistinctly
strigulated with darker: cilia ochreous-whitish.
Bouivia, Songo; one specimen.
Peronea bryographa, n. sp.
¢ 9. 29-33mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, irregularly mixed
with grey and dark grey ; palpi very long (4) ; thorax usually with
a more or less developed dark purple-reddish transverse bar.
Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate-oblong, costa
anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, unevenly roughened
with scales, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique ;
white, irregularly mixed with grey, with numerous small scattered
tufts of white scales ; often more or less irregular marks of prismatic
light emerald-green scales about these, especially in upper part of
disc ; seven or eight irregular bent transverse strigae more or less
indicated by irregularly placed blackish marks, but these are very
variable ; sometimes a triangular purple-grey blotch much marked
with black on dorsum before middle, a large tuft in this sometimes
ochreous; sometimes an irregular broken longitudinal series of dark
purple-reddish marks below middle from beyond this tuft to near
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 17
termen ; cilia whitish sprinkled with grey, on basal half more or less
barred with grey. Hind-wings very pale shining greyish-ochreous,
more whitish-ochreous towards base, greyer towards apex: cilia
whitish, with one or two ochreous-grey shades.
Peru, Aqualani; ten specimens. This large and ele-
gantly coloured species is very variable; it is allied to
chiriquitana, Z. I follow Prof. Fernald in resuming the
use of the generic name Peronea, Curt. to supersede
Acalla, Oxygrapha, and Teras.
COSMOPTERYGIDAE.
I have come to the conclusion that the family L/achis-
tidae as formerly understood by myself is heterogeneous,
and includes forms of various origin. I use the family
name Cosmopterygidae to include those genera with long
sickle-shaped palpi, fore-wings with veins 7 and 8 stalked,
7 to costa, hind-wings lanceolate or linear, with veins 2-5
separate, nearly parallel, 3 from before angle of cell, 6 and
7 more or less approximated towards base. Characteristic
genera of this family are Cosmopteryx, Stagmatophora,
Limnoecia, and Mompha; but Hlachista itself does not
belong here. I regard the family as a development of
the Occophoridae, and believe I have a complete series of
transitional forms.
Zaratha mesonyctia, a. sp.
3 2- 17-19 mm. Head purple-grey, sides of crown pale yellowish.
Palpi ochreous-yellow, second joint suffused with fuscous anteriorly
except at apex, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous.
Antennae dark grey, with a white subapical band, anteriorly with a
suffused ochreous-yellow streak towards base. Thorax dark purplish-
fuscous, with a yellowish line on each side of back. Abdomen dark
purplish-fuscous, beneath in ¢ ochreous-yellowish banded with
white, in 2 ochreous-white. Legs dark purplish-fuscous, beneath
streaked with ochreous-yellow and white, anterior and middle tibiae
banded with yellow, anterior tarsi with joints 3, 4 white, middle
tarsi with joints 3-5 white, posterior tarsi with first joint suffused
with yellowish towards base, joints 3-5 wholly white. Fore-wings
extremely narrow, parallel-sided, short-pointed, apex round-pointed ;
dark purplish-fuscous, apical third lighter, central third suffused
with blackish except towards costa; a lighter fuscous patch extending
over dorsal half of basal third, marked above with a pale yellowish
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) C
18 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
streak, and edged above by a bluish-metallic line ; a median blue-
metallic line from 2 of disc to apex and a shorter subdorsal line
beneath it, beneath each of these is a suffused pale yellowish streak
towards termen ; a pale yellowish streak along apical portion of
costa: cilia dark fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.
BOLiviA, Songo ; four specimens.
Promalactis platyxantha, n. sp.
3 @. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Palpi
white lined with black. Antennae white lined with black, ciliations
in ¢ 1. Abdomen grey. Fore-wings elongate, very narrow, costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely
rounded : dark fuscous; a very broad ochreous-yellow transverse
band, extending from about 4 to ?, its margins nearly direct, some-
what irregular, edged with pale shining golden-metallic, costal edge
and a dorsal mark near its posterior margin dark fuscous, partially
edged with pale golden-metallic ; two or three whitish marginal
dots round apex: cilia dark fuscous. Hind-wings rather dark grey,
lighter towards base ; cilia grey.
BouiviA, Songo ; three specimens.
GELECHIADAE.
Tinaegeria trabeata, 0. sp.
¢. 17 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax very dark prismatic
bronzy-fuscous; antennae with a white subapical patch, ciliations
2; thorax on each side with an ochreous-brownish stripe crossing an
oblique crimson stripe from shoulder. Abdomen crimson, with
broad dorsal and narrow lateral dark fuscous stripes, apical tuft
fuscous above, yellowish beneath. Fore-wings elongate, very
narrow, slightly dilated, costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly gently
arched, apex somewhat pointed, termen faintly sinuate, rather
strongly oblique; very dark bronzy-fuscous; cilia concolorous.
Hind-wings dark bronzy-fuscous, with a hyaline patch occupying
dorsal half from base to beyond middle, except dark fuscous veins;
cilia dark fuscous.
BoLiviA, Songo ; one specimen.
CoMMATICA, 0. g.
Head smooth ; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae j,
basal joint elongate, slender, without pecten. Labial palpi long,
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 19
recurved, second joint thickened with scales, somewhat roughly ex-
panded towards apex above, terminal joint as long as second, slender,
acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae clothed with
hairs above. Fore-wings with 2 from near angle, 7 to costa, 8 absent,
11 from middle. Hind-wings 1, trapezoidal, apex produced, acute,
termen obliquely emarginate, cilia 1; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat
approximated, 6 and 7 remote at base, rather diverging.
Commatica erenna, n. sp.
?.10mm. T[ead, antennae, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous,
face and palpi grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa moderately
arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; very dark
fuscous ; an almost marginal series of white specks round posterior
sixth of costa and termen : cilia fuscous mixed with darker, with a
subbasal blackish shade followed by a paler shade, with a white
wedge-shaped mark on costal extremity of submarginal series of
specks. Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter towards base; cilia
fuscous.
BOLivia, Songo ; one specimen.
TDIOCRATES, n.g.
Head with appressed hairs; ocelli present; tongue developed.
Antennae over 1, basal joint elongate, slender. Labial palpi very
long, recurved, second joint with dense appressed scales, somewhat
loose beneath, terminal joint much longer than second, slender,
acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue.
Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore-wings with 2 and 3 curved,
parallel, 2 from near angle, 3 from angle, 4 straight, 5 and 6 closely
approximated for some distance towards base, diverging posteriorly,
5 to apex, 7 absent, 8-10 parallel, 11 from rather before middle.
Hind-wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal-ovate, cilia 4; 3 and 4 connate,
5 absent, 6 and 7 parallel.
Allied to the following genus, of which it is a specialised
development.
Idiocrates balanitis, v. sp.
2.16 mm. Head whity-brownish, face white. Palpi white, a
subapical ring of second joint, and subbasal and median rings of
terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae whitish, towards base and
apex tinged with brownish. Thorax pale brownish, with an oblique
dark fuscous bar on each side of back behind collar, Abdomen
fuscous, beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, rather
CaZ
20 Mr, E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
narrow, costa anteriorly gently arched, behind middle somewhat
sinuate, apex rounded, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ;
light bronzy-brownish; an oblique dark fuscous spot on base of
costa, nearly followed by a similar larger spot; beyond this an
oblique white patch on costa reaching to 4 and separated posteriorly
by a dark fuscous strigula from an oblique white strigula followed
by a dark fuscous patch suffused posteriorly ; beneath the white
strigula is some yellowish suffusion ; from between the first two
dark costal spots proceeds an oblique irregular-dentate pale partly
whitish-tinged line to near dorsum, basal space before this mixed
with dark fuscous, with a dark fuscous spot on dorsum ; a thick
irregular dark fuscous longitudinal streak from beyond this above
middle of disc to 4, cut by a curved whitish line about middle and
another at %, and limited posteriorly by a deeply curved-dentate
white line causing its extremity to be furcate ; an elongate dark
fuscous spot on fold before middle, edged with whitish posteriorly ;
apical fifth of wing shining silvery-metallic, including a transverse
dark fuscous spot beneath costa, below which is a yellowish-white
ring resting on lower part of termen but incomplete anteriorly ;
a yellowish-white line round posterior part of costa and termen :
cilia pale brownish, tips whitish, round apex with a dark fuscous
basal shade. Hind-wings fuscous; cilia whitish-fuscous, with a
fuscous subbasal shade.
BOLiviA, Songo; one specimen.
PSITTACASTIS, n. g.
Head with appressed hairs; ocelli present ; tongue developed.
Antennae almost 1, in ¢ serrate, very shortly ciliated, basal joint
elongate. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint with
dense appressed scales, terminal joint longer than second, moderate,
pointed. Maxillary palpi short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Pos-
terior tibiae clothed with hairs above. Fore-wings with 1b rather
short-furcate, 2 and 3 curved, 2 from near angle, 3 from angle, 4
straight, 5 diverging, 7 and 8 stalked or coincident (ewrychrysa), 7 to
costa, 11 from before middle. Hind-wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal-
ovate, cilia }; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7
remote, rather diverging posteriorly.
Type P. trierica, Meyr. Allied to Jdiophantis, Meyr.,
which it resembles in the peculiar terminal excavation of
the fore-wings ; in Jdiocrates this acquired character has
been again lost, but with some resulting distortion or
displacement of the apex of wing.
Micvo-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 21
Psittacastis trierica, n. sp.
go 2. 14-16 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, with central fuscous
or dark fuscous streak on crown, lower half of face white. Palpi
whitish, second joint with three well-marked dark fuscous bands,
terminal joint pale ochreous with two faint fuscous bands, tip white.
Antennae dark grey ringed with whitish. Thorax light ochreous-
brownish, anteriorly with a dorsal stripe and basal spot on patagia
dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish-ochreous. Fore-
wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex forming a
narrow falcate prominence above a deep abrupt oblique excavation
separating it from a shorter moderately broad rounded tornal promi-
nence ; ochreous-brown, paler and whitish-sprinkled towards dor-
sum ; an oblique triangular spot of dark fuscous suffusion on base
of dorsum, edged with whitish suffusion ; a straight oblique streak
composed of two ochreous-whitish lines separated by grey suffusion,
running from 4 of costa to middle of dorsum ; a trapezoidal white
spot on costa before middle, beneath suffused with whitish-ochreous ;
below this isa patch of dark grey suffusion containing a whitish-
ochreous ring centred with dark fuscous ; two oblique white costal
strigulae beyond middle, first giving rise to a very oblique bluish-
leaden-metallic line dilated downwards, surrounded with orange-
ferruginous suffusion, and terminating in a suffused white spot which
almost reaches terminal indentation, second strigula finely black-
edged posteriorly and soon running into this line; an oval leaden-
metallic spot in dise at 2, followed by a spot of ochreous-white
suffusion ; tornal area indistinctly streaked longitudinally with
white and blackish irroration ; a white spot occupying tornal promi-
nence, centred with a black dot ; apical prominence whitish-ochreous,
separated by a dark fuscous spot from an inwardly oblique ochreous-
whitish costal strigula, costa between this and the preceding strigulae
suffused with dark fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with a subbasal
line of dark fuscous irroration, Hind-wings grey, darker posteriorly ;
cilia grey.
Bo.iviA, Songo; three specimens.
Psittacastis gaulica, n. sp.
@. 17-18 mm. Head whity-brownish, forehead suffused with
violet-grey, lower part of face whitish. Palpi pale ochreous, second
joint whitish towards base, with two indistinct fuscous bands,
terminal joint with two indistinct fuscous bands. Antennae pale
ochreous suffusedly ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax pale ochreous
suffusedly mixed with fuscous or dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous more or less suffused with grey. Fore-wings elongate, costa
22 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
gently arched, apex forming a rather narrow faleate prominence
above a deep abrupt oblique excavation separating it from a shorter
moderately broad rounded tornal prominence; bronzy-ochreous-
brown, mostly concealed by mixed white and dark fuscous suffusion,
indicating various irregular but very undefined markings; a white
trapezoidal blotch on costa before middle, outer edge very oblique,
margined by a leaden-metallic streak ; beyond this two very oblique
parallel streaks from costa, separated from it and from each other by
fulvous interspaces, first violet-leaden-metallic, white on costa, black-
edged posteriorly, dilated downwards, terminating in an elongate-
oval violet-leaden-metallic spot in disc, second white, terminating in
same spot ; an inwardly oblique white strigula from costa midway
between this and apex; a thick excurved pale bronzy-metallic
transverse streak close before lower part of termen, its upper end
preceded by a triangular blackish spot, terminal area beyond this
white containing a black mark at base of indentation and another
between this and apex of tornal prominence, terminal edge dark
fuscous with a short projection between these two black marks :
cilia whitish-ochreous, more ochreous-tinged in indentation, with
two dark fuscous cloudy lines. Hind-wings and cilia grey.
Bo.iviA, Songo; three specimens. At first sight very
similar to the preceding, and the complex details of mark- »
ing are troublesome to compare, but the differently marked
second joint of palpi is an easy distinction.
Psittacastis eurychrysa, n. sp.
¢?.9-10 mm. Head bright shining bronze, face shining
whitish-ochreous. Palpi more slender than in the other species, light
yellowish, terminal joint lined with blackish. Antennae blackish,
with broad white subapical band. Thorax bright shining bronze,
patagia orange except shoulder. Abdomen dark fuscous, apex
mixed with yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, costa gently arched,
apex shortly triangular-faleate above an abrupt deep concavity,
termen beneath this rounded-prominent ; 7 and 8 coincident ;
blackish, suffused with deep bronzy except towards costa ; a purple-
golden subbasal fascia, diluted dorsally so as to reach base; a
moderate slightly curved purple-golden fascia somewhat before
middle, followed by an orange band which is broadest in middle
and contracted so as to leave a narrow spot of ground-colour between
them towards costa, outer edge of this band strongly curved; an
orange streak along costa from near beyond this band to apex ;
terminal and tornal area beyond this band wholly purple-golden-
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 23
metallic : cilia dark fuscous, round apex whitish, with dark fuscous
lines (imperfect). Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.
Botivi, Songo; four specimens.
Strobisia porphyraspis, n. sp.
6. 11mm. Head shining prismatic-bronze. Palpi whitish, ter-
minal joint dark giey anteriorly. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax
dark purplish-bronze. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs dark bronzy-
fuscous ringed with white. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow,
posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa subsinuate, apex obtuse, termen
sinuate, little oblique; 2 and 3 coincident, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
apex ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; markings brilliant blue-metailic, with
green and purple iridescence ; a spot on base of costa ; an angulated
transverse line at 4, not reaching dorsum ; a slightly curved entire
transverse line slightly before middle ; two transverse linear marks
in disc beyond middle, rather converging upwards, and a dot on fold
beneath them ; an inwardly oblique mark from costa at 3; a large
bright purple patch on lower part of termen, extending from tornus
to above middle: cilia dark fuscous, round apex whitish with a
broad dark fuscous shade (imperfect). Hind-wings and cilia dark
fuscous.
BOLIVIA, Songo; one specimen.
Trichotaphe serena, n. sp.
Q.17mm. Head and thorax brown, shoulders paler and yellowish-
tinged. Palpi yellowish-brown, hairs of second joint yellow-whitish
towards tips. Antennae brownish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous.
Abdomen blackish-grey. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, somewhat
dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen
slightly sinuate, rather oblique ; on undersurface a pecten of hairs
beneath vein 1c on basal half; yellowish-brown, costal edge some-
times pale yellowish ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical obliquely beyond
first discal, second discal larger and indistinctly edged with pale
yellowish ; some indistinct pale yellowish dots on posterior part of
costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous suffused with brownish
towards base. Hind-wings blackish-grey ; cilia grey, lighter towards
tips.
BoLivia, Songo; three specimens.
OECOPHORIDAE.
Doleromima cyanaspis, n. sp.
6. 23-24 mm. Head blue-blackish, with orange central stripe.
24 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Deseriptions of
Palpi blue-black, second joint very long, terminal 2 of second. An-
tennae dark purple-fuscous, ciliations short, thin, becoming moderate
(1) towards base. Thorax blue-blackish, patagia orange, tips purple.
Abdomen dark purple-fuscous. Fore-wings oblong, costa anteriorly
rather strongly, posteriorly gently arched, apex rounded, termen
rounded, rather oblique ; bright deep orange ; two deep blue oblique
fasciae edged with purple, not quite reaching dorsal edge, first
moderate, near base, second broad, median, expanded in dise so that
posterior edge is convex ; a series of longitudinal purple-black marks
terminating in posterior third of costa and termen, becoming shorter
towards ends of series: cilia orange, towards tornus blackish. Hind-
wings deep orange ; an irregular-edged purple-blackish blotch oceu-
pying basal half; a row of black subquadrate spots round apex
and termen; cilia orange, round lower 2 of termen and dorsum
blackish.
Peru, El Porvenir, in October; two specimens.
GonIoNnotTa, Zell.
Head with dense loosely appressed hairs, projecting on forehead
in a rough tuft; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antennae ¢, in
¢ shortly ciliated (4). towards base more strongly (nearly 1), basal
joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long,
recurved, second joint considerably exceeding base of antennae,
thickened with dense scales, sometimes more or less roughly ex-
panded above, terminal joint much shorter than second, with dense
scales more or less expanded or forming a median projection
posteriorly, acute. Maxillary palpi short, filiform, drooping. Thorax
crested. Posterior tibiae clothed with rough hairs above. Fore-
wings with 1b furcate, 2 from near angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
termen, 11 from middle. Hind-wings 1, ovate, cilia {-}; 3 and 4
connate, 5-7 parallel.
I give the characters of this genus, which was incom-
pletely described by Zeller, who regarded it as a group of
Hunpercallia, from which it is in fact very distinct, the
resemblance being only superficial. It is most allied to
the Australian genera Hnchocrates and Thudaca, and pro-
bably also to the New Zealand Jzatha. I am of opinion
that Brachyplatea, Zell., and Agriocoma, Zell., are merely
synonyms of it. I am informed by Mr. A. Busck that
the typical species of Gonionota, G. notodontella, Zell.,
has vein 9 of fore-wings rising from stalk of 7 and 8, a
character which does not occur in any of the following
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 25
species, but even if this is found to be specifically con-
stant, I shall not regard it here as requiring generic
separation, the agreement in all other characters being
so close.
Gonionota isophylla, n. sp.
¢@.22mm, Head rosy-whitish mixed with pale yellowish. Palpi
light rosy sprinkled with grey, second joint above with rough
expanded hairs towards apex, mixed with blackish-grey near apex,
terminal joint half second, with moderate rough median scale-
projection posteriorly, and blackish-grey median band, tip whitish.
Antennae grey, suffused with rosy towards base. Thorax yellowish-
crimson. Abdomen pale grey. Fore-wings elongate, costa strongly
and evenly arched, apex rounded, termen rather obliquely rounded ;
yellowish-crimson-rosy ; extreme costal edge white ; a broad suffused
light yellow patch extending along costa from before middle to near
apex, indistinctly spotted with pale fuscous suffusion ; two or three
very undefined black dots on termen beneath apex : cilia yellowish-
rosy, on costa white. Hind-wings light reddish-grey ; cilia grey-
whitish tinged with reddish.
Peru, Huancabamba; one specimen.
Gonionota comastis, n. sp.
d.24 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax crimson-red mixed with
yellow ; palpi with second joint expanded with scales towards apex
above, sprinkled with purplish-fuscuos, terminal joint little more
than half second, with short rough projecting scales towards base
anteriorly (normal posterior scale-projection probably abraded), apex
yellow. Antennae fuscous sprinkled with crimson, beneath pale
ochreous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings suboblong,
somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa anteriorly moderately, pos-
teriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, nearly
vertical ; bright deep yellow, broadly and suffusedly reticulated
with crimson-red, becoming confluent towards margins; some small
irregular scattered fuscous spots on anterior half; costal edge
fuscous, interrupted with white before middle, and by a small
triangular white spot at 2; a fuscous streak from middle of costa
to 4 of dorsum, preceded by a small oblique white spot in disc,
partially edged anteriorly with dark fuscous; a curved linear dark
fuscous mark representing second discal stigma; some fuscous
suffusion round white costal spot, whence proceed two rather curved
rows of cloudy dark fuscous dots to before tornus ; some purplish-
fuscous suffusion along termen : cilia fuscous, towards tips whitish
26 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
on termen. Hind-wings yellow-whitish, towards costa whiter ;
posterior half suffused with light rosy-grey, more rosy anteriorly,
greyer towards apex ; cilia whitish, with a cloudy grey shade.
PrERu, Huancabamba; one specimen.
Gonionota alecandra, n. sp.
g. 18-20 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, hairs of crown suffused
with brown. Palpi reddish-fuscous, second joint clothed above
with long dense projecting scales on apical %, terminal joint with
moderately strong posterior scale-projection, apex white. Antennae
whitish - ochreous. Thorax reddish -ochreous- brown. Abdomen
reddish-fuscous, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate,
moderate, costa anteriorly moderately arched, sinuate beyond middle,
apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique ; brown, more or less
largely suffused with light rosy-carmine ; a suffused dark reddish-
fuscous streak from base above middle to middle of costa, marked
with a more or less distinct short pale ochreous-yellowish line from
base and an ochreous-yellow oblique dash at 2, costal extremity
whitish-edged anteriorly; beneath this dash are two round white
dots longitudinally placed in disc, second somewhat lower and
larger ; costal sinuation beyond dark streak marked with a wedge-
shaped white spot, separated from it beneath by a suffused yellow
spot; beyond this are two approximated inwardly oblique dark
reddish-fuscous marks on costa; a dark reddish-fuscous streak
along basal 2 of dorsum, thickest in middle, attenuated posteriorly ;
an oblique dark fuscous mark crossing subdorsal area at }; suffused
dark reddish-fuscous streaks along posterior half of submedian fold,
posterior portion of lower margin of cell, and veins 2 and 3; an
undefined triangular blotch covering veins 4-7 suffused with rather
dark brown: cilia rather dark brown, darker round apex, on
termen barred with ochreous-whitish. Hind-wings and cilia fuscous
irrorated with dark fuscous.
PERv, Pozuzo ; three specimens.
Gontonota teganitis, n. sp.
6 ?- 17-18 mm. Head ochreous-brown. Palpi ferruginous-
brown sprinkled with whitish and dark brown, second joint with
scales rather expanded above towards apex, terminal joint with
moderate scale-projection, base and apex whitish. Antennae
brownish, obscurely whitish-ringed. Thorax ferruginous-brown,
with strong triangular crest. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-wings
suboblong, rather short and broad, costa rather strongly arched,
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 27
shortly sinuate beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight,
almost vertical, rounded beneath ; dark reddish-brown ; costal edge
dull reddish on basal 2; a very small carmine-white mark on costa
at 2, extreme costal edge between this and sinuation dark fuscous ; a
wedgeshaped white spot on costal sinuation, edged anteriorly with
carmine-red : cilia dark red-brown, at apex and towards tornus
suffused with dark fuscous, tips for some distance on each side of
apex white. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia whitish, basal half more
or less suffused with dark grey, round dorsum and tornus wholly
grey.
PERU, Pozuzo ; five specimens.
Gonionota phocodes, n. sp.
g. 16 mm. Head ferruginous-brown sprinkled with whitish-
ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous mixed with ferruginous-brown
and sprinkled with dark fuscous, second joint with appressed scales,
terminal joint with moderately strong expansible scale-projection.
Antennae greyish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous, towards base
ferruginous-tinged. Thorax ferruginous-brown, with triangular
crest, beneath white. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath white. Fore-
wings oblong, rather broad, costa strongly arched anteriorly, nearly
straight posteriorly, abruptly and deeply notched at 3, apex obtuse,
termen slightly sinuate, little oblique ; purplish-ferruginous-brown ;
some undefined fine whitish-ochreous irroration, especially towards
costa anteriorly, and on a rather broad fascia from before middle of
costa to tornus: cilia dark ferruginous-brown. Hind-wings dark
fuscous, lighter anteriorly ; cilia fuscous, basal half suffused with
dark fuscous ; undersurface yellowish except towards costa and apex.
PERU, Pozuzo; one specimen.
Gonionota incisa, Nn. sp.
dg. 18-19mm. Head dark purplish-fuscous finely irrorated with
whitish-yellowish. Palpi brownish more or less sprinkled with
whitish, an apical ring of second joint and median band of terminal
joint dark fuscous, terminal joint with strong median scale-projec-
tion. Antennae pale greyish-ochreous dotted with dark fuscous,
towards base yellowish-tinged. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous,
' external edge of patagia whitish-yellowish, beneath white. Abdomen
rather dark fuscous, beneath white. Fore-wings broad, oblong, costa
strongly arched on anterior half, at } with an abrupt deep narrow
notch, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, almost vertical, rounded
beneath, cilia projecting at apex and suddenly shorter beneath it so
28 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
as to appear rather strongly sinuate ; dark purplish-fuscous, some-
what mixed with deep ferruginous ; some irregular partly confluent
striae on anterior half of wing, two lines along posterior part of fold,
and an almost terminal stria formed by undefined whitish-yellowish
irroration : cilia dark purplish-fuscous mixed with deep ferruginous,
tips yellow-whitish. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia ochreous-grey-
whitish, basal half dark grey.
Bo.ivia, Songo; three specimens. The curious notch
in costa of fore-wings of this and preceding species is
unlike anything else known to me.
Gonionota saulopis, n. sp.
d. 22-23 mm. Head orange-yellow, sides ferruginous-brown.
Palpi orange, second joint and median band of terminal joint
irrorated with dark ferruginous-brown. Antennae fuscous. Thorax
deep yellow mixed with orange-red, patagia and a transverse median
band dark brown. Abdomen white. Fore-wings broad, oblong,
costa very strongly arched on anterior half, sinuate beyond middle,
apex rounded, termen rounded, nearly vertical ; dark ferruginous-
brown, with irregular transverse paler striae slightly irrorated with
whitish, interspaces usually more or less mixed with blackish-grey
except towards costa; a slightly paler curved transverse band before
middle, irrorated with white and pale rosy towards costa; towards
posterior 2 of costa the striae become white, partly tinged with pale
rosy ; first discal stigma blackish, distinct, preceded by a small
blackish dot obliquely above it, second dark grey, indistinct : cilia
dark ferruginous-brown, towards tornus paler and mixed with grey,
at base with blackish-grey. Hind-wings white; a dark fuscous
apical blotch covering 2 of wing, anterior edge straight ; cilia white,
round apical blotch dark grey except at tips.
Peru, Pozuzo; Bottvia, Songo ; seventeen specimens.
STENOMIDAE.
ORPHNOLECHIA, 0. g.
Head with appressed scales; ocelli small; tongue developed.
Antennae §, in ¢ rather strongly ciliated (2}-3), basal joint moderate,
without pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved, with appressed scales,
terminal joint somewhat shorter than second, acute. Maxillary
palpi short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae with
tolerably appressed scales. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 and 3
stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from about middle. Hind-wings somewhat
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 29
over 1, trapezoidal-ovate, cilia 2; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 6 and
7 stalked.
Type 0. erypsiphragma.
Orphnolechia erypsiphragma, n. sp.
gd. 13mm. Head and thorax dark grey, face white. Palpi dark
fuscous, sprinkled with whitish, Antennae and abdomen dark
fuscous. Fore-wings suboblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched,
apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; dark fuscous
sprinkled with grey-whitish ; stigmata round, moderate, blackish,
plical somewhat beyond first discal ; a small irregular white spot on
costa before middle, and one on dorsum beyond middle ; cloudy
whitish dots below plical stigma, and above and below second discal ;
costal edge at 3, and some scattered scales beneath it white ; a nearly
straight blackish line from costa beyond this to termen above tornus ;
an interrupted blackish line round apical portion of costa and
termen, preceded by two or three minute cloudy whitish dots : cilia
grey, with interrupted dark grey antemedian shade, tips towards
middle of termen more whitish. Hind-wings dark bronzy-fuscous ;
cilia grey, basal half dark fuscous.
BoLivia, Songo ; one specimen.
Orphnolechia chionogramma, n. sp.
gd. 12 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-grey, face white.
Palpi grey, suffusedly irrorated with white. Antennae and
abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, moderate, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; dark
fuscous, slightly bronzy-tinged ; a slightly curved white line from
middle of costa to dorsum beyond middle ; a transverse streak of
scattered white irroration before termen: cilia grey, with a dark
grey line, at apex with a white patch somewhat produced at base
along termen. Hind-wings dark bronzy-fuscous, lighter towards
base ; cilia grey, with dark grey basal shade, on costa abruptly white.
Bo.tiviA, Songo ; one specimen.
THIOSCELIS, n. g.
Head with appressed hairs; ocelli small; tongue developed.
Antennae 3,in ¢ moderately ciliated (1), basal joint stout, densely
sealed. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint much
thickened with dense tolerably appressed scales, terminal joint as
long as second, densely scaled, pointed. Maxillary palpi very short,
filiform. Thorax densely hairy beneath. Anterior legs short, tibiae
30 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
much dilated with dense rough hairs, tarsi thickened with dense
scales ; middle legs normal, tibiae clothed with dense rough hairs ;
posterior legs greatly elongated, thrice as long as abdomen, stout,
tibiae very long, densely rough-haired above and beneath, tarsi
longer than tibiae, thickened with rough scales above throughout,
somewhat tufted towards apex. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2-5
approximated at base, 6-9 approximated at base, 7 to termen, 11
from middle. Hind-wings over 1, trapezoidal-ovate, cilia $; 3 and
4 connate, 5 closely approximated, 6 and 7 closely approximated
towards base.
Thioscelis directria, 0. sp.
¢. 62-63 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale whitish-fuscous;
palpi externally tinged with ochreous-yellowish, second joint blackish
externally on basal half, terminal joint anteriorly more fuscous ;
thorax white beneath. Antennae fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-
yellow, beneath white. Legs ochreous, femora white, middle tibiae
white, ochreous-yellow above towards base, posterior tibiae ochreous-
orange above, white beneath, separated by a dark fuscous lateral line,
middle and posterior tarsi mostly suffused with dark fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa almost
straight, apex obtuse, termen straight, vertical, rounded beneath ;
light fuscous, paler and whitish-tinged towards costa anteriorly ;
costal edge ochreous-brown; some ill-defined small blackish spots
towards costa on median third, and two or three somewhat larger
before apex of wing, a subterminal series of several very undefined
blackish dots on costal half of wing ; a series of undefined blackish
dots or marks along termen: cilia pale ochreous tinged with fuscous.
Hind-wings light or rather dark fuscous, more or less yellow-tinged
towards costa posteriorly ; cilia light ochreous-orange.
Peru, Pozuzo and El Porvenir; two specimens. A
singular insect ; the actual length of posterior leg is, femur
3 mm., tibia 14 mm., tarsus 24 mm.; total 41 mm.
Antacotricha glaciata, n. sp.
¢. 27-29 mm. Head pale bronzy-grey, posteriorly whitish-
tinged. Palpi white, second joint externally whitish-ochreous,
suffused with grey towards upper surface and apex, terminal joint
with grey basal band. Antennae grey, basal joint white beneath.
Thorax pale whitish-ochreous-grey. Abdomen grey, beneath
ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique ;
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru, 31
ochreous-grey ; basal area suffused with whitish, with costa and
three cloudy oblique costal streaks grey, and a longitudinal median
series of four blackish dots; costal area from 4 to apex broadly
white, covering nearly half of wing, including oblique series from
costa of two grey spots before middle, and three dark grey dots
beyond middle ; remainder of dorsal area streaked with blackish
and white irroration on veins, its anterior portion forming an
irregular area enclosed by dark fuscous suffusion and terminating
above in a small blackish tuft, and marked beyond middle by a
small white discal spot followed by two more indistinct transversely
placed whitish spots, and crossed by an erect transverse streak of
dark fuscous suffusion from tornus; an interrupted waved white
line on lower part of termen: three or four fuscous marginal dots
round apex: cilia pale brownish, with a darker fuscous basal shade,
round costa and apex white. Hind-wings rather dark grey; a
narrow streak of white suffusion along costa to apex ; cilia pale grey
with darker grey basal shade, round costa and apex white.
BotiviA, Songo; three specimens.
Antacotricha melanopis, n. sp.
6.36 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi densely scaled, grey,
second joint white towards base beneath, terminal joint white, base
greyish-tinged. Antennae grey, ciliations 1}. Thorax grey-
whitish, with two small indistinct grey dorsal spots. Abdomen
whitish-fuscous, beneath white. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow,
somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,
termen nearly straight, rather oblique ; white, somewhat mixed
irregularly with fuscous and sprinkled finely with blackish ; costal
edge fuscous, extreme edge white except towards base; dorsal scale-
projection tipped with fuscous ; a cloudy fuscous spot on base of
costa ; two indistinct fuscous lines represented by small cloudy dark
fuscous spots on costa at + and middle, and on dorsum at middle
and } respectively, but nearly obsolete in disc ; second discal stigma
rather large, black, transverse ; a curved fuscous line from a spot on
costa at $ to tornus; a suffused rather dark fuscous spot on costa
before apex: cilia whitish, with two fuscous shades. Hind-wings
fuscous ; costal hairpencil whitish ; cilia fuscous with rows of
whitish points.
PERU, Huancabamba ; one specimen.
Stenoma columbaris, vu. sp.
$- 28 mm. Head whitish. Palpi white, second joint dark
f uscous above towards base, terminal joint slender, as long as second,
32 Mr. EK. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
grey anteriorly except towards base. Antennae grey, ciliations 2.
Thorax pale grey, collar whitish. Abdomen light grey, beneath
ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly rather dilated,
costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded,
little oblique; fuscous suffused with whitish, appearing whitish-
fuscous ; extreme costal edge ochreous-white ; stigmata dark fuscous,
discal remote, connected by a suffused ochreous-whitish streak,
plical obliquely beyond first discal ; two dark fuscous dots towards
costa, first above plical stigma, second beyond middle ; some fuscous
suffusion towards dorsum in middle; an indistinct irregularly
dentate fuscous line from costa beyond middle to 3 of dorsum ; a
curved line of dark fuscous dots from 3 of costa to dorsum before
tornus, indented near costa ; a series of dark fuscous dots round apical
fourth of costa and termen : cilia whitish, indistinctly barred with
fuscous. Hind-wings rather light fuscous, darker towards apex ; cilia
ochreous-whitish.
Peru, Huancabamba ; one specimen.
Stenoma tritypa, n. sp.
d. 25-28 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, face forming a cavity
clothed with blackish scales and surrounded above by a raised
rounded ring. Palpi considerably thickened with dense scales,
whitish, basal joint dark fuscous, second joint with basal 3 dark
fuscous externally, above with a tuft of black hairs from base,
terminal joint 2 of second, with basal and subapical grey spots.
Antennae fuscous, beneath ochreous, ciliations 21. Thorax ochreous-
grey-whitish, tinged with greenish. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-
whitish. Fore-wings oblong, costa slightly arched, apex rounded,
termen rounded, little oblique ; ochreous-whitish ; basal area tinged
with olive-greenish ; three blackish costal spots, first at 4, small, second
before middle, moderate, subtriangular, third at 3, larger, transverse ;
more or less indistinct pale olive-greenish clouding in disc before
middle, and towards middle of dorsum ; an outwards-curved olive-
greenish streak from second costal spot to tornus, upper portion
broken into spots ; a greenish-fuscous transverse discal mark near
before this, preceded by a tuft of raised scales ; an oblique olive-
greenish line from third costal spot reaching half across wing; a
series of subconfluent small greenish-fuscous spots near before
termen ; a terminal series of rather dark fuscous lunulate marks:
cilia whitish, basal half suffused with pale yellowish. Hind-wings
grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with grey subbasal shade, base yellowish-
tinged.
Peru, Pozuzo ; two specimens.
Micro-Lepidoptera from Boliwia and Peru 30
Stenoma monastra, 0. sp.
¢ 28 mm. Head ochreous-whitish suffused above with light
fuscous. Palpi thickened with dense scales, fuscous-whitish, second
joint with lower ? externally dark fuscous, terminal joint 3 of
second, base and a subapical suffused ring dark fuscous. Antennae
fuscous, ciliations 14. Thorax fuscous mixed with paler. Abdomen
dark fuscous, beneath ochreous-white. Fore-wings elongate, pos-
teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded,
slightly oblique ; fuscous suffused with brown, especially towards
middle of disc ; three indistinct darker fuscous transverse series of
cloudy dots starting from small distinct spots on costa, first curved
outwards above fold and inwards below it, preceded by pale raised
scales in disc, second at first very oblique outwards, strongly curved
in dise, obsolete towards dorsum, third curved outwards on upper half,
forming a straight shade on lower half ; a clear round white discal
dot at 2, partially edged with dark fuscous, and connected with
first line by a longitudinal suffused dark fuscous bar; a very
undefined sinuate subterminal line indicated by slight whitish
suffusion and edged posteriorly with darker suffusion; some slight
whitish suffusion towards apex ; a terminal series of dark fuscous
marks: cilia fuscous, towards tips mixed with whitish. Hind-wings
dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, tips whitish-sprinkled ; undersurface
suffused with white except towards costa posteriorly and apical
area.
PERU, Pozuzo; one specimen.
Stenoma epophrysta, n. sp.
¢.23 mm. Head pale whitish-ochreous, crown mixed with
brownish and dark grey. Palpi densely scaled, ochreous-whitish
mixed with fuscous, lower 2 of second joint, and base and subapical
ring of terminal joint dark fuscous, terminal joint 2 of second.
Antennae fuscous, ciliations 2. Thorax whitish-ochreous mixed
with brownish-ochreous. Abdomen dark grey, beneath ochreous-
white. Fore-wings oblong, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
termen rounded, little oblique; whitish-ochreous suffused with pale
brownish-ochreous ; a dark fuscous spot on costa at 1, whence pro-
ceeds an irregular-dentate fuscous line to 2 of dorsum, preceded in
disc by raised scales: a large dark brown transverse blotch resting on
middle of costaand reaching to near dorsum before tornus, connected
by a brown cloud in disc with preceding line; a curved-angulated
transverse series of dark fuscous dots parallel to posterior edge of
this, forming a dark fuscous spot on costa, and followed by a brown
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) D
34 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
shade enlarged on lower half into a rounded dark brown tornal
blotch; a terminal series of dark fuscous marks: cilia fuscous.
Hind-wings dark fuscous: cilia fuscous, basal third dark fuscous;
undersurface pale grey.
PERU, Pozuzo; one specimen.
Stenoma astronoma, n. sp.
g.11mm. Head, antennae, thorax, and abdomen dark bronzy-
fuscous, face shining white, abdomen beneath white. Palpi white,
terminal joint anteriorly dark fuscous, as long as second. Fore-
wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rather
obliquely rounded; very dark bronzy-fuscous; a streak of blue-
metallic suffusion beneath anterior half of costa; a small round
white spot in disc at $; immediately beyond this a broad transverse
fascia of violet-blue-metallic suffusion not quite reaching costa and
tornus; two white specks on costa above this: cilia dark fuscous,
with a basal series of white specks, and a white patch at apex.
Hind-wings dark fuscous; a rather large transverse white discal spot
in middle, almost reaching costa; cilia fuscous, with a large white
patch at apex extending some distance along termen, and a white
spot on middle of termen.
BoLiviA, Songo; one specimen.
PLUTELLIDAE.
CoPocENTRA, 0. g.
Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae
1 or over 1, stout, flattened, especially in ¢, tapering, simple, basal
joint short, without pecten. Labial palpi rather short, slightly
curved, porrected, filiform, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary.
Posterior tibiae in ¢ dilated above towards apex with long dense
projecting scales, both outer spurs broadly dilated above and
beneath with dense projecting scales, in 9 with expansible project-
ing scales towards apex. Fore-wings with 2 from near angle, 7 to
costa, 8 absent, 11 from middle. Hind-wings under 1, narrowly
elongate-trapezoidal, apex obtuse, cilia 1; transverse vein absent
between 2 and 5, 3 and 4 absent, 5-7 approximated towards base.
Nearly allied to Heliodines.
Copocentra calliscelis, n. sp.
@. 13 mm., 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax
dark shining prismatic-bronze; extreme tip of antennae in one
a
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 35
? white. Abdomen in g orange, above suffused with dark violet-
fuscous towards base and apex, in ? dark prismatic-fuscous suffused
ventrally with ochreous-whitish. Legs dark bronzy-fuscous, in ?
with middle tibiae ringed with’ whitish-ochreous in middle and at
apex; in ¢ with middle femora, tibiae except base and apex, and
basal joint of tarsi orange tinged with violet, posterior femora,
tibiae, and base of tarsi orange tinged with violet except apical half
of dilated outer spurs and tips of projecting scales of tibiae towards
apex. Fore-wings elongate, very narrow, costa faintly sinuate,
posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen extremely obliquely
rounded ; dark purplish-fuscous, with bluish and bronzy reflections :
cilia concolorous. Hind-wings rather dark fuscous, in ¢ with
anterior 2 suffused with pale ochreous, in @Q whitish-suffused
towards costa; cilia rather dark fuscous.
Bo.uiviA, Songo ; four specimens.
Heliodines obolarcha, un. sp.
d @. 10-15 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, collar
orange. Palpi dark fuscous, towards base suffused with ochreous.
Antennae dark fuscous, with a white apical band. Abdomen dark
fuscous, ventrally suffused with orange. Fore-wings elongate, very
narrow, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex
pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 6 and 7 separate ;
orange; markings bronzy-metallic, with violet and golden reflec-
tions; a dot on base of costa, edged with black; four transverse
anteriorly black-edged spots on costa between this and 3, second
largest, and three on dorsum alternating with these, second shortest ;
a longitudinal black-edged streak from apex of last costal spot to
costa at §, and another from above tornus to apex, space between
these black towards apex; tornal edge between last dorsal spot and
lower streak suffused with dark fuscous: cilia dark fuscous, Hind-
wings and cilia dark fuscous,
Bo.iviA, Songo; three specimens.
Imma zophodes, n. sp.
4d. 16-17 mm. Head fuscous, lower part of face tinged with
pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi fuscous somewhat sprinkled with
ochreous-whitish, second joint short, terminal joint about 2 of
second, tolerably obtuse. Antennae, thorax, and abdomen rather
dark fuscous, antennal ciliations 3. Fore-wings rather elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little
oblique; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa; rather dark fuscous, slightly
and irregularly whitish-sprinkled; a small white discal dot at 3;
D2
36 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
a dark fuscous terminal line : cilia fuscous with a darker shade, base
ochreous-tinged. Hind-wings rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous-
whitish, basal third dark fuscous.
BoLiviA, Songo; three specimens.
Imma protocrossa, n. sp.
d.11mm. Head fuscous. Palpi fuscous becoming pale greyish-
ochreous towards base, second joint short, terminal joint 2 of second,
tolerably obtuse. Antennae, thorax, and abdomen rather dark
fuscous, antennal ciliations2. Fore-wings rather elongate-triangular,
costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, slightly oblique;
7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa; dark fuscous, slightly sprinkled with
whitish-ochreous; an irregular cloudy pale greyish-ochreous streak
along termen, tending to be interrupted into spots, leaving terminal
edge dark fuscous: cilia fuscous-whitish, basal half dark fuscous,
with a waved pale greyish-ochreous basal line. Hind-wings with
2 and 3 approximated; rather dark fuscous; cilia whitish, basal
third fuscous.
Bottivia, Songo; one specimen.
Setiostoma callidora, n. sp.
d. 11-12 mm. Head yellow. Palpi yellow, base dark fuscous,
Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen bronzy-blackish.
Fore-wings moderately broad, dilated posteriorly, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; bronzy-blackish; a
bright yellow transverse band, its anterior edge near base, convex,
posterior edge running from 3 of costa to before middle of dorsum,
straight; close beyond this a moderate purplish-coppery fascia,
separated from it by a blackish line; apical third of wing wholly
purplish-coppery, space between this and preceding fascia strewn
with prismatic green and coppery scales: cilia dark bronzy-fuscous,
with a blackish basal shade. Hind-wings dark bronzy-fuscous; cilia
fuscous, basal third dark fuscous: undersurface with a coppery-
metallic patch at apex,
Bo.iviA, Songo; two specimens.
MACHLOTICA, n. g.
Head smooth-scaled; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae
2, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately
long, curved, second joint short, loosely scaled, terminal joint twice
as long as second, transversely compressed, laterally loosely scaled,
a i
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 37
pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae smooth-
scaled, Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 from # or almost from angle,
5 and 6 approximated, 7 to apex, 11 from towards base, widely
remote from 10. Hind-wings 1, elongate-trapezoidal-ovate, cilia
3-}; 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 approximated towards base.
Type, MW. chrysodeta.
Machlotica chrysodeta, n. sp.
Q.13 mm. Head shining bronze, behind eyes yellow. Palpi
pale yellowish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint
with base and an anterior streak blackish. Antennae dark fuscous
spotted with pale yellowish. Thorax dark shining bronze. Abdomen
dark bronzy-fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; shining
coppery-bronze ; five moderately oblique silvery-metallic black-
edged streaks from costa between $ and apex, alternating with four
broader orange streaks, first silvery streak preceded by a small
blackish costal spot, first two orange streaks united beneath and
continued as a moderate ochreous-yellow fascia to middle of dorsum ;
beneath second orange streak is a blackish spot ; an irregular dark
fuscous patch extending beneath last three silvery streaks to termen :
cilia dark fuscous, basal half coppery-bronze. Hind-wings thinly
scaled, pale fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous, termen and an
apical patch suffused with dark fuscous; cilia light grey, with
blackish basal line.
Bouivia, Songo ; one specimen.
Machlotica nebras, n. sp.
@. 10-11 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, hairs behind eyes and
a fine line round sides and lower margin of face pale yellowish.
Palpi yellow-whitish, second joint with two black bands, terminal
joint with black anterior and posterior streaks. Antennae dark
fuscous, beneath whitish-ochreous. Thorax dark fuscous, with seven
longitudinal pale yellowish lines, Abdomen dark grey, beneath
white. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched,
apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; dark bronzy-fuscous ;
basal half wholly strewn with numerous irregular whitish-yellowish
dots, marks, or dashes arranged in close longitudinal lines, outer
edge of this patch curved, running from middle of costa to beyond
middle of dorsum ; near beyond this is a curved transverse bronzy-
metallic line, of which the discal portion is dilated into a large
transverse spot ; between this and apex are two moderate oblique
bronzy-metallic streaks from costa, and an orange streak between
38 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
these; space between these and tornus strewn with numerous
irregular pale yellowish dots and marks; an orange streak round
apex, and several bronzy-metallic dots or marks on termen: cilia
dark fuscous, round apex with base orange and a white median
shade. Hind-wings dark fuscous, rather lighter anteriorly ; cilia
grey, basal third dark fuscous.
BoLiviA, Songo; two specimens.
Machlotica atractias, n. sp.
9.8mm. Head and thorax shining bronze, with a fine white
line round sides and lower margin of face, space behind eyes finely
barred transversely with white. Palpi white, second joint with two
black bands, terminal joint with black anterior and posterior streaks.
Antennae dark fuscous, spotted with whitish. Abdomen dark
fuscous, ventrally somewhat suffused with pale yellowish. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, termen obliquely rounded; very dark bronzy-purple ;
basal half crossed by numerous fine brassy-whitish-ochreous more or
less interrupted and partially confluent longitudinal lines, posterior
edge of this patch curved, running from middle of costa to middle of
dorsum ; a thick somewhat curved bronzy-metallic transverse streak
near beyond this, becoming obsolete towards dorsum ; three oblique
bronzy-metallic streaks from costa posteriorly, space between first
and preceding transverse streak longitudinally striated with
prismatic whitish-ochreous; an irregular bronzy-metallic streak
along termen, not quite reaching apex, furcate above, towards tornus
preceded by more or less longitudinal prismatic whitish-ochreous
striation: cilia dark bronzy-grey, tips pale. Hind-wings dark
fuscous, lighter anteriorly ; cilia grey, basal third dark grey.
BouiviA, Songo; three specimens.
Choreutis hymenaea, 0. sp.
3g 2. 10-12 mm. Head white. Palpi white, tuft somewhat
mixed with grey. Antennae blackish, ringed with white. Thorax
white, with a dark grey bar near posterior extremity. Abdomen
white, anal segment dark grey, three or four preceding segments
more or less dark grey towards base. Fore-wings moderate, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ;
dark prismatic bronzy-fuscous ; a white basal patch occupying 4 of
wing, outer edge straight, vertical, including a short direct dark
grey strigula furcate near base, and a grey dot beneath this ; rest of
wing crossed by three curved series of irregularly placed small
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 39
silvery-metallic spots preceded by blackish suffusion, partly
confluent into lines; a more or less developed inwardly oblique
white mark in disc at %; some silvery-metallic dots round apex:
cilia dark fuscous, with a basal bronzy line, and fine interrupted
white antemedian and apical lines. Hind-wings white; base
irregularly suffused with dark fuscous; a dark fuscous terminal
fascia, on costa covering about 4 of wing, attenuated downwards and
ceasing before tornus, including a white almost marginal line or
series of dots varying in development ; cilia white, with dark fuscous
basal and postmedian shades except towards tornus.
Bo.iviA, Songo; three specimens. Very like C. blandi-
nalis, Z., but easily distinguished by straight (not angular-
convex) margin of basal patch, and absence of blackish dot
on it; and by white line or dots in terminal fascia of
hind-wings.
Choreutis lapidaria, n. sp.
Q. 12 mm. Head pale ochreous irrorated with grey. Palpi
whitish, second joint suffused with yellowish towards middle, with
two dark grey bars above this, tuft mixed with grey, terminal joint
sprinkled with grey. Antennae white ringed with black. Thorax
bronzy-ochreous, with four fuscous lines irrorated with whitish.
Abdomen dark bronzy-fuscous, segmental margins sprinkled with
whitish. Fore-wings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched,
apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, oblique ; fulvous, in disc
mixed with fuscous; two fuscous fasciae closely irrorated with
white, first at 4, slightly curved, second from a white dot on costa
at 2 to # of dorsum, strongly angulated-curved ; numerous bluish-
silvery-metallic markings partially and irregularly margined with
black, viz., subcostal and median streaks on basal area and some
irregular marks beneath these, several small spots beyond first fascia
on upper half, one on middle of costa, one towards dorsum beyond
middle, a streak margining upper third of second fascia anteriorly, a
roundish black patch before second fascia in disc containing an
irregularly angulated silvery streak, and an irregular interrupted
line or series of dots margining second fascia posteriorly : cilia dark
grey, with a basal series of blackish spots connected by a fine white
line. Hind-wings dark fuscous; a slender transverse streak of
whitish irroration towards termen in middle, crossing about 4 of
Wing, and some whitish marginal irroration round apex : cilia dark
fuscous, with a whitish antemedian shade, tips white.
BOLIviA, Songo ; one specimen.
40 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
Brenthia cyanastra, n. sp.
9. 14-15 mm. Head dark fuscous, face and sides of crown
white. Palpi white, terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae dark
fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous with a white line on each side of
back. Abdomen dark fuscous, a dorsal stripe and segmental margins
more or less suffused with white. Fore-wings moderate, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rather obliquely
rounded ; dark fuscous ; markings white, edged or suffused with
bright pale blue ; a short narrow downwards-oblique streak from
base; short oblique streaks from costa at } and 3, between the first
of which and dorsum are three small spots or dots arranged in a
triangle ; from second proceeds an irregular sinuate-curved line of
dots to tornus ; two small spots transversely placed and more or less
connected in disc at 3, another beneath these towards dorsum, and
another on dorsum before this; a row of dots round apex and
termen : cilia dark fuscous, with large white patches at apex and
tornus except on a basal line. Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter
towards base; cilia white, with a dark fuscous spot below apex.
Boutivia, Songo; three specimens.
Brenthia malachitis, n. sp.
¢. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, eyes edged
in front and behind with fine white lines, patagia with two fine white
lines. Paipi thickened with scales, black, apex of second joint, and
a subbasal ring and apex of terminal joint white. Antennae black
dotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath with segmental
margins suffused with white towards middle. Fore-wings elongate-
triangular, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly
sinuate beneath apex, bowed, little oblique ; dark fuscous ; markings
pale shining blue-metallic ; two short fine oblique streaks from
costa towards base, and three dots placed in a triangle between these
and dorsum ; short direct streaks from costa before middle and at 3,
latter forming a white dot on costa; a small spot in dise at # ; mid-
way between this and termen a transverse line from near costa to
near tornus, edged with black posteriorly, terminal fascia beyond
this lighter than ground-colour : cilia dark fuscous, with a white
patch beneath apex, and a small white spot above tornus. Hind-
wings dark fuscous ; an indistinct paler small discal mark before
middle; a rather irregular paler transverse line at $; a violet-
blue-metallic posteriorly black-edged subterminal line, terminal
fascia beyond this paler; cilia dark fuscous, with blackish basal
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 41
line ; a large white patch at apex, and two suffused white spots on
lower part of termen.
Bo.tvia, Songo ; three specimens.
Brenthia hexaselena, n. sp.
49. 11-12 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark bronzy-
fuscous, sides of face and posterior margin of eyes white, patagia
with two fine white lines, abdomen white beneath. Palpi white,
second joint short, with dark grey projecting scales towards base and
a dark grey subapical ring, terminal joint longer, with black anterior
line. Antennae blackish dotted with white. Fore-wings elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely
rounded ; blackish-fuscous ; two short oblique streaks from costa
towards base, a short median streak from base, and a subdorsal mark
beneath it light metallic-green-blue ; a white transverse spot on
middle of dorsum, reaching nearly half across wing, connected with
costa by a direct violet-blue-metallic streak ; a transverse-oval white
spot in disc at 2; a somewhat curved violet-blue-metallic streak
from costa about 3 almost to tornus ; a marginal violet-blue-metallic
streak round apex: cilia fuscous with a dark fuscous line, at apex
with a white patch. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous ; an oval white
spot in middle of disc ; a triangular white spot on costa at ? ; a violet-
metallic subterminal streak almost reaching costa but not nearly to
tornus ; between this and termen a shorter fuscous-whitish streak”
whose extremities touch termen; cilia dark fuscous, with a white
patch at apex, and two broad oblique white bars on upper part of
termen.
Bo.ivia, Songo; four specimens.
Brenthia logistis, n. sp.
9.9mm. Head fuscous, lower part of face suffused with whitish.
Palpi whitish, second joint with two dark grey rings, base and anterior
edge of terminal joint dark grey. Antennae blackish dotted with
white. Thorax fuscous, with a fine white line on each side of back.
Abdomen dark fuscous, segments 3 and 5 with fine whitish marginal
rings, beneath ventrally suffused with white. Fore-wings elongate-
triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen slightly
rounded, little oblique; dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards
base; an undefined fascia of whitish irroration towards base ;
irregular undefined fasciae of whitish irroration before and beyond
middle, first straight, second curved on upper half, its costal fourth
replaced by violet-blue-metallic specks; between these is a trans-
verse-oval spot in disc above middle outlined with white ; a small
42 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of
whitish spot on costa at $; a black terminal fascia, partially edged
with whitish irroration anteriorly, and nearly separated into three
blotches by slender projections of whitish irroration from anterior
edge in middle and at } from costa, its terminal edge marked with six
violet-blue-metallic dots : cilia light fuscous, with a dark fuscous thick
antemedian line. Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter towards base ;
a rather large oblique-oval whitish-fuscous spot in middle of dise ; a
small white spot on costa at 4, a white transverse mark before
termen in middle, and a small white mark near termen above
tornus ; a transverse violet-golden-metallic streak across apex; cilia
fuscous, with a dark fuscous subbasal line, a white apical patch, and
oblique white patches above and below middle of termen.
BouiviA, Songo ; one specimen.
Brenthia pavonacella, Clem.
All South American specimens have the white patch on
apical cilia of fore-wings more or less obsolete, and the
oval discal spot in hind-wings before middle pale fuscous,
sometimes partially whitish-tinged; whereas in North
American specimens both these are clear white: I regard
them, however, as only geographical forms of the same
species, which ranges very widely in America.
TINEIDAE.
Tinea coracopis, 0. sp.
9. 33 mm. Head blackish. Palpi dark fuscous. Antennae 3,
pale grey, suffusedly ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax prismatic
whitish-fuscous, anterior edge blackish. Abdomen very pale brassy-
ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched,
apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; all veins
separate ; whitish-fuscous, indistinctly strigulated transversely with
darker, with slight violet reflections; some scattered blackish scales
beneath costa; plical and second discal stigmata black : cilia
whitish-fuscous irrorated with darker, on lower part of termen with
some undefined basal groups of dark fuscous scales. Hind-wings
very pale shining brassy-ochreous ; cilia ochreous-whitish.
Peru, Aqualani, in July ; one specimen.
Tinea xenodes, n. sp.
9. 10mm. Head fuscous, hairs of face whitish-ochreous. Palpi
whitish-ochreous, a subapical band of second joint, and terminal
Micro-Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. 43
joint except apex dark fuscous. Antennae #, fuscous. Thorax and
abdomen fuscous mixed with dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate,
very narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen
extremely obliquely rounded ; all veins separate ; fuscous suffusedly
irrorated with dark fuscous ; a small whitish-ochreous spot on costa
at &: cilia fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hind-wings rather
dark bronzy-fuscous ; cilia fuscous.
BoLtiviA, Songo; one specimen.
Amydria gemistis, n. sp.
¢. 13-15 mm. Head pale ochreous, centre of crown somewhat
mixed with fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint suffused
with dark fuscous except towards apex, with dense long projecting
scales beneath and two lateral bristles near apex, terminal joint
with a suffused fuscous subapical band. Antennae pale ochreous
suffusedly ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax pale ochreous mixed
with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous suffusedly irrorated
with fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately
arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ; whitish-
ochreous suffusedly strigulated with brownish-ochreous, the strigulae
more or less marked with dark fuscous ; a suffused dark fuscous
streak along costa from base to 3, and costa beyond this spotted with
dark fuscous, with a larger dark fuscous spot before apex ; discal
stigmata large, round, dark fuscous; dorsal half posteriorly more
strongly strigulated with dark fuscous: cilia whitish-ochreous
suffusedly barred with dark fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia rather
dark grey.
BotiviA, Songo ; three specimens.
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Ill. Revision of the Australian and Tasmanian Malaco-
dermidae. By ArtHur M. Lea, F.ES., Government
Entomologist, Tasmania.
[Read October 7th, 1908. ]
Puates II—VI.
THe Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae have
been comparatively neglected ; in Masters’ Catalogue only
114 species* were recorded; since the Catalogue 147T
have been recorded as new, 3 were overlooked, and I am
now able to add 137 more. Excluding known synonyms
and varieties the total now recorded is 363 species.
The reasons for the neglect are not far to seek; the
species, although in life often of graceful form and of
beautiful colours, after death frequently become badly
distorted (especially when pinned) and discoloured; nor can
they afterwards be properly set out. Most of the species
are small, and the colours of many are exactly similar to
those of other species, from which, however, they are
distinguished by strongly defined structural characters. ¢
In many species of Helcogaster the males have often
almost quite identical colours, but are easily distinguished
by the sculpture of the head. In Hypattalus many
similarly coloured species are to be distinguished by the
front femora of the male, or the hind tibiae of the female.
In the Lycides I have given two small special tables of
species, which are separated by profound differences of
sculpture, and yet have a strong outward resemblance.
Owing also to the contraction which almost invariably
takes place, the shape of specimens of the same species
often appears very different. §
A few of the species are very variable, but perhaps these
* Excluding the then known synonyms, also a species wrongly
referred to the family, another entered twice, and another wrongly
recorded as Australian.
+ Some of these, however, are here noted as synonyms or varieties.
t These, however, are often confined to the males.
§ This is especially the case with the incision of the penultimate
segment of the abdomen of the males.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY)
46 Mr, Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
form no larger a percentage of the whole than in other
families of equal extent.
The species almost entirely live on flowers or on leaves,
and feed on nectar or on other insects; the larvae of but
few species are known, but those of the Lycides live im
rotting wood or underground.
I have to thank the Rev. T. Blackburn for co-types of
several of his species; Mr. W. J. Rainbow for co-types
of some species, the types of which are in the Australian
Museum; but in particular Mr. George Masters for co-
types and other specimens from his own and the rich
Macleay Museum collections, without which my work
would have been greatly hampered.
I have examined the whole of the types and other
specimens in the Macleay and Australian Museums, the
specimens in the National Museum in the Departments of
Agriculture of New South Wales and Tasmania, and in
the collections of Messrs. H. J. Carter, C. French, W. W.
Froggatt, J. C. Goudie, H. H. D. Griffith,* R. Illidge,
Aug. Simson and Taylor. I have also received many
specimens from Messrs. Edmund Allen,t A. J. Coates,
D. Dumbrell, R. Helms, T. G. Sloane, J. G. Otto Tepper,
J.J. Walker, J. C. Wiburd and others. With the localities
for the new species I have always given the collectors’
names, but I have not considered these necessary for
previously described species.
The whole collection dealt with is rich in specimens
from Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, and
South-West Australia; comparatively rich from South
Australia and Victoria, and poor from North-West
Australia; whilst the- Northern Territory and Central
Australia are practically unrepresented. When not other-
wise specified the types of the new species remain in my
own collection.
At the end I have placed a number of species, which it
is quite impossible to identify from the published descrip-
tions, or even to satisfactorily place generically.
Two species (Lampyris marginipennis, Guér., and L.
striata, Fab.) have been wrongly recorded from Australia. }
* Including a fine series sent to him by Mr. F. P. Dodd from
North Queensland.
+ It was through receiving a remarkable species of Laius from
this gentleman that I was induced to revise the family.
{ See notes under Luciola.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 47
The sub-families of MJalacodermidae of the world are
thus tabulated by Lacordaire.
JT. Antennes insérées sur le front ou a la base du
rostre en dessus.
a. Hanches intermediares distantes. . . . . Lycrpss.
ad. re % contigues.
Antennes plus ou moins contigués. . . . LAMPYRIDES.
Ms ms * distantes. . . . TELEPHORIDES.
II, Antennes insérées latéralement au devant des
yeux.
Epistomeindistinet!) “yl ee. 2) QD RimapEs.*
distineh “s.72- 35804 2. 120OR) 1 ManyemErs:}
”
But the Australian and Tasmanian sub-families and
genera { may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Body with exsertile vesicles (Malachiides).
a. Elytra covering the abdomen.
b. Antennae of apparently ten joints. . . Laius.
bb. Antennae with eleven distinct joints . Hypattalus.
aa. Elytra not covering the abdomen.
c. Antennae flabellate in the male . . . Balanophorus.
ec. Antennae not flabellate in the male.
d. Head usually more or less convex
in male. 4°. Carphurus.
dd. Head usually lees eonaed in
male.
e. Prothorax greatly constricted at
base (eyes green) . . . . . Neocarphurus.
ee. Prothorax less constricted at base . Helcogaster.
AA. Body without exsertile vesicles.
B. Abdomen partly phosphorescent in life
(Lampyrides).
fwbleadcoveredis F.y70'. bo 4a fa 453 8 Atyphelta.
ff. Head uncovered . . . Lueiola.
BB. Abdomen not acinar 3 in Te
C. Prothorax usually divided into distinct
areas, the elytra usually cancellate-
punctate (Lycides).
g. Head uncovered . . . . . . . . Calochromus.
* Not represented in Australia.
+ The Melyrides of Lacordaire include the Malachiides.
{ Except Heliotis which is unknown to me.
48 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
gqg- Head more or less covered.
h. Prothorax without distinct areolets. Dumbrellia.
hh. Prothorax with distinct areolets.
i. Substructural costa trifurcate at
ARE . , sy Usha eee oP cape nac ieee anat
wz. Subsutural costa parallel with
BULUTE we 5 ote . . . . Metriorrhynchus.
CC. Prothorax not as in Lycides.
D. Antennae inserted between and in
front of the eyes (Telephorides).
j. Prothorax always strongly trans-
verse, antennae frequently dis-
torted inmale |... =) ., , .|,diheteromasia:
jj. Prothorax seldom strongly trans-)\ Telephorus.
verse, antennae never distorted .{ Selenwrus.
DD. Antennae inserted at the sides or
straight in front of the eyes(Melyrides) Dasytes.
The close resemblance that several species of Ocedemeridae
bear to certain members of this family is very remark-
able, and in the company of which they are usually
found. The most common and striking instance of this
is Pseudolychus haemorrhoidalis, Fab., which is usually
found in the company of Metriorrhynchus rufipennis, Fab.,
which it strongly resembles, and like that species it varies
from a form having the entire elytra reddish, to one in
which only their tips are reddish. P. marginatus, Guér.,
haemopterus, Guér., and wallacei, n. sp.,* also resemble
various species of Lycides.
Subfamily LYCIDES.
Genus METRIORRHYNCHUS, Gueér., Voy. Coq. 1838, p. 72,
Lacord., Gen. Coleop. IV, p. 297 ; Waterhouse, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 101; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 47; Blackb., Trans-
actions, Royal Society, South Australia,t 1894, p. 208;
Lea, Proceedings, Linnean Society, New South Wales,t
1898, p. 556.
Porrostoma, Cast., Silb. Rev. Ent. IV, p. 26; Lacord.,
Gen. Coleop. IV, p. 296; Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1877, p. 73; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 43.
* Described below.
+ Abbreviated throughout, T. R.
t Abbreviated throughout, P. L.
rest
., N.S.W.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 49
Synchonnus, Wat., Ul. Typ. Col., p. 59.
Stadenus, Wat., . ¢., p. 61.
Achras, Wat., l. c., p. 61.
This is the genus most numerously represented in Aus-
tralia and Tasmania of all the Malacodermes; it has as
well a wide distribution in New Guinea and the Malay
Archipelago. In consequence of the great diversity which
exists In parts generally quite constant, it has been split
up into a number of genera, but I think few of these will
eventually stand.
The most remarkable variation occurs in the rostrum,
in some species (rhipidius, nigripes, etc.) 1b is long,
rather thin and shining; these were regarded by Mr.
Waterhouse as belonging to a distinct genus—/orro-
stoma. In others (rufipennis, fallax, etc.) 1b is either
entirely absent, or very short (wider than long), these he
considered as belonging to Metriorrhynchus. Were there
no intermediate forms undoubtedly two genera could be
maintained, but there are so many of these that it is
quite impossible to define a boundary between the two
sections.
Great variation also occurs in the prothorax and anten-
nae. The former is usually divided into 7 distinct areolets,
but in a few species these are not very sharply defined.
Others have but 5 or 3 areolets (all of these have the
rostrum either very short or absent), and for these also
new genera were proposed. One section has the prothorax
3-areolate, and the sutural costa of the elytra trifurcate at
base; for this section the genus 7’richalus was proposed,
and is here regarded as distinct, but merely for the sake of
convenience.
The antennae vary from being strongly flabellate in the
male to but slightly serrate in both sexes. The second
joint is usually very small and partially concealed.
Lycus australis, Boisd., and ochraceus, Dalm., probably
belong to this genus, but I think it best at present to
treat them as being of doubtful position.*
The following species are unknown to me :—
Clientulus, Wat., femoralis, Macl., and vittatus, Blackb.
These are commented upon at length hereafter.
* See list of doubtful species at end.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) E
50 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Prothorax five-areolate.
Cliens, Blackb. Apparently close to clientulus.
Prothorax seven-areolate.
A. Hlytral punctures in single serves.
Miniaticollis, Macl. A species with very unusual colours,
its rostrum is short.
Paradoxus, Blackb. Apparently close to cancellatus.
bL. Hlytral punctures in double series,
Brevirostris, Wat. Coloured as rhipidius, but with the
rostrum intermediate in length between that species and
rufipennis. It would be dangerous to identify any species
as brevirostris (except from N.W. Australia) without further
information than that contained in the descriptions.*
Scalaris, Wat. Apparently very close to haemorrhoid-
alis; the description in Ill. Typ. Col. is the best.
Centralis, Macl. The rostrum in this species is very short.
Foliatus, Macl., and hirtipes, Macl. ‘Two species having
very peculiar prothoracic margins; they should be very
distinct—in /oliatus the rostrum is long, in hirtipes it 1s of
medium length.
Fumosus, Macl. Apparently like a small dingy specimen
of Trichalus ater.
Monticola, Blackb. Apparently coloured much as
eremita, but smaller and with differently sculptured elytra;
seems close also to coenosus but with a longer rostrum and
elytra somewhat differently coloured. It should perhaps
be regarded as belonging to the group having the elytral
punctures in single series.
Occidentalis, Blackb. Evidently close to rhipidius, but
with part of the elytra black, although not as in disconiger.
Mentitor, Blackb. Apparently close to eremita and
ordinarius, but the former has the suture black and the
latter the rostrum long. The others t may be tabulated
as follows :—
* The original one is short enough, but that in Ill. Typ. Col. is
still shorter,
Tt Opacus and tibialis were described after the table was drawn up,
but in it opacus would have been placed next to atrutus, and tibialis
would have been given a distinct section next to C.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidac.
A. Apterous . . .
AA. Winged.
B, Elytral punctures in single series *:
a. Prothorax 7-aerolate.
b. Prothorax pallid.
c. Antennae of male flabellate
cc. Antennae of male not flab-
ellate
bb. Prothorax partly black
bbb. Prothorax entirely black.
d, Elytra of uniform colour.
e. Elytra red
ee. Elytra black '
dd. Elytra not of uniform By iat
jf. Elytral margins pallid
throughout .
ff. Elytral margins not peti
throughout.
g. Antennae of male flabel-
late
gg. Antennae of ial at
flabellate .
aa. Prothorax not 7-areolate.
h. Prothorax pallid .
hh. Prothorax black.
a Third joint of antennae much
shorter than 4th
ii. Third joint no shorter sad
4th.
j. Elytra shining *.
jj. Elytra opaque .
BB. Elytral punctures in double series.
C. Prothorax not 7-areolate.
k, Prothorax entirely pallid.
l. Elytra entirely dark .
il. Elytra pallid at base
kk. Prothorax partly pallid.
m. Dark part of elytra apical
mm. Dark part not apical .
kkk. Prothorax entirely black.
n. Apex of elytra pallid.
o, Dark portion of elytra black.
51
apterus, 1. sp.
testaceicollis, Macl.
diminutivus, n. sp.
coenosus, Lea,
uniseriatus, 0. sp.
insignipennis, Blackb.
cancellatus, n. sp.
ramosus, 1. Sp.
meyricki, Blackb.
basiflavus, n. sp.
heterodoxus, n. sp.
constricticollis, n. sp.
simplicicornis, n. sp.
atricornis, Ni. sp.
ampliatus, Macl.
cinctus, Wath.
limbatus, Wath.
inquinulus, Wat.
* Sometimes, however, they are in irregular double series towards
the base and apex.
EK 2
52
oo. Dark portion infuscate .
mn. Apex of elytra black.
p. Black apical portion not con-
nected with base
pp. Black portion connected
with base.
q. Elytra shining
qq. Elytra opaque .
CC. Prothorax 7-areolate.
D. Rostrum long.
r. Entirely black .
rr. Not entirely black.
s. Prothorax black.
t. Elytra uniformly reddish
tt. Elytra partly black
ss. Prothorax partly black.*
u. Elytra uniformly reddish
uu. Elytra partly dark.
v. More than half of su-
ture dark ;
vv. Less than half of su-
ture dark
ss. Prothorax pallid.
w. Elytra black at apex.
x. Black portion confined
to extreme apex
xe. Black portion at least
one-eighth of the
length of elytra.
y. Metasternum black .
yy. Metasternum pallid.
z. Abdomen dark .
zz. Abdomen partly
pallid .
ww. Elytra entirely reddish
DD. Rostrum of moderate length.
a. Prothorax entirely pallid .
aa. Prothorax dark in middle
Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
obscuripennis, n. sp
dichrous, Wat.
triareolatus, n. sp.
nigrovittatus, n. sp.
moerens, 1. Sp.
rhipidius, W.S. Macl
disconiger, N. sp.
lateralis, Redt.
ordinarius, 1. sp.
vartipennis, N. Sp.
serraticornis, Macl.
abdominalis, Wat
apicalis, Wat.
melaspis, Bourg.
teatilis, Wat.
uniformis, Wat.
nigripes, Macl.
rufirostris, D. sp.
irreqularis, Wat.
* Nigripes is not included here, as in that species the dark portion
of the prothorax is sometimes absent, and even when present appears
to be of the nature of a stain only.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae.
DDD. Rostrum short,
E. Prothorax black.
b, Elytra entirely black . . atratus, Fab.
bb. Elytra partly or entirely
reddish.
c. Apex of elytra black.
d. Reddish portion of ely-
tra unusually dark . batesi, n. sp.
dd. Reddish portion nor-
mal. . . . . . ¢ togatus, Wat.
Ca Nn. Sp,
ce. Apex of elytra reddish.
e. Elytra red only at apex
and shoulders . . . simsoni, n. sp.
ee. Elytral markings very
variable but never as
in simsont . . . . ‘rufipennis, Fab.
EE. Prothorax entirely pallid.
f. Elytra entirely pallid.
g. Antennae of male flabel-
late - . . . . . . miniatus, Macl.
gg. Antennae of male serrate elongatus, Macl.
ff. Elytra mostly dark.
h. Basal fourth of elytra
pallid . . . . . . longicornis, Macl.
hh. Extreme base only pallid _costicollis, n. sp.
fff. Elytra mostly pale.
i. More than one-third of
apex dark . . . . . posticalis, Macl.
wt. Less than one-sixth of
apex dark.
j. Antennae of male flabel-
late . . . . . . gracilis, Nn. sp.
jj- Antennae of male not
flabellate . . . . fallax, Wat.
EEE. Prothorax partly pallid.
F. Prothorax longer than wide militaris, n, sp.
FF. Prothorax wider than long.
G. Dark parts of elytra do
not always include costae Suscolineatus, Wat.
GG. Dark parts include cos-
tae.
H. Size comparatively small morginipennis, Lea.
HH. Size comparatively
large . . . . . eremita, Blackb.
53
54 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
METRIORRHYNCHUS ATRATUS, Fab., (Zycus) Syst., El. IT,
p- 113; Lacord., Gen. Coleop. IV, p. 297, Nota 2;
Boisd., Voy. Astr., p. 120; Blackb., T.R.S.,S.A., 1900,
p. ba: (ig. 15.)
Mr. Waterhouse thought it possible* that Lycus atratus
was a variety of his haemorrhoidalis, and that both were
varieties of rufipennis. There are at least three entirely
black species occurring in Tasmania, practically any one
of which might be atratus; but Blackburn has formerly
described a species from Tasmania as the atratus of Fab-
ricius, and unless it can be proved to be the contrary by
examination of the type (if such js still extant), I think the
species described by him as atratus should be accepted as
such. This species, of which only the female was known
to Blackburn, is rather small and narrow, with a very short
rostrum ; 3rd—9th joints of antennae about as long as wide
(with the produced portions much less than in the male of
rufipennis), and the reticulation of the elytra rather less
clearly defined than usual. Of the other black Tasmanian
species insignipennis can be readily distinguished by the
elytral punctures being in single instead of in double rows ;
whilst moerens has the rostrum long and shining.
Hab. TASMANIA (widely distributed).
METRIORRHYNCHUS RUFIPENNIS, Fab. (Lycus), Syst. El. I,
p- 114; Er., Wiegm. Arch., 1842, p. 145 ; Blanch., Voy.
Pole Sud. IV, p. 75, Pl. V, fig. 12; Germ. (Porro-
stoma), Linn. Ent. IL], p.182; Boisd., Voy. Astr., p. 117;
Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 74, Pl. I, figs.
6-12; Ill. Typ. Col, p. 48, Pl. XII, fig. 6; Blackb,,
T. R.S., 5.A., 1900, p. 56.
nigrirostris, W.S. Macl., Dej. Cat., 3 ed.p. 111. —
salebrosus, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 79, Pl. II, figs. 61-64; Ill. Typ. Col.,
p. 48, Pl. XII, fig. 6.
var. marginatus, Er. Wiegm. Arch., 1842, p. 145;
Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 85; Blackb.,
T.R.S., S.A. 1900, p. 56.
goryt, Le G. (Lycus), Rev. Zool,, 1844, p. 222; Wat.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 85; Masters
(Calopteron), Cat. Sp. No. 3365.
* Til. Typ. Col., p. 49.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 51
var. haemorrhoidalis, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Kut.
Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 79, Pl. II, figs. 61*-64*; Ill.
Typ. Col., p. 49.
var. plagiatus, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1877, p. 80, Pl. Il, figs. 65-68; Ill. Typ.
Coll, p. 20, El XIE fie. 8.
var. lugubris, Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 80,
Pl. I, figs. 69-72; Ill. ‘Typ. Col., p. 50, Pl. XII,
fig. 7.
var. miles, Blackb., T. R.S., 8.A., 1900, p. 54.
The synonymy is very complicated* and is rendered
more difficult of elucidation owing to the brevity of some
of the older descriptions.
Mr. Waterhouse in his first monograph, very briefly
describes as rujipennis a species which | believe to be
nothing but a small form of rhipidius, and throughout this
work he consistently refers to this form as rufipennis; sub-
sequently, however, he regarded his salebrosus as rufipennis.+
It seems to me that the description of miles was drawn
up from a female, differing to but a slight extent from the
normal salebrosus, and I certainly cannot regard it as
worthy of a specific name.{
I do not think that brevirostris can have any connection
with this species, as the figure of the antenna is different,
and the rostrum (despite the name) is figured (Plate I, fig.
14) as being longer than broad, and is so described (at
least it is said to be “scarcely longer than broad.”)
There is a specimen from the Leura Falls in Mr.
Froggatt’s collection, which has the antennae distinctly
thicker than in the normal form; although otherwise much
the same.
* T believe the above references will have to be still further added
to.
{ He remarks in Ill. Typ. Col., p. 49, “It is difficult to decide
whether Lycus rufipennis, F., should be considered identical with
P. erythropterum, Er. (rhipidius), or with P. salebrosum, W. I
have here adopted Erichson’s view, by which the latter becomes
synonymous with the Fabrician species. I here also regard the
species with a short rostrum (salebrosus) as the rufipennis of
Fabricius,
{ I have, at any rate, a female from Victoria which agrees very
well indeed with Blackburn’s description, and it appears to me to
be nothing but a very slight variety of salebrosus.
56 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
The species is certainly the most variable of the sub-
family as regards its elytral markings, although the sculp-
ture is remarkably constant. There is, however, one very
remarkable variation ; this occurs in the carina dividing
the two apical central areolets of the prothorax. In about
half of the specimens this is entire, as in other species of
the genus, but in the others (more frequently in the females
than in the males) it is longitudinally divided so as to
appear as two carinae; as a consequence the median
areolet, in these specimens, appears to be connected by a
very narrow groove with the apex. I can be certain that
I am not here confusing two allied species, having taken
numerous specimens in cop., and in numerous pairs the
sexes differ in this respect.
In size it varies from 6 to 10} mm.
The typical form and the variety haemorrhoidalis * are
very abundant on the undergrowth in heavily timbered
parts of Tasmania.
I have seen an occasional specimen in which the elytra
were so indistinctly tipped with red, that unless closely
looked for it would escape observation; but usually in
haemorrhoidalis the apex is very distinctly tipped with
red ; in a rare form the red is continued along the sides to
the base and up the suture for a short distance (margina-
tus, gory) and in another to the base both at suture and
sides (lugubris); in several specimens the black occupies
an elongated somewhat A. (compo reversed \/)-shaped
space ( plagiatus)} ; in one specimen from Mount Welling-
ton the disc of each elytron is infuscate only (an unnamed
variety).
It is to be noted that in this (as in other species of the
genus) the prothorax does not always contract in the same
way in different specimens; usually it is quite strongly
* T have examined a long series of specimens and cannot support
Mr. Blackburn in his contention that haemorrhoidalis and rufipennis
(salebrosus) are really distinct, though closely allied species, and
which can be distinguished by “the produced piece of each joint
beginning with the sixth”; in the sexes of course there is con-
siderable difference in the antennae, but there is just as much
individual variation in the males of one form as there is between
the males of the two forms; moreover, a slight difference in position
from which the antennae are viewed makes a considerable difference
in their appearance,
t+ Mr. Waterhouse suspected that this form was only a variety of
haemorrhoidalis.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 57
constricted in the middle, but an occasional specimen of
both the commoner forms may be obtained in which the
outline is almost continuous; this naturally affects the
apparent width of the basal (and to a less extent of the
apical) areolets.
In connection with, although not of, this species it is
curious to note that an almost parallel variation in colour
occurs with one of the Oedemeridae (Pseudolychus haemor-
rhoidalis, Fab.) frequently found in its company.
Hab. TASMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington, Huon
River, Ulverstene, George’s Bay, Sheffield; Vicrorta:
Monbulk, Dividing Range; N.S. WaALEs: Forest Reefs,
Sydney, Blue Mountains, Mount Brown, Merimbula, Como,
Jenolan.
METRIORRHYNCHUS RHIPIDIUS, W. 8, Macl. (Lyews), King’s
Survey, II, 1827, App. p. 442; Lacord., Gen. Col.,
IV, p. 297, note 1; Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1877, p. 84.
septemcavus, W. 8. Macl. (Lyeus), King’s Survey, II,
1827, App. p. 442; Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 84.
erythropterum, Er. (Porrostoma), Wiegm. Arch., 1842,
p. 144; Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 74,
Pl. I, figs. 1-5.
gigas, Blackb., P. L. 8., N.S.W., 1891, p. 524.
flagellatus, Blackb., T. R.S., S.A., 1900, p. 53.
(Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.)
This species is the most widely distributed and abundant
of all the Australian Lycides, and may be taken from early
to late summer. It is frequently to be seen on Leptosper-
mum, Kunzea, Eucalyptus and other blossoms in countless
thousands.
Mr. Blackburn appeared to regard his gigas as distinct,
largely on account of its size, but I have specimens from
New South Wales and Queensland, as well as from Western
Australia, which agree not only in size * but in all other
details mentioned by him for gigas, and which I can only
regard as belonging to rhipidius. So far as his statements
as to the shape of the flabella in Waterhouse’s figure of
* He gives the length of gigas as 7-9 lines, whilst the type of
rhipidius is 19 mm. in length, and one before me measures 21 mm.
58 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
rufipennis* are concerned, it is to be borne in mind that
the artist in drawing the antenna of an insect, part of which
is compressed in one direction, and part in almost an
opposite direction, must necessarily draw one portion from
the side, when it appears totally different to what it does
from in front; thus if the antennae of this species were
drawn from one direction they would appear almost as
rows of overlapping plates.
Neither can I regard jlagellatus t as a valid species. I
have numerous specimens differing in width (this differ-
ence is often more apparent than real, owing to the irregu-
lar contraction, liable to occur in this, as in many other
genera of Malacodermidae). If the widened apical portions
of the rami are examined, it will be noticed that the serra-
tions are often due to hairs or setae, although frequently
distinct in themselves, moreover are nearly always different
in the different joints, are distinct in some specimens and
indistinct or not at all traceable in others; in the type of
flagellatus they are apparently as indistinct as in many
specimens from Tasmania.
I have examined the type of rhipidius, which bears a
label in the late W. S. Macleay’s handwriting “ Lycus
rhipidion Capt. King Australasia,” also the type { of
septemcavus, bearing in similar writing “ Lycus 7-cavus
Capt. King Australasia.” The two specimens are
certainly sexes of one species, as suspected by several
entomologists (see figures 16 and 17 for antennae of these
specimens).
The type of rhipidius is a very large male (by no means
of uncommon size for Queensland, however), with the
prothorax comparatively small, rostrum long and thin,
and elytral punctures large and transversely oblong. I
have figured (fig. 16) one of its antennae as seen from the
side; and some of the rami (A, B,C, D and E).
I have also figured (fig. 18) the antenna of a normal
male of erythropterus, showing the form most abundant in
Tasmania (fig. 19 is that of the corresponding female) ;
* See elsewhere as to the various species regarded and figured by
Waterhouse as rufipennis.
+ Mr. Blackburn apparently accepted Waterhouse’s surmise (in
T.E.S., 1877, p. 84) as to rhipidius and septemcavus being identical
with rufipenne, as he does not mention either; although certainly
the original descriptions are far from satisfactory,
t The antennae are damaged in this specimen, only nine joints
being left on one side and fewer on the other.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 59
it will be noticed that the true third jomt is very dif-
ferent to what it is in fig. 16 (other joints are also
different), but I have seen so tmany intermediate forms,* all
differing to a slight extent from each other, and forming
distinct links between these two forms, that to regard the
two figures as distinct would make it necessary to regard
hosts of others as distinct. In several specimens before
me the true third joint is even shorter than in fig. 16,
with its ramus still longer; whilst I have seen others in
which the third joint is “still longer than in fig. 18 with its
ramus still shorter.
The rami are very variable, especially when long, and
are seldom, if ever, alike in both antennae. When the
rami are shorter, they are often simple or almost simple,
but frequently are terminated by several minute projections,
which often appear more distinct than they really are,
owing to being supplied with setose hairs.
The prothorax i in the largest males often appears dis-
proportionately small when ‘compared with that of smaller
specimens; in the type of rhipidius for instance (which
measures 19 mm. in length) it is actually no larger than
in one measuring but 13 mm. in length. At its base it is
not much wider than across the middle of one elytron,
whilst in many others it is almost as wide as the width of
both elytra across the middle.
The elytra also vary in their proportionate width to
length.
In a pair from Forest Reefs, pairs from Sydney and
Albany and pairs from Tasmania (all taken in cop.), the
punctures across the middle of the elytra in the male are
not much wider than long, and with more or less rounded
corners ; in the females they are strongly transverse, more
sharply defined and much more regular. But the punc-
tures appear to be always much more transverse and
regular in the larger than in the smaller specimens of both
sexes. The male from Forest Reefs has the antennae much
as in fig. 18, but its female has them much shorter with
the joints considerably wider than usual in the female.t
The second and sixth elytral costae (counting the smaller
ones as true costae) are especially liable to variation in
* T have critically examined some hundreds of specimens from
many parts of Australia, and have seen many thousands.
7 It is the only female I have seen in which the 4th-10th joints
are all distinctly transverse.
60 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
thickness towards the base, but all are subject to variation.
In many specimens the only costa distinctly elevated above
the others beyond the middle is the true fourth ; frequently
the smaller costae (first, third and fifth) become very
irregular and tend to disappear towards the apex, so that
sometimes two rows of punctures become conjoined into
one irregular row ; two costae also sometimes become con-
joined and narrowly connected with the apex; but towards
the apex all the costae become irregular, and they are
seldom exactly the same on both elytra.
The colour of the elytra varies slightly in living speci-
mens, and is subject to alteration after death; the claws
(or at least their tips) are invariably reddish.
The size varies from 9 to 21 mm., the male usually
being smaller than the female, but the largest specimen
before me is a male.
The brief description here given will enable this species
to be distinguished from all others known to me.
Black ; elytra reddish.
Rostrum long and thin. Antennae pectinate in the male, serrate
in the female, 3rd joint distinctly longer than the 4th. Prothorax
7-areolate. Elytra quadricostate, the interstices each with two
double rows of punctures.
This will include hosts of forms all differing to a certain
extent in the lengths and shapes of the antennal joints,
in the shapes and comparative lengths of the rami, in the
proportional size and width of the prothorax to the elytra,
in the size and shape of the elytral punctures, in the com-
parative size and terminations of the elytral costae, and in
the different shades of colour.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Gayndah, Southport,
Inglewood, Darling Downs; N.S. WALES: Tweed, Rich-
mond, Clarence and Hunter Rivers, Forest Reefs, Sydney,
Ben Lomond, Mount Kosciusko, Jenolan, Blue Mountains,
Monaro, Yass, Junee, Tamworth, Arundale, Condobolin,
Queanbeyan, Goulburn, Kenthurst, Chatswood, Bathurst,
Wertworth Falls; Vicroria: Melbourne, Monbulk, S.
Wandin, Gisborne, Launching Place, Grampians, Emerald;
TasMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington (including the
summit), Huon River, Launceston, Burnie, Woolnorth ;
S. AusTRALIA: Mount Lofty, Adelaide, Murray Bridge;
W. Australia: Albany, Swan River, Pinjarrah.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 61
METRIORRHYNCHUS FEMORALIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc.,
N:S.W., ID, p. 262.
Mr. Rainbow informs me that the rostrum (not men-
tioned in the original description) of this species is as
long as in rhipidiws (a specimen of which I sent to the
Australian Museum for comparison), and that the elytra
of the male (as implied in the description) are unicolorous.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah.
METRIORRHYNCHUS NIGRIPES, Macl., /. ¢., p. 262.
Porrostoma elegans, Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877,
p. 75, Pl. I, figs. 23-27 ; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 44, Pl. XI, figs.
6—6u.
The original description of this species is simply a com-
parison with the preceding one and is very unsatisfactory ;
but’ there are two co-types before me and these agree
exactly with Waterhouse’s description of elegans.
The species is variable to a slight extent, the dark
markings in the three posterior areolets being variable in
size and intensity, and in one specimen before me are
entirely absent; the scutellum is occasionally entirely
black, but usually its sides are reddish.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah, Brisbane, Rockhampton,
MacKay; N.S. Wates: Tamworth, Clarence River, Rope’s
Creek ; Vicror1A: Wodonga.
METRIORRHYNCHUS AMPLIATUS, Macl. (Xylobanus),
Erlaso Nao foot, p.2a0. (lig. 80.). ©
The elytra of the type were described as being of the
“usual quadricostate sculpture’ and the prothorax as
having “the discal areolet narrow and extending to the
apex.” These remarks are quoted, as on examination of
the Macleay Museum types I noticed that Macleay had
confused two species under the name ampliatus. Of these
species one specimen agrees with the quoted remarks; its
elytra have the usual four strong costae which on the
basal two-thirds separate two double rows of punctures,
towards the apex, however, the punctures become irregular.
The other specimen has the elytral punctures in single
series and the median areolet of the prothorax connected
with the apex by a carina, but in colour it exactly agrees
with the type; this species appears to be the more common
62 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
of the two, and I have named it basiflavus. Macleay did
not mention the scutellum but in ampliatus it is flavous,
a character which readily distinguishes it from longicornis
(which otherwise is almost identical in colour). The colour
of its upper surface is also almost identical with Z’richalus
semiatratus. As an instance of how deceptive colours are
in this sub-family, a short table of these four species, which
have the prothorax and base of elytra of almost identical
colour, is here given :—
Subsutural costa trifureate near base . . TT. semiatratus, n. sp.
Subsutural costa simple.
Elytral punctures in single series. . . M. basiflavus, n. sp.
Elytral punctures in double series.
Prothorax 7-areolate . . . . . . M. longicornis, Macl.
Prothorax 5-areolate . . . . . . MM. ampliatus, Macl.
In ampliatus the five areolets are not as in Xylobanus
costifer and gratiosus (the only species figured by Water-
house * as having the prothorax 5-areolate), but there
is a costa extending from the central areolet towards the
margin on each side, so as to divide the four outer areolets
into almost equal sizes ; these all being slightly transverse
(in costifer and gratiosus there are two small ones in front
and two much larger ones behind). The median areolet
is much as in many species of 7'richalus, but as the sutural
costa is simple it cannot be referred to that sub-genus, in
which there is already an ampliatus. Waterhouse would
probably have referred it to Synchonnus.
One specimen before me differs from the type in being
much smaller (24 lines only), but I can discover no other
distinguishing feature.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Barron River, Cairns.
METRIORRHYNCHUS TESTACEICOLLIS, Macl. (Cladophorus),
le, p. 234. (Migs. 21, 22.
Under this name also Macleay had confused two species.
The specimens that were standing under that name in the
Macleay Museum are almost identical in colour, one being
slightly more, the other slightly less than three lines
in length. Both specimens have also the “antennae
with the branches from joints 3 to 10 very much longer
than the joints themselves” ; with the rostrum practically
* Ill. Typ. Col., Plate IX.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidue. 63
absent ; both also have the base of the elytra not entirely
black. But Macleay says “the middle one (of the
prothoracic areolets) confined to the basal half, the others
not very perfectly defined. The elytra are strongly
quadricostate and punctured.” The only specimen these
remarks refer to has the four front areolets feebly defined
and the elytra with strong punctures in single series,
which, however, become confused towards the apex.* The
other specimen has the prothoracic areolets very well
defined, the elytral costae unusually feeble and separating
two distinct rows of punctures ; the species is here described
under the name of costicollis.
The female of testaceicollis + differs from the male in
having the prothorax more transverse with the antennae
shorter, stouter and strongly serrate only. It agrees very
well (except that the specimens before me are three instead
of four lines in length) with the description of Xylobanus
miniaticollis, but I do not think that the types of that
species can have been females of ¢estaceicollis, otherwise
I should probably have noticed it when examining the
types.
The species tabulated below are practically identical in
colour :-—
Subsutural costa trifurecate near base. . 7. atripennis, Macl.
Subsutural costa simple.
Elytral punctures in single series.
Antennae of male strongly branched. M. testacezcollis, Macl.
Antennae of male not branched . M. diminutivus, n. sp.
Elytral punctures in double series,
Prothorax 7-areolate . i ; . WM. costicollis, n. sp.
Prothorax 3-areolate . : : . WM. atricornis, n. sp.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Cairns.
METRIORRHYNCHUS POSTICALIS, Macl. (Cladophorus), 1. ¢.,
p. 234, fig. 81.
In the type the scutellum is pallid as well as the pro-
thorax and portion of the elytra.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns, Barron River.
* On the elytra of several other specimens, as well as on the type,
double rows can be traced towards the apex and to a less extent near
the base.
{ The specimens here described were amongst the Macleay
Museum duplicates.
64 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
METRIORRHYNCHUS MINIATUS, Macl. (Cladophorus), 1.¢.,
p. 235.
The female differs from the male (the only sex described
by Macleay) in having the antennae strongly serrated,
instead of branched. In both sexes the rostrum is so
short as to be practically absent and the scutellum is of
the same colour as the prothorax and elytra.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Barron River, Kuranda.
METRIORRHYNCHUS ELONGATUS, Macl., /. c., p. 229.
In this species the elytral punctures are much closer
together than usual, although the longitudinal costae
separating the rows are of normal distance apart.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Barron River.
METRIORRHYNCHUS LONGICORNIS, Macl. (Yylobanus), l. ¢.,
p. 282.
Two specimens from the Macleay Museum belong to
this species, but differ from the types in having the
antennae shorter and scutellum entirely dark. They are
however, females, the types probably being males.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Russell River, Cairns.
METRIORRHYNCHUS ABDOMINALIS, Wat. (Porrostoma),
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 75, Pl. I, figs. 19-22;
Ill. Typ. Col., p. 44, Pl. XI, fig. 10.
There are three female specimens before me* which
with some hesitation I refer to this species. In all of
them the rostrum is diluted in places with red; two of
them have a small’ medio-basal black spot on the pro- .
thorax,t and the scutellum black (not mentioned by
Waterhouse but black in the figure); the other specimen
has the prothorax and scutellum both entirely pallid. In
all three the middle part of the abdomen is dark, but the
dark portion is variable in extent and nowhere encroaches
on the sides or apex.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Mackay. VICTORIA:
Wodonga.
* From Brisbane and Bowen; the type was from ‘“ East
Australia.”
+ At the extreme base only instead of as figured.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 65
METRIORRHYNCHUS TEXTILIS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 77, Pl. I, figs. 32-35; Il.
Typ. Col., p. 46, Pl. XI, figs. 9-9a.
A female specimen from Brisbane (the type was from
Moreton Bay,* and also a female) agrees well with the
figures and size of this species and with the description
except as to the antennae. These are described as “ Long
and broad not diminishing towards the apex ; each joint
with a carina parallel with the lower margin.” In the
Brisbane specimen I cannot see auy carinae and the
terminal joints are distinctly narrower (although not by
much) than the median joints; in the figure they are also
so drawn. This specimen also is the only one I have seen
having the disc of the prothorax and the scutellum
entirely unclouded.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Moreton Bay.
METRIORRHYNCHUS RUSSATUS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 77, Pl. I, figs. 36-38; Ill.
Typ. Coll., p. 46, Pl. XI, fig. 11.
? serraticornis, Macl., P. L.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 230.
Two specimens in Mr. Simson’s collection certainly
belong to serraticornis. I think also that they belong to
russatus, in which case Macleay’s (as the later) name must
fall. In the description of russatus the elytra are stated
to be “ flavorufis (apice excepto)” ; for serraticornis Macleay
says “the extreme apex black.” In the specimens before
me only the thickened apical parts are black; the medio
basal prothoracic areolet is infuscate in front in both, and
in some specimens might easily appear black.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Bowen, Mossman River.
METRIORRHYNCHUS TOGATUS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 78, Pl. I, figs. 49-52; IIL.
Typ. Col., p. 47, Pl. XII, fig. 2; Lea, P. L.S., N.S.W.,
1898, p. 559.
I have three males of what I presume to be this species
as they agree with Waterhouse’s descriptions and figures ;
but they differ in being smaller (the largest specimen only
four as against five lines in length),
Hab. N.W. AusTRALIA; W. AusTRALIA: Albany, Mount
Barker.
* Practically the same locality.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) F
66 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
METRIORRHYNCHUS CINCTUS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 80, PL II, figs. 73-77; ILL
Typ. Col., p. 58, Pl. XIV, figs. 9-10.
capucinus, Lea, P.L.8., N.S.W., 1898, p. 558.
There are three females which I refer to this species; in
two of them the prothorax is coloured as described, but
in the other it is entirely pallid. The prothorax in all
three appears to be slightly notched in the middle but
this notch is invisible from most directions. In two of
them the scutellum is infuscate in the middle.
I regret to state that I have described the male under
the name of capucinus, having been misled by certain
slight colour differences.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Mackay, Barron Falls,
Bowen, Gympie.
METRIORRHYNCHAUS CLIENTULUS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 81, Pl. II, figs. 78-81 ; 1878,
p. 101; Ill. Typ. Col. (Synchonnus), p. 59; Pl. XV,
fig. 2.
I have a specimen from the Richmond River which I
think is possibly clientulus (it certainly belongs to Water-
house’s genus Synchonnus, which, to him, was monotypic),
but it has about one-third (instead of one-fifth only) of the
apex of elytra black and the elytral costae not alternately
strongly elevated, as in most of the species, but (especially
on the dark portion) appearing almost as nine equally
elevated lines. Waterhouse says “the second of the four
costae only well defined and extending to the apex; the
others less distinct.’ This species, however, is certainly
not the clientulus as identified by Blackburn * as its pro-
thorax has the basal two-thirds parallel-sided instead of
having the hind angles produced outwards; in fig. 78 of
Plate II the prothorax, it is true, is so drawn, but in the
later figure + it is drawn exactly as in my specimen.
Since the above was written I received a reply from Mr.
Waterhouse, to whom I had written about this species ; he
said, “ My outline (fig. 78) of the thorax is the more correct.
These are camera sketches and there is a tendency to
* In a comment under cliens, Blackb.
+ On comparing the figures of the prothorax, etc., in Trans. Ent.
Soe., and Ill. Typ. Col., it will often be noticed that they are given
as very different for the one species.
:
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 67
exaggerate, but this figure is fairly good. The figure by
Wilson in the ‘ Types’ is not good.”
METRIORRHYNCHUS INQUINULUS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 81, Pl. II, figs. 82-86 *; III.
Typ. Col. (Stadenus), p. 61, Pl. XV, figs. 3—-3a.
I have seen three specimens of this species from Victoria
(exact locality for his types was unknown to Waterhouse).
In appearance they are much like haemorrhoidalis but are
larger and with the prothorax triareolate only. The
figures given in the two publications quoted are not in
accordance with each other.
Hab. Victoria: Launching Place.
METRIORRHYNCHUS LIMBATUS, Wat. (Porrostoma), 'Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 81, Pl. I, figs. 88-91; 1878,
p. 180, genus 30; Ill. Typ. Col. (Achras), p. 62, Pl.
XV, fig. 7.
There are several females before me which appear to
be referable to this species, only one of them, however,
agrees with the description in having “none (of the
costae) reaching to the apex”; in the other specimens the
second and fourth costae are distinctly joined to the apex.
They vary in length from 34 to 44 lines.
In appearance the species closely resembles coenosus and
marginipennis; from which, however, it may be readily
distinguished by the sculpture of the prothorax.
Hab.+ QUEENSLAND: Mount Tambourine; N.S. WALEs:
Thornleigh, Blue Mountains; Victoria: Studley Park.
METRIORRHYNCHUS DICHROUS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 86, Pl. II, figs. 86-87 +; 1878,
p. 102, genus 29; Ill. Typ. Col. (Stadenus), p. 61,
Pl. XV, fig.5; Bourg. (Porrostoma), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
1889, p. 235.
Only the female was known to Waterhouse; the male
differs in being smaller with longer antennae, the joints of
* 83a, 86a and 86b evidently do not refer to this species but to
dichrous.
{ Mr. Waterhouse gives “ Australia” as locality for the type.
{ There is some confusion as to the numbers attached to the
figures of this species and inquinulus, as the latter are referred to as
82-86, the former 86-87. On examining the plate 86a, 86b and 87
all seem to agree with the description of dichrous.
F 2
68 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
which have longer rami, though not so long as in éogatus ;
which species it very closely resembles but can be readily
distinguished from it by the sculpture of the prothorax (3-
areolate in dichrous, 7-areolate in togatus).
Hab. W. AustTRALIA: King George’s Sound.
METRIORRHYNCHUS IRREGULARIS, Wat. (Porrostoma),
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 76, Pl. I, figs. 18-18a ;
Tll. Typ. Col., p. 46, Pl. XI, fig. 8.
There are three specimens which I refer to this species ;
they are however all rather larger (44 to 5 lines) than
the type (3 lines), but in other respects agree exactly
with the original description and figures, and as so many
species of the genus vary in size the difference in length
may be of no importance.
In general appearance these specimens closely resemble
small ones of lateralis but differ in the considerably shorter
rostrum * and shorter and differently formed antennae.
Hab. EK. AustrauiA: Mackenzie River +; QUEENS-
LAND: Brisbane; N.S. WALES: Gosford, Sydney.
METRIORRHYNCHUS FUSCOLINEATUS, Wat., Ill. Typ. Col.,
p. #7, Pl. XII, fig. 4.
Porrostoma lineatum, Wat. (n. pr.), Trans. Ent. Soe.
Lond., 1877, p. 78, Pl. I, figs. 45-48.
laetus, Blackb., P. L.S., N.S.W., 1891, p. 526.
The type of this species was recorded from N.W.
Australia, and a second specimen from Tasmania. Think-
ing it possible that /aetus was identical I sent a specimen
to Mr. Griffith of Adelaide asking him to have it com-
pared with the type of laetus, I] also sent an exactly
similar specimen to Mr. Waterhouse, asking for it to be
compared with the type of fuscolineatus. Mr. Griffith
wrote as follows:—“ Your specimen was duly handed to
Mr. Blackburn, who says he sees no particular difference
and is quite agreeable to call it a colour variety of Jf.
laetus. One point in colour is that your specimen has
the tops of the elytral carinae yellow, whilst in the type
* Another similarly coloured species has practically no rostrum,
but the only specimen I now have is not in condition to be described.
+ Iam unable to find this river on the map.
del aba ae eh cao te
i
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 69
they are black.”* Mr. Waterhouse replied :—‘‘ The
specimen you sent is certainly my /fuscolineatus.”
Hab. N.W. AustraLia; TASMANIA: Hobart; N.S.
Wates: Bulli, Galston, National Park.
METRIORRHYNCHUS MELASPIS, Bourg. (Porrostoma), Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1889, p. 235.
A specimen (from N.W. Australia) agrees exactly with
the description of this species except that it is much larger
(14 mm. as against a maximum of 9 mm. known to
Bourgeois). But a number of species vary to an even
greater extent than this; so, till evidence to the contrary
is forthcoming, I shall regard this species as being probably
a large specimen of me/laspis.
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
METRIORRHYNCHUS LATERALIS, Redt., Reise Novara, II,
p- 100; Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 74, PL.
I, figs. 15-17.
margiunicollis, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N.S. Wales, p.
263.
I have examined the type of marginzcollis and it belongs
to the species described by Waterhouse as the lateralis +
of Redtenbacher. Macleay does not mention the rostrum,
but in his type it is long (much as in rhipidius). The
species varies considerably in size.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney, Jenolan, Tweed River ;
(QUEENSLAND: Brisbane.
METRIORRHYNCHUS VITTATUS, Blackb., T. R.S., S.A., 1886,
p. 258.
A female specimen received from Mr. Blackburn and
bearing a label in his writing “ vittatus Blackb.” is probably
the female mentioned by him when describing that species.
I can only regard it, however, as one of the numerous
varieties of rufipennis. At the same time, I do not think
that vittatus can possibly belong to that species, as the
antennae of its male are described as strongly flabellate
* In the original description, however, Mr. Blackburn says :—
“In the male before me the elytral costae are scarcely splashed with
orange colour, in the female very distinctly ; probably these colour
characters are variable.”
{ I have not seen the original description of lateralis.
70 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
and the rostrum “nearly half again as long as wide.”
The prothorax also is described as “a little reddish on the
sides.” *
METRIORRHYNCHUS EREMITUS, Blackb., /. c., 1900, p. 55.
I have typically coloured specimens of this species from
several localities.
Two specimens (sexes) in the National Museum from
Studley Park evidently represent a variety; they have
the reddish markings of the elytra confined strictly to the
thickened sutural, apical and lateral margins. The pro-
thorax has part of the sides, but not the extreme sides
(which are black) of a dingy red, whilst its apex is black.
Hab. Vicrorta: Dividing Range, Studley Park, Brighton,
Emerald; N.S. WALES: Blue Mountains.
BREVIROSTRIS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 74, Pl. I, figs. 13-14; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 44,
Pl. XI, fig. 4.
N.W. AUSTRALIA.
UNIFORMIS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 76, Pl. I, figs. 28-31; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 45, Pl.
OU hig, 7.
QUEENSLAND : Bowen.
APICALIS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 77, Pl. I, figs. 39-44 ; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 46, Pl.
XT fie, 1.
QUEENSLAND : Cape York, Port Essington, Endeavour
River.
SCALARIS, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 79, PLI, figs. 53-56 ; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 48, Pl.
p Di py yee S
N.W. AUSTRALIA.
FALLAX, Wat. (Porrostoma), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877,
p. 79, Pl. I, figs. 57-60; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 48, Pl. XI,
fig. 5.
QUEENSLAND : Moreton Bay.
* In the female before me the prothorax is of uniform colour.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 71
CENTRALIS, Macl., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 280.
QUEENSLAND : Cairns.
FOLIATUS, Macl., J. ¢., p. 230.
(JUEENSLAND: Mossman River.
HIRTIPES, Macl., J. ¢., p. 231.
QUEENSLAND: Mossman River.
FuMosUS, Macl. (Xylobanus), U. ¢., p. 231.
(JUEENSLAND : Cairns.
MINIATICOLLIS, Macl. (XYylobanus), 1. ¢., p. 232.
(QUEENSLAND: Barron River.
MEYRICKI, Blackb., T. R.8., S.A., 1886, p. 258.
W. AusTRALIA: King George’s Sound.
INSIGNIPENNIS, Blackb., J. c., 1900, p. 52.
TASMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington.
CLIENS, Blackb., /. ¢., p. 53.
N.S. Wates: Tweed River.
MENTITOR, Blackb., /. ¢., p. 54.
Victoria: Dividing Range.
PARADOXA, Blackb., J. ¢., p. 55.
VicroriA: Dividing Range.
MONTICOLA, Blackb., P. L.8., N.S.W., 1891, p. 526.°
Victoria: Alpine District.
OCCIDENTALIS, Blackb., 7. ¢, p. 526.
W. AustRALiA : Eyre’s Sand Patch.
MARGINIPENNIS, Lea, J. ¢., 1898, p. 556.
N.S. WAuEs: Sydney, Blue Mountains, Bulli.
COENOSUS, Lea, J. ¢., p. 557.
N.S. Waters: Sydney, Galston, Gosford, Blue
Mountains.
72 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
METRIORRHYNCHUS APTERUS, n. sp. (Fug. 1.)
Q Black ; elytra reddish testaceous, :
Rostrum short (distinctly wider than long). Antennae short
(scarcely passing hind coxae), serrate ; 2nd joint unusually distinct,
3rd at least half as long again as 4th; 4th-l0th transverse.
Prothorax strongly transverse, distinctly 7-areolate, side con-
stricted in middle, hind angles acute. Scuwtellwm gradually de-
creasing in width to apex, which is rather feebly emarginate,
Elytra short, indirect at base, each separately narrowed towards
apex so that the apices are widely separated ; quadricostate, the
interstices with double rows of large transverse rectangular punctures.
Abdomen very large, strongly inflated, passing elytra for more than
half its total length ; 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments each more than
thrice as wide as leng. Length 23 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLA ND: Darling Downs (type in C. French’s
collection).
So far as I am aware this is the only apterous species of
the subfamily known from any part of the world. In one
of the two specimens before me the elytra are 6, in the
other 9 mm. long; in the former each is less than thrice
as long as wide, in the latter each is fully four times as
long as wide. ‘The legs are rather stronger than usual, but
are otherwise normal.
METRIORRHYNCHUS UNISERIATUS, 0. Sp.
¢. Black ; elytra reddish-testaceous.
Rostrum very short or absent. Antennae long ; 2nd joint moder-
ately distinct, 3rd slightly longer than 4th, its ramus slightly shorter
than the joint itself, 4th-9th each with the ramus longer than the
joint, in the 10th aslong ; 11th as long as greatest length (including
the ramus) of 10th. Prothorax moderately transverse, distinctly
7-areolate, apex rounded, sides constricted in middle, basal angles
acute and laterally produced. Scutellum feebly depressed, narrowed.
apex and which is semicircular. Hlytra narrow, feebly diminishing
n width from base to apex ; each quadricostate, the interstices with
single series of large transverse punctures separated by distinct and
almost regular ridges. Abdomen with penultimate segment entire
at apex.
Length 6 mm.
2. Differs in being larger, antennae shorter stouter and strongly
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodernidae. 73.
serrate only, the 11th joint almost twice the length of 10th ; the
prothorax also is rather less transverse.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Richmond River (7. G. Sloane and
A, M. Lea).
Readily distinguished from all the similarly coloured
species by the elytral punctures being in single instead of
in double rows. Although no species having similarly
punctured elytra were known to Waterhouse they appear
to be fairly numerous in Australia, as three (insignipennis,
paradoxa and meyzicki) were described by Blackburn, one
(miniaticollis) by Macleay, and several are here described.*
I am also acquainted with others which, for various reasons,
are not now described.
In the penultimate segment entire at the apex in the
male, the species differs from all others before me. The
apical segment however is much narrower than in the
female.
METRIORRHYNCHUS CANCELLATUS, 0. sp.
dé. Black ; suture sides and ie of elytra reddish-testaceous.
Rostrum absent. Antennae passing hind coxae, very strongly
serrate (almost ramose); 2nd joint just visible from the sides, 3rd
considerably larger but scarcely longer than 4th, its produced
portion not as long as the truncated apex, 4th-9th with the pro-
duced portion about half the total length of each. Prothoraa dis-
tinctly 7-areolate, rounded in front, constricted in middle, base
slightly produced on each side. Scewtellwm semicircular at apex.
Elytra narrow, parallel-sided ; each quadricostate, the interspaces
with single rows of large transverse or square punctures, separated
by strong transverse ridges. Abdomen with penultimate segment
feebly emarginate at apex.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (R&. TJilidge); N.S.
WALES: Blue Mountains (Messrs. Taylor); Mount Wilson
(A. S. Ollif?).
The remarkable sculpture of the elytra is much as it is
described as being in paradowa, but the connecting ridges,
though everywhere distinct, are everywhere below the
* M. coenosus, Lea, might also be fairly regarded as having she
punctures in single rows.
74 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
level of the costae, as can plainly be seen on viewing
the insect along the elytra; the elytra also have both the
suture and the outer margins pallid to the extreme base,*
not as in paradoxa the suture black and the outer markings
not continuous to base. Nevertheless it is possible that it
will afterwards have to be placed as a variety of paradoxa,
especially as the type of the latter was from a mount-
ainous district and therefore especially liable to melanism,
METRIORRHYNCHUS SIMPLICICORNIS, Nn. sp.
6. Black ; basal three-fifths of elytra reddish-testaceous.
Heud polished. Eyes large. Rostrum absent. Antennae serrate,
passing pallid portion of elytra; 2nd joint rather distinct, 3rd dis-
tinctly longer than 4th, none of the others transverse. Prothorax
moderately transverse, apex rounded, sides constricted in middle,
posterior angles very acute ; with a strong median areolet continuous
almost to apex, from its middle obscurely connected with each side.
Elytra narrow and parallel-sided ; quadricostate, the interstices
each with a single row of large rectangular punctures, becoming
irregular at base and apex. Abdomen with penultimate segment
widely and semicircularly but not very deeply excised in middle.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Mount Tambourine (type in R.
Illidge’s collection).
In appearance closely resembles the following species
(which also has the elytral punctures in single series) but
with antennae serrate only. I am not sure whether
Waterhouse would have regarded the prothorax as 3- or
5-areolate ; if the former it would have been referred to
Stadenus, 1f the latter, to Synchonnus.
METRIORRHYNCHUS RAMOSUS, n. sp. (Jig. 23.)
¢. Black ; basal three-fifths of elytra reddish-testaceous.
Rostrum absent. Antennae distinctly passing middle of elytra,
strongly flabellate ; 3rd joint not much longer than 4th, its ramus
about once and one half the length of the joint itself, of the others
(except the 10th) the ramus in each is about twice the length of
the joint, llth about twice the length of 10th. Prothorax
moderately transverse, distinctly 7-areolate, apex rounded, sides
constricted in middle, basal angles acute and laterally produced.
* The pallid markings, except at the apical 5th, are confined
strictly to the thickened suture and margins.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 75
Scutellum shining, apex semicircular. Hlytra narrow, parallel-sided ;
each quadricostate, the interspaces with single rows of very large
transverse punctures, separated by rather strong ridges. Abdomen
with penultimate segment triangularly excised almost to base.
Length 7 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Tweed River (W. W. Froggatt).
The antennal rami are unusually long for Metrior-
rhynchus as defined by Waterhouse. In colour the species
greatly resembles clientulus, dichrous, togatus, etc., but may
be at once distinguished by the elytral punctures being in
single series.
METRIORRHYNCHUS BRISBANENSIS, 0. sp.
dg. Black, basal two-thirds of elytra reddish-testaceous.
Rostrum very short (fully twice as wide as long). Antennae
passing middle of elytra, very strongly serrate ; 2nd joint moderately
distinct, 3rd distinctly longer than 4th, the outline of the produced
portion of each oblique (with but a slight swelling in the middle)
from the base, the shorter side of each of the 4th-9th joints about
half the length of the longer side. Prothorax feebly transverse,
distinctly 7-areolate, apex rounded, sides constricted in middle, basal
angles acute and laterally produced. Scutellwm deeply impressed
in middle, apex semicircular. Hlytra long, thin and parallel sided,
each quadricostate, the interspaces with double rows of more or less
round and regular punctures. Abdomen with the penultimate
segment equilaterally triangularly excised to its middle.
Length 8-9 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (2. J/lidge).
The smaller elytral costae separating the rows of punc-
tures are no stronger than the transverse ridges separating
each puncture, and are sometimes inclined to disappear.
In one specimen the sutural punctures appear as a single
row on each side to about the middle (where they become
normal), being separated by oblique ridges without a
trace of the smaller longitudinal costae; elsewhere they
are very irregular.
From clientulus, cliens and dichrous readily distinguished
by the seven prothoracic areolets; from the preceding
species by the double rows of elytral punctures. From
togatus by the elytra (of which less of the apex is dark)
being longer and thinner; the medio-basal prothoracic
areolet is also smaller, the carina connecting it with the
76 Mr, Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
apex shorter and the sides more constricted in the middle ;
nevertheless it is very closely allied to togatws, and may
eventually be considered as merely a geographical variety
of that species.
METRIORRHYNCHUS BASIFLAVUS, n. sp. (fig. 82.)
dé. Black ; prothorax, scutellum, basal fifth of elytra, meso-
sternum, four anterior coxae and base of four anterior femora flavous.
Head shining. Eyes large. Rostrum absent. Antennae serrate
passing middle of elytra, 2nd joint indistinct, 3rd considerably
longer than 4th, none transverse. Prothorax small, transverse, apex
truncate, sides lightly constricted in middle, posterior angles pro-
duced and acute ; 3-areolate, median areolet rather narrow, a strong
carina (rather more than one-third of the total length) connecting it
with apex. Scutellwm semicircularly emarginate at apex. Hlytra
narrow, slightly inflated towards apex ; quadricostate, the Ist (from
the suture) costa much stronger than the others, interstices with
single rows of large, rectangular punctures, becoming irregular
towards apex, but rather larger towards base. Abdomen with penul-
timate segment triangularly excised in middle.
Length 73 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Barron River, Cairns (Macleay
Museum).
The colour is apparently much lke Jongicornis and
miniaticollis (the latter has also the elytra uniseriately
punctate), but from both it can be readily distinguished by
the triareolate prothorax ; ampliatus (Macleay nec Water-
house) has the prothorax quinqueareolate and elytra with
double rows of punctures, but till the sculpture is examined
appears almost exactly the same; according to Water-
house ampliatus would belong to Synchonnus and basi-
flavus to Stadenus.
METRIORRHYNCHUS CONSTRICTICOLLIS, n. sp. (Migs. 24,
83, 164.)
¢d. Black ; basal half of elytra (except the suture and a sub-
triangular space about scutellum) flavous.
Rostrum very short. Antennae stout, passing middle of elytra,
joints wide and feebly serrated, 3rd slightly longer and wider than
4th, the others to 10th gradually decreasing in size. Prothorax
moderately transverse ; 3-areolate, apex not much narrower than
base and slightly constricted in middle, sides strongly constricted,
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. Ce
basal angles acute and laterally produced. Scutellum shining,
depressed, almost parallel-sided to apex, which is semicircularly
emarginate. lytra narrow, parallel-sided ; each quadricostate,
the interspaces with single rows of large rectangular punctures,
separated by distinct ridges. Abdomen with the penultimate seg-
ment widely and subtriangularly excised.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. W. AustTRALIA: Mount Barker.
In size, colour and general appearance strongly resembles
meyricki (also from Western Australia, and with the elytral
punctures in single series), but at once distinguished by
the prothorax being distinctly divided into three areolets
instead of into seven. The elytral punctures are usually
transverse but are sometimes distinctly longer than wide,
those of the two sutural rows are, as a rule, larger than the
others. The median areolet of the prothorax is narrowly
open posteriorly and terminates about one-third from the
apex, with which it is connected by a narrow shining
carina.
METRIORRHYNCHUS OBSCURIPENNIS, 0. Sp.
¢d. Black ; elytra dark reddish-brown, the sides and suture some-
what paler,
Rostrum very short. Antennae passing middle of elytra; 2nd
joint moderately distinct, 3rd no longer than 4th, its ramus (as also
that of 10th) slightly shorter than the joint itself, of the others
mostly longer than the supporting joint. Prothorax moderately
transverse ; 5-areolate, the costae connecting the median areolet with
the sides rather indistinct ; anterior angles rounded, apex slightly
produced and notched in middle, sides constricted in middle but
basal fourth almost parallel-sided, posterior angles subacute but not
laterally produced, Scutellwm diminishing in width to apex, which
is rather deeply emarginate. lytra narrow, parallel sided ; each
quadricostate, the interspaces with double rows of large irregular
punctures, the transverse and longitudinal ridges separating the
punctures often indistinct. Abdomen with the penultimate segment
triangularly excised.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Hobart.
In appearance somewhat like various forms of 7'richalus
discoideus, but the prothorax 5-areolate, sutural costa not
78 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
trifurcate at base, etc. It would probably have been
referred to Stadenus by Mr. Waterhouse; from his in-
quinulus it differs in the colour of the elytra, the pro-
thorax more transverse and angular and notched in the
middle of the apex ; elytral punctures less regular, ete.
METRIORRHYNCHUS TRIAREOLATUS, n. sp. (Migs. 84, 162,
163.)
dg. Black ; elytra partly reddish-testaceous.
Head shining. Rostrum almost absent. Antennae strongly serrate ;
end joint moderately distinct, 3rd slightly longer than 4th. Prothorax
moderately tranverse, apex feebly emarginate in middle, sides feebly
constricted in middle, all the angles strongly rounded ; 3-areolate,
the middle areolet continuous from base almost to apex. Scutellum
larger than usual, apex semicircular. LHlytra feebly increasing in
width to apex ; quadricostate, the interstices with double rows of
subquadrate punctures, the ridges separating the punctures rather
feebly elevated. Abdomen with penultimate segment narrowly and
deeply excised.
Length 8} mm.
2. Differs in being larger, elytra less parallel, abdomen simple, etc.
Hab. W. AusTRALIA: Vasse (4. M. Lea); King George’s
Sound (Australian Museum).
Although the antennae in all the specimens before me
are damaged (in one male only five joints are left, in
another male and in a female only one joint of each is
left), 1 have described this species on account of its strong
resemblance to meyricki and constricticollis (both from W.
Australia) which yet are so differently sculptured as to
render them easily separable. Nigrovitiatus (from New
South Wales) is very similarly coloured and also has the
prothorax triareolate but the posterior angles are very
decidedly acute; in the present species also the elytra
are glabrous, shining, and with the costae rather widely
separated, whilst in that species the elytra are pubescent,
opaque, and with the costae much closer together. The
black portion of the elytra is moderately wider at the base,
is narrowed at the basal third and then dilates so as to
cover the whole of the apical fourth.
METRIORRHYNCHUS NIGROVITTATUS, n. sp. (Mig. 161.)
?. Black; elytra testaceous but with a broad black sutural stripe ;
which widens posteriorly.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 79
Rostrum absent. Antennae moderately serrate, passing middle of
elytra ; 2nd joint unusually distinct, 3rd about twice as long as wide
and longer than 4th, the others to 10th gradually decreasing in size.
Prothorax feebly transverse ; 3-areolate, apex regularly rounded,
sides very feebly constructed in middle, basal angles acute and some-
what obliquely produced. Scutellwm feebly depressed, parallel-sided,
apex semicircular. Hlytra narrow, parallel-sided ; each quadricostate,
the 2nd and 4th (from suture) much more distinct than the others,
the interspaces with very irregular double (in many places appearing
single) rows of punctures.
Length 7-8 mm.
Hab. New SoutH WALES: ‘Blue Mountains (Macleay
Museum, #. Ferguson, and H. J. Carter).
The sutural stripe is enclosed between the second costae
for about one-half of its length, it then dilates so that at
the apex the entire surface is covered .by it. The median
prothoracic areolet is large, continuous to base and apex,
and widest in middle, in each side of which there is a
short cariniform spur, which if continued to the sides
would cause the prothorax to appear 5-areolate. The
punctures are very irregular and are frequently conjoined,
both longitudinally and transversely, so that in some parts
there appear to be but six rows on each elytron (the two
outer rows being apparently always distinct). The smaller
longitudinal ridges are altogether absent in places, so that
the Ist and 38rd costae being less distinct than the 2nd
and 4th each elytron appears almost as if only bicostate.
The type is in the Macleay Museum.
METRIORRHYNCHUS MOERENS, 0. Sp.
¢. Black.
Rostrum long (scarcely shorter than the prothorax), shining, finely
punctate at open, more noticeably towards base. Antennae stout,
just passing hind coxae ; 2nd joint invisible from above, 3rd consider-
ably longer than 4th, its ramus about two-fifths of its total length,
4th—-9th each with the ramus about half of its total length. Prothorax
distinctly 7-areolate; apex much narrower than base, basal angles
acute and laterally produced. Scutellwm transverse, apex semi-
circular. lytra each with four distinct costae, the interstices with
almost regular double rows of transverse punctures. Abdomen with
penultimate segment incised almost to base.
Length 12 mm.
80 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
2. Differs in being larger than the male, the rostrum longer and
thinner, antennae rather shorter and strongly serrate only.
Length 14-15 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Bruni Island (A. J Lea), Hobart
(H. J. Carter).
A male from the Huon River has the 3rd joint longer
than the type, with its ramus shorter and nearer the
parallel to the joint itself. A similar variation is common
in rhipidius. In fact, practically the only really distinct
feature separating this species and rhipidius is the colour
of the elytra.
From the other black Tasmanian species it can be dis-
tinguished by the length of its rostrum (as against atratus),
and by the double series of punctures on the elytra (as
against insignipennis). It would be a Porrostoma according
to Mr. Waterhouse. The specimens from Bruni Island
were taken on Leptospermum blossoms.
METRIORRHYNCHUS DISCONIGER, n. sp. (Jig. 160.)
dé. Black ; elytra partly reddish-testaceous.
Head moderately shining. Rostrum long (about twice the length
of basal joint of antennae), but fairly stout. Antennae extending to
middle of elytra, pectinate ; 2nd joint indistinct, 3rd distinctly longer
than 4th, its ramus not half its total length, 4th-8th each with the
ramus half the total length, of 9th shorter, of 10th still shorter,
Prothorax feebly transverse, apex rounded, sides feebly constricted in
middle, posterior angles subacute ; distinctly 7-areolate. Scutellam
rather feebly emarginate at apex. Hlytra rather less narrow than
usual ; quadricostate, the interstices with irregular double rows of
punctures, becoming more regular and almost rectangular towards
base.
Length 11 mm.
?. Differs in being larger, prothorax and elytra rather wider,
antennae shorter, strongly serrate only, and with the 4th-9th joints
transverse.
Hab. Victoria (type ¢ in Macleay Museum, type $ in
C. French’s collection).
The black portion of the elytra is narrowest at the base,
gradually dilated towards and widest at a little beyond the
middle, and then contracted and terminated (with a rounded
outline) at about one-seventh from the apex in the male,
at about one-sixth in the female; at its widest it almost
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 81
touches the outer of the four discal costae. In both the
specimens before me the scutellum has the appearance
of being feebly longitudinally ribbed, but this may be
accidental. In the male the abdomen is missing.
METRIORRHYNCHUS ORDINARIUS, n. sp.
¢d. Black; sides of prothorax, sides and apical fifth of elytra
reddish-testaceous.
Head moderately shining. Rostrum long, thin, and shining.
Antennae long (extending to about one-fourth from apex of elytra),
strongly serrate; 2nd joint indistinct, 3rd about twice as long as
wide and distinctly longer than 4th, 6th-10th subtriangular.
Prothorax feebly transverse, base much wider than apex, posterior
angles produced but rounded, sides constricted in middle ; 7-arealate,
but the ridges bounding the areolets not very distinct. Scwtellwm
diminishing in width to apex, which is semicircularly emarginate.
lytra narrow, parallel-sided ; quadricostate, the interstices with
somewhat irregular double rows of punctures, the ridges separating
the punctures rather feeble except towards base, where the longi-
tudinal ones are almost as stout as the costae. Abdomen with the
penultimate segment deeply excised.
Length 105 mm.
. Differs in being slightly wider, the antennae shorter and
wider and the abdomen simple.
Hab. Victorta: Monbulk, Studley Park, Gippsland.
The pale margins of the elytra are very narrow at the
basal two-thirds, but then dilate so as to cover the whole
of the apical fifth, the black portion consequently is some-
what triangularly advanced along the suture. In colour
it appears to resemble monticola, but its rostrum is fully
thrice the length of the basal joint of the antennae. It
would be a Porrostoma according to Waterbouse.
METRIORRHYNCHUS BATEST, 0. sp.
P. Black ; basal three-fifths of elytra of a dark brownish-red.
Rostrum absent. Antennae stout, strongly serrate, extending to
about middle of elytra ; 2nd joint unusually distinct, 3rd distinctly
longer than 4th. Prothorax transverse ; distinctly 7-areolate, apex
produced and slightly notched in middle, sides not constricted in
middle, base deeply bisinuate and with a distinct median notch, basal
angles rounded off but rectangular. Scutellum rather narrow and
notched at apex. lytra long, parallel-sided ; each quadricostate, the
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) G
82 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
interspaces with regular double rows of fairly large transverse punc-
tures, separated by distinct ridges, the longitudinal ridges separat-
ing the punctures at base fully as distinct as the regular costae, but
becoming smaller (although still regular and distinct) from about
the basal fourth.
Length 14 mm.
Hab. N.S. WaLEs: Tweed R. (W. W. Froggatt).
A very distinct species. Mr. Froggatt sent with this
species a specimen which resembles it in size, colour and
general appearance toa remarkable extent, and yet it
belongs to the Oedemeridae. As a description may be of
interest, this is appended as a footnote.*
METRIORRHYNCHUS SIMSONI, 0. sp.
dé Black; shoulders and tips of elytra reddish-testaceous.
Rostrumalmost absent. Antennae passing hind coxae, very strongly
serrate but not ramose ; 2nd joint indistinct even from the sides,
srd joint perceptibly longer than 4th. Prothorax distinctly 7-areo-
late ; not much wider than long, base not much wider than apex
and almost right angled, middle constricted. Scwtellwm transverse,
apex semicircular. Hlytra each quadricostate ; the insterstices with
* PSEUDOLYCHUS WALLACE, n. sp.
Black ; basal three-fifths of elytra of a dark brownish-red Clothed
with short pubescence varying from greyish to black ; each of the
abdominal segments tipped with very distinct white pubescence.
Head with small concealed punctures. Antennae broad, extend-
ing to basal third of elytra; 1st joint as long as eye and much
shorter, 3rd-10th strongly serrate, gradually decreasing in length
and width, 11th thinner and longer than 10th. Prothorax slightly
transverse, apex rounded, base slightly bilobed, sides feebly incurved
to middle, disc with obtuse subtubercular elevations. Scutellum
longer than wide. lytra considerably wider and about six times
longer than prothorax ; sides and suture thickened and the disc of
each with three distinct costae, interspaces more or less convex and
with dense partially concealed punctures. Legs long ; basal joint of
hind tarsi longer than the rest combined, of the front tarsi almost
as long as the three following combined, of the middle tarsi much
shorter ; claws obtusely lobed at base.
Length 14 mm.
Hab. N.S. Wares: Richmond River (W. W. Froggatt).
Readily distinguished from haemorrhoidalis and the allied species
by the four apical joints of antennae not becoming suddenly narrower
than the others. The prothorax has altogether ten subtubercular
elevations; of these a moderately long one is on each side of the
median line, two (irregular and partly conjoined) are on each side of
the base and two (very indistinct) on each side of the apex.
a
ee ee
Australian and Tasmanian. Malacodermidae. 83
irregular double series of punctures; from most directions (except
towards base and apex) appearing uniseriately punctate. Abdomen
with penultimate segment triangularly excised to base.
Length 11 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA (type in Aug. Simson’s collection).
The figure of Hros praefectus, given by Waterhouse,*
will give a very good idea of the general appearance of
this species, although in that species the elytra are not
tipped with red. ‘The antennae are sufficient to distin-
guish it from rufipennis and all the varieties of that species.
The elytra when viewed directly from above appear to be
without the fine intermediate ridges (and therefore as
uniseriately punctate) but these (or parts of them) are
sufficiently distinct from the side.
METRIORRHYNCHUS GRACILIS, 0. Sp.
¢. Of a sooty-brown colour; prothorax, scutellum, elytra (except
an oblique space on each side of apex), coxae, and base of all the
femora flavous.
Head shining. Eyes large. Rostrum absent. Antennae long,
flabellate ; 2nd joint distinct, 3rd slightly longer than 4th, its
ramus (as also that of 10th) about half its total length, 4th-9th each
with the ramus distinctly more than half its total length. Prothorax
subquadrate, apex produced and rounded in the middle, no narrower
than base, anterior angles feebly obtuse, posterior feebly acute, sides
feebly constricted in middle, base trisinuate ; 7-areolate, the median
areolet small, narrow and confined to basal half, the four front ones
very feebly defined ; apical half rather coarsely punctate. Scutellwm
feebly increasing in width to apex, which is semicircularly emar-
ginate. Hlytra long thin and parallel-sided ; quadricostate, the in-
sterstices with regular (irregular towards apex) rows of rather small,
rectangular punctures. Abdomen with penultimate segment widely
excised almost to base.
Length 9 mm.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Endeavour River (type in Macleay
Museum).
Differs from the description of miniatus in having the
apex of the elytra dark and the median prothoracic areolet
confined to the basal half, with all of the anterior ones very
ill defined ; apparently also in the colour of the legs. It
* Ill. Typ. Col., Plate IX, fig. 6.
G2
84 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
seems fairly close to posticalis but with less of the elytra
dark and prothoracic sculpture different. It is like testa-
ceicollis in having the median areolet confined to the basal
half, but is otherwise very different. Although the majority
of the elytral punctures are really rectangular many of
them appear to be almost circular till closely examined.
This species would be a Cladophorus according to Water-
house.
METRIORRHYNCHUS COSTICOLLIS, n. sp. (Fig. 85.)
g. Black or dark brown; prothorax and scutellum reddish flavous.
Rostrum practically absent. Antennae moderately long, strongly
ramose ; ramus of 3rd joint the length of the joint itself, of each of
the 4th-10th joints distinctly longer. Provthorax rather strongly
transverse, sides incurved to middle ; 7-areolate, the median areolets
rather smaller than the lateral, but all four with distinct punctures,
medio-basal areolet narrow and continuous to apical third ; all the
costae strongly defined. Scutellum triangularly excised at apex.
Elytra long thin and parallel-sided, each with double rows of
small almost regular punctures, the costae separating which, how-
ever, are distinct only on the basal two-thirds.
Length 6 mm.
fab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (type in Macleay Museum).
The portion of the elytra covered by the prothorax is also
pale. Owing to the irregular contraction of the abdomen
I have not been able to satisfy myself as to the exact
shape of the penultimate segment in either of the two
specimens before me. For a short special table dealing
with this, the two following and several other species see
notes under festaceicollis,
METRIORRHYNCHUS DIMINUTIVUS, n. sp.
¢. Blackish-brown, parts of three basal joints of antennae and
parts of legs obscurely paler; prothorax, scutellum, muzzle, tro-
chanters, base of femora, and four front coxae more or less flavous.
Rostrum practically absent. Antennae long and thin, joints some-
what serrate and none transverse. Prothorax moderately transverse,
sides strongly incurved to middle, and apex bilobed, hind angies acute ;
7-areolate, costae separating the four frontal areolets (except the
median costa which is very distinet) short and not well defined ;
apex densely punctuate. Scutellwm rather widely emarginate. Elytra
long, slightly dilated posteriorly, with single series of large more or
.
)
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 85
less rectangular punctures. Penultimate segment of abdomen
triangularly excised.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Cairns (type in Macleay Museum).
On the basal third of the elytra the third row of punc-
tures becomes double owing to a short costa, but else-
where, even towards the apex, there is not the least trace
of gemination.
METRIORRHYNCHUS ATRICORNIS, 0. sp.
P. Black; prothorax, scutellum, trochanters and four anterior
coxae flavous.
Rostrum practically absent. Antennae long, strongly serrate, none
of the joints transverse. Prothorax strongly transverse, apex pro-
duced in middle, sides incurved to middle, front angles obtuse, hind
very acute; 3-areolate, median areolet continuous or almost con-
tinuous to apex, a short costa on each side of its middle. Hlytra
long, thin, and subparallel; with double rows of small, somewhat
irregular punctures ; the second strong costa much more distinct
than the others except towards the base.
Length 7-8 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Cairns (type in Macleay Museum).
The prothorax at first appears to be 3-areolate, and I
have so described it, but on close inspection there is seen
to be a short carina on each side of the median areolet,
this latter in three specimens is continuous to both base
and apex, but in two others is terminated before the apex.
In two of them the scutellum is infuscate at tip. I have
described the females as the only male* I have seen has
lost both its antenna, but as those of the female are un-
usually long for that sex, I do not think that in the male
the joints are flabellate.
METRIORRHYNCHUS MILITARIS, n. sp. (f%g. 86.)
dg. Black, sides of prothorax, sides and suture of elytra and
rostrum (except labrum) reddish.
Rostrum very short. Antennae long, rather strongly serrate, none
of the joints transverse. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, apex
rounded, sides very feebly incurved to middle ; front angles strongly
' * The penultimate segment of its abdomen is triangularly excised
to the base.
86 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
obtuse, the hind almost acute ; 7-areolate ; the frontal half strongly
punctate. Elytra long, thin and parallel-sided ; with double rows
of small round punctures, regular except towards apex; the four
strong costae on each very well defined, though not very stout.
Penultimate segment of abdomen subtriangularly excised.
Length 74 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Mount Wilson (A. 8. Ollif, January,
1889).
The reddish markings of the elytra are very narrow and
in the suture are terminated before the base. On one
specimen the front margin of the prothorax is thickened
and with a regular row of punctures on its upturned edge.
In appearance it is close to cancellatus and some of the
varieties of rufipennis but has the side of the prothorax
pale. Of the other species having these sides pale and
the disc 7-areolate it differs from caenosus by the elytral
punctures being in double series ; from lateralis, ordinartus
and fuscolineatus by its very short rostrum ; from eremita
by the shape of its antennal joints; but it differs from
eremita and the four previously named species by its very
narrow form, long and almost parallel-sided prothorax
with large punctures in front. In general appearance it
is fairly close to narginipennis, but its elytral punctures
are (except near apex) quite regular and the rostrum
pallid ; monticola has the prothorax transverse and the
dark portion of elytra “of a width to include two costae.”
METRIORRHYNCHUS VARIIPENNIS, n. sp. (Lg. 87.)
d. Black, sides of prothorax, sides and suture of elytra reddish.
Rostrum long (almost twice the length of basal joint of antennae.
Antennae long, strongly serrate, none of the joints transverse.
Prothorax transverse, apex slightly produced, basal half much wider
than apical half—being rather suddenly dilated at the middle;
7-areolate, costae distinct; sides and apex with distinct punctures.
Elytra long, moderately thin, with double rows of more or less
angular punctures; the four strong costae on each well defined
throughout and all equal at base, but not posteriorly. Penultimate
segment of abdomen deeply and narrowly excised, the incision
rounded towards its end and wider there than at its entrance.
Length 11-14 mm.
Hab. NS. Wars: Bulli (. J. Carter and A. M.
Lea), Belmore (Messrs. Taylor).
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 87
In the female the antennal joints are simply rounded on
their inner edges, but in the male the 3rd—9th joints are
slightly produced at the tip, so as to appear subpectinate.
In all the specimens before me the elytra when in position
do not touch except at their tips and near the base ; this,
however, is quite a common feature inthe genus. The red-
dish margins of the prothorax occupy about half its sur-
face. Some specimens have the elytra entirely dark
except for the sutural and external costae and a space at
the open; in others the reddish markings are continued
along the costae; some specimens have the elytra entirely
reddish except for a slight infuscation about the scutellum,
whilst others have the disc of each (including the costae or
not) longitudinally infuscate. In some specimens the outer
edge of the third joint is obscurely reddish.
In general appearance much like fuscolineatus (laetus—
also from Bulli) and with almost parallel variation of the
elytra, but at once distinguished by the long rostrum (in
the types of /aetus the rostrum of the male is described as
“brevi” and of the female “multo minus brevi’’), The
prothorax is also of different shape. Of the other species
having the prothorax 7-areolate and its sides pallid it
differs from lateralis by the slightly shorter rostrum and
considerably shorter antennae ; from ordinarius by the pale
suture, shorter antennae and wider rostrum, monticola is
said to have a short rostrum and the elytral markings are
different. The dark form in appearance is much closer to
eremita than to any other species, but the rostrum is much
longer than in that species.
METRIORRHYNCHUS HETERODOXUS, n. sp. (figs. 25, 88.)
6. Blackish ; sides of elytra reddish.
Head rather less concave than usual. Rostrum almost absent.
Antennae stout, extending to middle of elytra; 1st joint as long as
wide, and almost concealed, 3rd scarcely half the length of 4th,
4th slightly shorter and stouter than 5th, 6th-10th gradually
decreasing in width; 11th slightly longer than 5th. Prothorax
rather strongly transverse, apex bilobed, sides not incurved to
middle, hind angles almost rectangular ; 5-areolate, median areolet
unusually large, narrowly open in front, its apical half twice as
large as its basal, from each side of its middle a curved carina con-
necting it with the sides, a shorter and less distinct carina on each
side near its base. Scutellwm convex, triangularly notched. Hlytra
88 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
much wider than usual and considerably wider than prothorax,
each with but four continuous costae ; these although strong are in
places encroached upon by punctures; punctures large, usually
rectangular and in single series; but in places (especially towards
base and apex), subgeminate in arrangement, the transverse ridges
separating them sometimes Y-shaped. Penultimate segment of
abdomen triangularly excised.
Length 8-9 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Blue Mountains (type in Macleay
Museum).
Mr. Waterhouse would probably have proposed a special
genus for the reception of this species, as the sculpture
of the prothorax and elytra, convex scutellum, stout and
unusually short 38rd joint of antennae are strongly at
variance with the other members of the allied genera.
The reddish margins of the elytra are comparatively wide,
and are very slightly dilated at the base and apex. At
the apex they are continued up the suture for a short
distance.
METRIORRHYNCHUS RUFIROSTRIS, 0. sp.
@. Blackish ; parts of head and of rostrum, edge of third joint of
antennae, prothorax, scutellnm, elytra and front trochanters reddish-
flavous.
Rostrum robust, somewhat longer than broad. Antennae moderately
long; 38rd joint much longer than 4th, 4th-5th feebly, 6th-10th
strongly serrate, 5th-7th feebly transverse. Prothorax lightly trans-
verse, apex produced in middle, base rather suddenly and angularly,
but not very greatly dilated, front angles widely obtuse, hind angles
almost rectangular ; 7-areolate, all the costae well defined and con-
tinuous, median areolet narrow and terminated at apical third.
Elytra long, thin and parallel-sided, with double rows of more or
less regular, and angular punctures ; larger costae well defined but
at base not much more distinct than the smaller ones.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Somerset (C. French).
The shorter and differently coloured rostrum (which in
length—excluding the labrum—is exactly equal to the
first joint of antennae) readily distinguishes from teztilis,
uniformis and nigripes. The rostrum is longer than in
elongatus and the third joint of antennae is different. The
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 89
sculpture of the elytra is much as in many of the larger
females of rhipidius.
METRIORRHYNCHUS OPACUS, 0. sp.
2 Deep black.
Rostrum very short. Antennae rather long, 3rd joint once and
one half as long as wide and distinctly longer than 4th, the succeed-
ing ones feebly produced internally.* Prothorax lightly transverse,
apex slightly produced, hind angles produced ; disc 7-areolate.
Elytra long and thin, quadricostate, the interstices with double rows
of rather small:regular punctures.
Length 103 mm. ;
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (£. Allen),
In general appearance close to atratus but narrower, the
elytra entirely opaque and with much smaller and more
regular punctures, the antennal joints are differently
formed, the prothorax is much less constricted at its
middle and its medio-apical areolets are larger. From
the description + of fwmosus it differs in its larger size,
deep black colour and produced hind angles of prothorax.
The elytra are entirely without gloss and their punctures
are small, regular, and rounded, except towards the base
where they become angular and transverse; the first costa
is stronger than the second towards the base, but weaker
towards the apex.
METRIORRHYNCHUS TIBIALIS, n. sp. (igs. 110, 111.)
d+ Black; prothorax (a large subcircular basal spot infuscate)
and basal two-thirds of elytra reddish-testaceous.
Rostrum very short. Antennae rather short and wide, strongly
serrated. Prothorax very feebly transverse, apex produced, sides
rather strongly constricted in middle ; disc 7-areolate, all the costae
sharply defined. Elytra long and thin ; quadricostate, the inter-
stices with double rows of rather small punctures, becoming very
irregular in places. Penultimate segment of abdomen narrowly
excised to base. Hind tibiae with a strong, blunt, sublaminate,
inner projection just beyond the middle.
Length 6} mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (Z. Allen).
* In the type three joints of the antennae are missing.
+ The specimen described was received after I had examined the
type of fumosus.
90 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
The hind tibiae * at once distinguish from all previously
described species, in general appearance it is something
like Trichalus nubicollis. The dark portion of the pro-
thorax, though alike in both specimens before me, appears
to be of the nature of a stain only, on the elytra the dark
portion is slightly advanced on the suture.
Genus TRICHALUS, + Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877,
p..162;~ 1878,., p,.103; , IL “yp. Col. :p. 675 Blackhy
T.R.S., S.A., 1894, p. 208; 1900, p. 51; Lea, P.LS.,
N.S.W., 1898, p. 556.
Xantheros, Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 99.
This subgenus of Metriorrhynchus is readily distinguished
by the prothorax having a single discoidal lanceolate
areolet + and the sutural costa of elytra trifurcate at base.§
As pointed out by Blackburn there is nothing to dis-
tinguish Xantheros from it; there certainly is not in the
two species described by Fairmaire, with which I am
acquainted.
J am acquainted with all the Australian and Tasmanian
species except the following :-—
Serraticornis, Fab. ‘This must be very close to sulcatus.
Ochreatus, Fairm. This should be distinct on account of
its black prothorax and black apex of elytra.
The others may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Discal areolet of prothorax double . . . «signis, Lea.
AA. Discal areolet single.
B. Sutural costa bifurcateat base. . . . bdifwreatus, n. sp.
BB. Sutural costa trifurcate.
C. Entirely black <0 oes ie &.w@, po ater, Macl.
CC. Not entirely black.
D. Prothorax black.
a. Elytra entirely pallid . . . . semicostatus, Blackb.
ad. Elytra more or less infuseate in
places 5 ie ge discoideus, Er.
aaa. Elytra pallid at apex. . . . jfunereus, Blackb.
* The projections, however, are probably confined to the males.
+ I have examined the type of Calopteron amplipennis, Macl., from
New Guinea; it is quite an ordinary Trichalus with the subsutural
costa trifurcate and prothorax triareolate.
t Except in insignis.
§ Except in bifurcatus.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 91
DD. Prothorax partly or entirely pallid.
E. Antennae flabellate in the male.
b. More than half of elytra black. semiutratus, n. sp.
bb. Less than half of elytra black. flabellicornis, n. sp.
EE. Antennae not flabellate in the
male.
F. Elytra black except at extreme
baseauiihceme . atripennis, Macl.
FF. Elytra black ae e ae . apiciflavus, n. sp.
FFF, Elytra black at base and
TL) ee angulicollis, Fairm.
FFFF. Elytra more or of Tees pucks:
cate along disc. . . ampliatus, Wat.
FFFFF. Elytra black at apex, or
entirely pallid.
G. Curvature of sides of pro-
thorax not interrupted in
NVA i. j.4) a7) . . griffithi, n. sp.
GG. Curvature fate ranted
H. Apex of prothorax not
notched in middle. . flavopictus, Wat.
HH. Apex of prothorax
notched in middle.
I. Dise of prothorax more
orlessdark . . . . wmnubicollis, Fairm.
II. Prothorax entirely
pallid.
J. Sterna pallid . . . sulcatus, Wat.
JJ. Sterna dark.
K. Posterior angles of
prothorax moder-
ately acute. . . angustulws, Macl.
KK. Posterior angles
very acute. . froggatti, Macl.
TRICHALUS AMPLIATUS, Wat,, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
E871 pce, bl. Ul, fies. 97-101 > UL Typ. Col.,.p. G7, Pl.
XVI, figs. 7-7a; Blackb., T.R.S., S.A., 1900, p, 52.*
auritus, Lea, P. L.8., N.S.W., 1893, p. 600.
distinctus, Lea, J. ¢., p. 602.
* Mr. Blackburn thought it possible that this species was also
ochraceus, Dalm. ; but I can quite agree with a previous note of his
in which he states that it is not even possible to place ochraceus
generically.
92 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
This species varies considerably in size and markings.
The prothorax is sometimes pallid across the entire apex,
but usually the black is continuous to the extreme apex,
sometimes but very narrowly so, however. Sometimes the
elytra are entirely pallid except for a slight longitudinal
infuscation ; sometimes there is a distinct longitudinal
black patch, which affects the costae or not. Waterhouse
gives the size as from 44 to 6 lines, the specimens before
me range from 4} to 7 lines. Both of the figures (97 in
Trans. Ent. Soc. and 7 in Ill. Typ. Col.), given of the
prothorax are somewhat misleading.
I regret to state that I have re-described the species
under two separate names—distinctus * and auritus; of
these awritus may be regarded as representing the small
form common in northern New South Wales and Queens-
land, distinctus at first really appears to be distinct, the
elytral costae being less sharply contrasted in thickness to
the normal form +; the median costa of the basal trident ©
is hardly more distinct than the lateral ones, not (as in the
normal form) the only really distinct one of the three ;
whilst the punctures are more regular, transverse and
sharply defined. I am convinced now however that it 1s
deserving of varietal rank at most.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Moreton Bay, Brisbane, Mount
Tambourine; N.S. WALES: Tweed, Richmond and Clarence
Rivers, Tenterfield, Dalmorton, Newcastle, National Park,
Sydney, Galston; VICTORIA.
TRICHALUS SULCATUS, Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877,
p. 83, Pl. II, figs. 102-105; Ill Typ. Col., p. 68, Pl. XVI,
fig. 8.
A specimen from Bowen in Mr. Simson’s collection
agrees with the description of this species except that the
femora are tipped with black; it agrees also with the
figures given except that of the prothorax (101) in Trans.
Ent. Soc., but this was evidently wrong,t as the median
areolet appears as terminating a considerable distance from
the apex, whereas the prothorax is described as having “a
longitudinal impression reaching nearly from the base to
the apex.”
* Already commented upon by Mr. Blackburn.
+ Mr. Blackburn relied on a somewhat similar character in one of
his species.
t In the later figure it is correctly drawn.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 93
Two specimens from Somerset agree with the one from
Bowen except in having the median areolet of the prothorax
slightly wider and the second elytral costa greatly thickened
and elevated at the place where it is not parallel with the
suture—much more so than in any other species I have
seen; but I cannot regard the two forms as belonging to
more than one species.
Thinking it possible that sw/catus was possibly a synonym
or a variety of serraticornis, I wrote to Mr. Waterhouse for
his opinion, he replied as follows :—* T’richalits sulcatus and
T. serraticornis are quite distinct and my figures are fairly
good. We have both sexes of 7. sulcatus. TT’. serraticornis
is a smaller insect, and has a more punctuated thorax. I
have only seen the type, which is in poor condition and
has lost apex of elytra.”
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Port Essington, Bowen,
MacKay, Somerset.
TRICHALUS FLAVOPICTUS, Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1877, p. 82, Pl. II, figs. 92-96 ; 1878, p.103; Ill. Typ. Col.,
peor, PL XVI, fie, LI.
There are five specimens from N.W. Australia before me
which I believe represent a variety of this species, as two
females agree exactly in all details of sculpture with a
typical specimen from MacKay, whilst the others (males)
agree with Waterhouse’s description of the male. All five
specimens have the discal areolet unclouded and fully half
of the femora pallid (not almost only the extreme apex),
four of them have the scutellum entirely pallid. The
females have the undersurface entirely pallid except that
in one of them the four basal segments of the abdomen
have an infuscate median blotch; the males have the
sterna pallid, in two of them the abdomen (except at the
tip) is entirely black, whilst in the third it is dark only
along the middle.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Bowen, Mackay; N.W. AUSTRALIA.
TRICHALUS ATER, Macl. (XYylobanus), P.LS., N.S.W.,
1887, p. 238.
Two co-types of this species are before me; the species
is certainly a Trichalus, having the sutural costa inter-
rupted and irregular at base, the second from the suture
94 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
not parallel with the suture on its basal 5th, and the
prothorax with a single well-defined and central areolet.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Barron River, Kuranda.
TRICHALUS FROGGATTI, Macl. (Xylobanus), 1. ¢., p. 233.
A co-type of the species is before me; it is certainly a
Trichalus, although Macleay referred it to Yylobanus, and
stated that it was possibly a Bulenides. The tip of the
elytra in all the specimens I have seen is slightly stained
black. :
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Cairns.
TRICHALUS ATRIPENNIS, Macl. (Xylobanus), 1. ¢., p. 234.
I have examined the type of this species ; it is a typical
Trichalus, the sutural costa being trifurcate at base (although
only the median arm is distinct), and the prothorax with a
single discoidal areolet. Macleay describes the 3rd joint
of the antennae as slightly larger than the 4th, apparently
having overlooked the true 2nd joint; the true 3rd joint
is really a little shorter than the 4th, but the 4th is slightly
larger than the 5th. The portion of the elytra concealed
by the prothorax is pallid as well as the prothorax itself.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Barron River, Kuranda.
TRICHALUS ANGUSTULUS, Macl. /. ¢., p. 285.
A specimen (probably from the vicinity of Cairns) before
me agrees with the description of this species except that
jt is slightly larger (4 lines), and that the extreme apex
(and sides near apex) of elytra, are slightly infuscate. Mr.
Masters informs me that in the type the apex is not
infuscate, but this is probably a character subject to varia-
tion. In appearance it is very close to froggatti, but it has
the prothorax considerably less narrowed in the middle
and the posterior angles much less acute ; features at once
noticed when specimens of the two species are placed side
by side.
Hal. QUEENSLAND: Barron River.
TRICHALUS ANGULICOLLIS, Fairm. (Xantheros), Pet. Nouv.
Ent., 1877, I, p. 167; Journ. Mus. Godeff., 1879, p. 100.
A specimen, in Mr. Simson’s collection from Bowen,
differs from the type in being slightly larger (94 as against
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 95
84mm.) Another from Thursday Island, in the Macleay
Museum, has the prothorax entirely pallid. The species is
a typical 7’richalus.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Bowen, Port Denison,
Thursday Island.
TRICHALUS SEMICOSTATUS, Blackb. (Metriorrhynchus),
Bobs. .N.S2W., 1891. p..5255 TORS: S.A. 1900, p. St.
Raymondi, Lea, P.L.S., N.S.W., 1893, p. 600.
A specimen from Forest Reefs differs from the type of
Raymond: in having the head entirely dark. The antennae
may possibly reach quite to the middle of the elytra,
although they do not appear to me to extend quite so far,
but there is no doubt as to raymondi being a synonym of
semicostatus with the description of which I did not check
it, owing to that species being referred to Metriorrhynchus,
The species is very close to discoideus, which, however,
always has the disc of the elytra more or less infuscate ;
the shape of the central prothoracic areolet appears to be
somewhat different.
Hab. Victoria: Alpine District; N.S. WALEs : Mount
Kosciusko, Forest Reefs.
TRICHALUS FUNEREUS, Blackb., T. R.S., 8.A., 1900, p. 51.
A specimen of this species is in the National Museum
from Loutit Bay. I have seen two other specimens from
Victoria (one in the National, the other in the Macleay
Museum) which in size, colour and general appearance
exactly resemble this species, but which belong to one
of the numerous varieties of Metriorrhynchus rufipennis.
Hab. Victoria: Dividing Range, Loutit Bay.
SERRATICORNIS, Fab. (Lycus), Sept. Ent. p. 203; Oliv.,
Ent. II, p. 12, Pl. I, tig, 14; Boisd., Voy. Astr., p. 124;
Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 82, Pl. II, figs.
106-108.
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
DISCOIDEUS, Er. (Porrostoma), Wiegm. Arch., 1842, I,
p. 145; Wat., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 82,
Pl. II, figs. 106-108.
Hab. TASMANIA (widely distributed); Vicroria: Loutit
Bay.
96 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
NUBICOLLIS, Fairm. (Xantheros), P. N., 1877, II, p. 167;
J. M. G., 1879, p. 99.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Peel Island.
OCHREATUS (Yantheros), Fairm., P. N., 1877, II, p. 167;
Journ. Mus. Godeff., 1879, p. 99.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney.
INSIGNIS, Lea, P.L.S., N.S.W., 1874, p. G01. (Fig. 89.)
Hab. N.S. WaLEs: Armidale.
TRICHALUS BIFURCATUS, n. sp.
¢. Black ; base apex suture and margins of elytra red and, to
a less extent, the three discal costae on each.
Antennae passing middle of elytra, strongly serrate, 2nd joint
distinct from above, 3rd very slightly longer than 4th. Prothorax
shining, feebly transverse, 3-areolate ; apex and apical angles rounded;
sides feebly and irregularly increasing in width to base ; basal
angles acute and obliquely produced. Scutellwm depressed, sides
increasing in width to apex—which is semicircular. Hlytra long
and narrow, slightly diminishing in width to base and apex; tri-
costate (quadricostate at base), the interspaces with double series of
subquadrate punctures, each separated by rather small ridges ; the
smaller sutural ridge or costa bifurcate at base, dividing the punc-
tures into three rows. Abdomen with the penultimate segment
feebly emarginate in middle of apex.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Huon River.
The general appearance somewhat like a small specimen
of discoideus, but with the sutural costa bifurcate (instead
of trifurcate) at base; a character which will readily
distinguish it from all previously described species.
TRICHALUS SEMIATRATUS, n. sp. (fig. 27.)
¢@. Black; prothorax seutellum and basal two-fifths of elytra
flavous.
Eyes very large. Antennae strongly flabellate, extending to about
one-third from apex of elytra ; 2nd joint distinct, 3rd slightly longer
than 4th, its ramus about twice the length of itself, of the others
each is more than twice as long as the supporting joint ; 11th:more
than twice the length (excluding its ramus) of 10th. Prothorax
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 97
moderately transverse ; 3-areolate ; apical angles somewhat obtuse,
apex itself produced in middle, basal angles obliquely produced and
subacute ; sides and apex strongly punctate ; median ariolet con-
tinuous to base and apex, but its walls highest in middle. Sceutellwm
transverse, slightly increasing in width to apex, which is rather
feebly emarginate. lytra narrow, parallel-sided ; each tricostate
(at base quadricostate), the interspaces each with two regular rows of
rather large rectangular punctures separated by small ridges, sutural
costa trifurcate towards base, with its middle arm much thickened
at base. Abdomen with the penultimate segment semi-circularly and
not deeply excised.
Length 1] mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Kuranda (type in H. H. D.
Griffith’s collection).
In colour this species closely resembles MZ. (Xylobanus)
ampliatus, Macl.; but the two species have scarcely any-
thing else in common. The two colours are sharply
defined at about the middle of the body. This and the
following are the only species of Z'richalus yet known in
which the antennae are supplied with long rami; these
are very long and thin, that on the 3rd joint is placed
nearer its base than apex, in the others it is gradually
extended along so that on the 10th it is placed nearer the
apex than the base. The rami are so thin that in the
specimen before me they have become more or less twisted
in drying up.
TRICHALUS FLABELLICORNIS, n. sp. (Migs. 28, 29.)
¢. Black ; prothorax (in places infuscate), scutellum and basal
two-thirds of elytra testaceous.
Eyes very large. Antennae strongly flabellate, extending to black
portion of elytra, 2nd joint distinct, 3rd slightly longer than 4th, its
ramus about once and one-half its own length; of the 4th—9th
almost or more than twice the length of the joint. Prothorax and
elytra much as in the preceding species except that the prothorax
has the anterior angles less obtuse, the apical portion more produced,
the posterior angles more acute and the median ariolet rather sud-
denly narrowed in front; the elytra are almost exactly the same.
Abdomen with the penultimate segment rather more narrowly (but
not so deeply) excised than in the preceding species,
Length 12 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (type in R. Illidge’s
collection).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) H
98 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
There are several large dark blotches on the disc of the
prothorax, and the posterior angles are also dark. The
antennal rami, although very long, are considerably shorter
than in the preceding species, and their positions are not
the same, that on the 3rd joint being distinctly nearer
the apex than the base. As in other species having long
antennal rami the edges of these are often peculiarly
serrated or jagged. In the specimens before me of the
preceding species all the costae (except of course the
short scutellar one) are continuous to the apex; in the
specimen described above the Ist and 2nd continuous
costae become united close to the apex; but this character
is subject to so much individual variation in other species
that I attach no importance to it whatever.
TRICHALUS GRIFFITHI, n. sp. (ig. 90.)
d. Black ; prothorax, scutellum, basal three-fifths of elytra and
trochanters testaceous.
Head highly polished. Eyes very large. Antennae not much
shorter than the body ; 2nd joint distinct, 3rd-10th each slightly
produced at tip, and almost twice as long as wide, 3rd distinctly
longer than 4th, the others gradually decreasing in length, but 11th
as longas 38rd. Prothorax apparently longer than wide, but really
(by measurement at base) slightly transverse ; 3-areolate, median
areolet deep and very distinct, but its outer walls not sharply defined,
joined to the apex by a feeble shining carina ; apex obtusely rounded ;
sides gently and continuously emarginate; base much wider than
apex, with the posterior angles obliquely produced and very acute.
Scutellum transverse, sides dilated towards apex, which is feebly
emarginate. Hlytra narrow, almost parallel-sided ; each tricostate
(at base quadricostate), the interspaces with somewhat irregular
double rows of rounded punctures (which are separated by small
ridges) ; at base scutellar costa trifurcate, but only the middle arm
distinct. Abdomen with the penultimate segment rather deeply
excised.
Length 64 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Herbert River (type in H. H. D.
Griffith’s collection), Wide Bay (Australian Museum).
On the type the apical dark marking is oblique, being
wider on the margins than at the suture; although very
distinct it is not sharply defined.
A specimen in the Macleay Museum (from the Endeavour
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 99
River) differs in being larger (74 mm.), with the darker
parts lightly infuscate instead of blackish.
TRICHALUS APICIFLAVUS, n. sp.
?. Black ; sides of prothorax and apical third of elytra flavous.
Head highly polished. Antennae extending to middle of elytra ;
2nd joint moderately distinct, 3rd-11th all longer than wide, serrate,
3rd slightly shorter than 4th. Prothorax transverse, apex feebly
notched in middle, posterior angles acute and obliquely produced ;
3-areolate, the discal areolet connected with the apex by a short
broad carina. Scutellwm tranverse, strongly depressed, apex feebly
emarginate. Zlytra narrow, sub-parallel, tri- (at base quadri-
costate ; the interstices wide, with double rows of regular, large,
transverse punctures, with the smaller longitudinal and the transverse
ridges of almost equal size ; sutural custa trifurcate towards base,
with only the middle arm distinct.
Length 11 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney (W. W. Froggatt).
Allied to funereus, from which it can be readily dis-
tinguished by the pallid prothoracic margins. The only
specimen before me is very dingy, but as it was taken in
1889 this is probably due to its age.
Genus DUMBRELLIA, n. g.
Head concave, without a distinct rostrum. Eyes very large.
Antennae serrate, second joint moderately distinct. Prothorax
rounded in front and projecting over the head (which is almost con-
cealed by it), Hlytra long and flat, sides sub-parallel ; with fairly
large punctures, in rows separated by moderately distinct costae.
Legs and palpi much as in Metriorrhynchus.
I have to propose this genus for two species previously
referred by me to Calochromus; from which genus, how-
ever, they are evidently distinct by the partially concealed
head, much larger eyes, strong elytral punctures and flat
legs. From WMetriorrhynchus and Trichalus they are
‘separated by the prothorax not divided into distinct
areolets but with deep depressions (much as in Calochromus)
and by the much smaller elytral punctures, the costae
separating which are not distinctly alternately elevated.
In Waterhouse’s revision of the Lycides the only genus to
which they could possibly be referred is Melampyrus; but
I hesitate to refer them to that genus as its two species
H2
100 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
are from Sarawak and Penang, and have the alternate
costae of the elytra evidently strongly elevated.
The figure of Dihammatus ceribripennis (Ill. Typ. Col.,
Plate VII, fig. 6) will give a good general idea as to the
shape of both the species.
BREVICORNIS, Lea (Calochromus), P. L. S., N.S.W., 1898,
p- 561.
N. S. WALES: Galston.
PILOSICORNIS, Lea (Calochromus), 1. ¢., p. 562.
(JUEENSLAND: Barron Falls.
Genus CaLocHromus, Guér., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1833,
p. 158; Lacord., Gen. Coleopt., IV, p. 302; Wat.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 96; Ill. Typ. Col., p. 2;
Blackbs,P. LS., .N.S.W.,, 1891, p. 528 5 TRIS. .Sea;
1900, p. 58.
This genus is readily distinguished from the other
Australian Lycides by the uncovered head, the prothorax »
transversely oblong and deeply impressed in places but
not divided into distinct areolets, and by the elytra without
large punctures. In the male the head is sometimes
armed with a curved, beak-like process, which projects
over the muzzle. Two species (brevicornis and pilosicornis)
previously referred by me to Calochromus are now referred
to a new genus (Dumbrellia).
The following species are unknown to me :—
Distinguendus, Fairm. This should be very distinct as
its markings (prothorax entirely pallid, elytra black
except for a small part of the base, etc.) are very different
from those of all the Australian species hitherto described.
Rostratus, Blackb. This species has the head unarmed
and is evidently something like guerini, but it has a short
rostrum and the elytra entirely pallid.
The others may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Head armed in the male.
a. Prothorax partly red . . . . . «. ‘mastersi, n. sp.
aa. Prothorax entirely dark.
b. Elytral markings widened pos-
teriorly . . . . 1. . . stmillimus, Blackb,
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 101
bb, Elytral markings narrowed pos-
teriorly.*
c. Markings covering more than
half of the elytra. . . . cucullatus, Blackb.
ec. Markings covering but a
small portion of the elytra scutellaris, Er.
AA. Head unarmed in both sexes.
B. Prothorax partly red . . . . . . guerinii, Macl,
BB. Prothorax entirely dark.
C. Elytra dark at apex
d. Elytral costae indistinct,
apical markings regular . amabilis, Lea.
dd. Elytral costae distinct, apical
markings irregular . . . basalis, Wath,
CC. Elytra of uniform colour.
D. Antennae of male as long
ST VEUIGUVL “Syd seed Blah ed Nbe cent 5
DD. Antennae of both sexes
shorter than body.
E, Median __ prothoracic
suleus dilated in
middle. . . . . “énsidiator, Fairm.
EE. This sulcus _parallel-
sided) (2) .o: .. 3, “minerym.isp.
dentipes, n. sp.
CALOCHROMUS SCUTELLARIS, Er. (Anarhynchus), Wiegm.
Arch., 1842, p. 146; Wat., Cist. Ent. II, p. 195;
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 84, t. I, figs. 113-
1153 TL yp.) Col., p,.2.
Bremei, Le Guill., Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 221.
? nodicollis, Bourg., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1888, p. 63,
Pl. 1V, figs. 1—la.+
* This will not include the variety of scutellaris noted below.
{ I sent a specimen of a species which appeared to agree with
Erichson’s description of scutellaris to my valued correspondent
Mons. Bourgeois, telling him that it seemed also to agree with his
description of nodicollis, In reply he stated : “The Calochromus is
my nodicollis male, but not scutellaris, Er. ; the two species are very
different, I have seen the type of scutellaris at the Museum at Berlin.
Its epistome is not triangularly notched as in both sexes of nodicollis
but cut straight off in front.” After his description of nodicollis he
states that, “At first sight this remarkable species singularly recalls
C. scutellaris. It is removed, however, from all its congeners by the
profound emargination of the epistome, which causes the labrum
102 Mr. Arthur M, Lea’s Revision of the
All the Tasmanian specimens (with one exception) which
I have seen, have the dark markings about the scutellum
continued very narrowly along the suture to about the
middle. In an occasional specimen (especially when of
large size) the black marking is continued along the suture
almost to the apex. The exception (in Mr. H. H. D.
Griffith’s collection) is from Sheffield and has the elytra
entirely red except for a small almost circular dark apical
patch common to both elytra. It is true that Waterhouse
says of scutellaris, “ Elytra rusty red, sometimes with the
apex black,” but his specimens (from the “Swan River
and N.W. Coast”) in all probability belonged to the species
he subsequently described as basalis.
In size the species varies from 9 to 17 mm. In the
female the projecting spine is represented by a small
tubercle at most, aud the base of its head is very lightly
(instead of deeply) longitudinally impressed.
I have not seen the references in Cist. Ent. and Rev.
Zool.
Hab. TASMANIA (widely distributed); Vicror1a: Gis-
borne, Studley Park.
CALOCHROMUS BASALIS, Wat., Cist. Ent. 1877, p. 196;
A typ. Col, p. 2;-Pl-E tig. 2.
Of this species I have a pair taken in cop.; the female
has palpi as in Waterhouse’s first section of the genus,
the male as in his second section.* The male differs
also from the female in being longer and thinner with
considerably longer and thinner antennae. In all the
specimens I have seen the apex of the elytra has a
to be entirely uncovered ; the existence of a frontal spine in the
male also constitutes an interesting character hitherto unrecorded
in the genus Calochromus.” The beautiful figures he gives leave no
doubt as to the species described by Mons. Bourgeois, and despite
the above statements I am still inclined to believe it to be scutellaris.
At any rate it is the only species known to me from Tasmania, is
common, and agrees exactly with Erichson’s description. Some
specimens before me certainly differ from the normal form in colour
and size but not in sculpture. Ifthe supposed differences really do
exist there must be two distinct species, but it is to be noted that
the shape of the epistome is by no means readily seen, except from
certain directions, even in fresh specimens, and could easily become
obscured hy dust or grease.
* The sexual variation of the palpi has alrealy been commented
upon by Mr, Blackburn,
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 103
purplish gloss* much as in amabilis; the two species,
however, are abundantly distinct, differing in the antennae,
elytral costae, etc.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA; Swan River, Mount Barker,
Darling Ranges, Beverley.
CALOCHROMUS INSIDIATOR, Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr.,
1879, p. 101.
This species belongs to a group of which there are
several closely allied species, and as the sex of his speci-
men was not mentioned by Fairmaire, and the antenne
are not mentioned other than that they are “corpore paulo
brevioribus,” there is some difficulty in positively identify-
ing it.
Phe specimens which at present I refer to it vary from
8 to 9 mm. (the type being 8} mm.) in length, with
shape and sculpture much as in basalis, and the antennae
varying sexually much as in that species but distinctly
stouter in both sexes.
In his description Fairmaire says, “ Capite tenwissime
strigosulo.” In the above noted specimens the head at
a glance appears to be very finely strigose, but this
appearance is entirely due to the sparse pubescence with
which it is clothed, and a similar appearance may be
noted in other species, especially when the hair has been
plastered down.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney, Forest Reefs, Hunter River ;
Victoria; 8. AUSTRALIA, Adelaide.
CALOCHROMUS CUCULLATUS, Blackb., T. R.S., S.A., 1900,
p. 56.
A male from Victoria in Mr. C. French’s collection is
rather larger (6 lines) than Mr. Blackburn’s largest
specimen. Its front femora are armed beneath with a
number of small teeth on their lower surface, but these
are very small and indistinct.
Hab. Victoria: Dividing Range, Loutit Bay.
* In fact, in all the species I have seen the dark elytral markings
have a more or less purplish gloss.
104 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
GUERINU, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc. N. 8. Wales, IT, p. 263 ;
Wat., Cist. Ent., Il, 1877, p.196; Fairm., Journ. Mus.
Godeffr., 1879, p. 101; Bourg., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.,
1889, p.. 290; Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1898, p. 562.
discicollis, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, II, p. 174;
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 101.
(JUEENSLAND : Gayndah, Rockhampton, Brisbane; N. 8.
WALES: Tweed and Richmond Rivers.
DISTINGUENDUS, Fairm., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1883, p. 21;
Bourg., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., 1889, p. 291.
(JUEENSLAND: Somerset.
SIMILLIMUS, Blackb., T. R. S., S.A., 1900, p. 57.
S. AUSTRALIA: Adelaide ; N.S. WALES: Mount Brown,
Blue Mountains.
ROSTRATUS, Blackb., J. ¢., p. 58.
S. AUSTRALIA: Yorke’s Peninsula.
AMABILIS, Lea, P. L. 8., N.S.W., 1898, p. 560.
N.S. WALES: Sydney, Blue Mountains, Forest Reefs.
CALOCHROMUS MASTERSI, n. sp.
¢. Black ; prothorax (a large medio-basal spot black) and elytra (a
rather small apical spot, common to both, black) reddish-testaceous.
Head highly polished, grooved along middle; armed with a
strong, sharp, beak-like process. Antennae fairly stout, extending
to about one-third from apex of elytra, joints scarcely compressed.
Prothorax transversely oblong, with a deep median somewhat pyri-
form sulcus, sides deeply impressed at base and apex, the impressions
connected by a curved depression. Scutellwm subquadrate. Elytra
comparatively narrow, each with four distinct costae, between which
are feeble elevations; densely punctate. Abdomen with penulti-
mate segment feebly emarginate. Anterior femora moderately stout,
unarmed,
Length 85 mm.
Hab. N.S. WatEs (Macleay and National Museums).
In appearance very much like guerini, but the head armed
in the male.
A female, evidently belonging to this species, is in the
National Museum; it differs in having the head un-
armed, antennae shorter, and the prothoracic spot con-
nected with apex as well as with base.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 105
CALOCHROMUS DENTIPES, n. sp.
3g. Black; elytra reddish-testaceous.
Head highly polished, unarmed, grooved along middle, the groove
becoming foveate between eyes. Antennae extending to apex of
elytra, joints subcylindrical and rather thin. Prothorax trans-
versely suboblong, deeply impressed in middle, the impression
slightly widening to base, sides deeply impressed at base and apex,
the impressions obscurely connected. Scutellwm subquadrate, de-
pressed along middle. H/ytra rather narrow, each with four
distinct costae, of which, however, the 1st (from the suture) is most
and the 3rd and 4th least distinct towards the base, interspaces
feebly elevated; densely punctate. Abdomen with penultimate
segment widely and rather deeply excised. Anterior femora stout,
each armed beneath with a rather strong but obtuse tooth and with
a few small granules.
Length 8-13 mm.
. Differs in being wider, antennae stouter and much shorter,
the head not grooved at the base (but the foveate expansion between
the antennae present), the prothorax rather wider at the base and
the abdomen and femora simple.
Length 9$ mm.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: National Museum, Brisbane (J.
Jefferis Turner); N.S. WALES: Blue Mountains (Messrs.
Taylor), Wollongong (A. M. Lea).
In general appearance close to scutellaris, but the head
of the male unarmed. From insidiator (also with the
head unarmed in the male) its much larger antennae and
narrower form will readily distinguish it; the female in
fact is much the build of the male of that species, and has
antennae fully as long.
CALOCHROMUS MINOR, 2. sp.
Q@. Black ; elytra reddish-testaceous.
Head polished, deeply impressed between antennae. Antennae
short (not extending to middle of elytra) stout, subcylindrical ;
2nd joint almost half the length of 3rd, 10th almost as wide as long.
Prothorax, scutellum, and elytra much as in the preceding species
except that the median sulcus of the prothorax is parallel-sided, deep
on its basal and shallow on its apical half.
Length 5-5} mm. ;
Hab. N. 8. Wares: Armidale (W. W. Froggatt),
Sydney (H. J. Carter); QUEENSLAND: Mackay (C. French),
106 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision af the
A specimen from Brisbane in Mr. Illidge’s collection,
which I believe to be the male, differs in being narrower,
the antennae thinner and longer with the 10th joint
more than thrice as long as wide; the head (which is
unarmed) with a narrower impression connecting the
inter-antennal impression with the base; the anterior
femora, stouter and the penultimate segment of abdomen
rather deeply semicircularly emarginate.
In general appearance much like the preceding species
and «isidiator ; from the former it differs in being much
smaller, the antennae shorter and stouter, femora unarmed
in the male (if the male is correctly identified, as 1 think
itis), besides the differences as noted above; from the latter
species (of which at first the specimens appear to be
very small examples) it can be distinguished by its rather
narrower form and median prothoracic impression (in
insidiator this is distinctly deepest and widest in the
middle in both sexes); the end joint of its antennae is
also differently proportioned.
SUBFAMILY LAMPYRIDES.
Genus LucioLa,* Cast.,’Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., I], p. 146;
Lacord., Gen. Coleop., IV, p. 335; Olliff, P. L. 8,
N.S.W., 1889, p. 652.
The Australian fireflies have been referred to two
genera, but I have doubts as to the propriety of regarding
Atyphella as more than a slight subgenus of Luciola. It
is to be noticed that the shape of the terminal segments of
the abdomen do not bear out the theory of generic dis-
tinction. In the only female of Atyphella (lychnus) that I
know, the penultimate segment of the abdomen is much
as in L. humilis, flavicollis and platygaster, whilst the
two apical segments are much alike in the males of A.
scintillans, lychnus, brevis and L. pudica; but these do not
resemble the same segments in L. flavicollis, humilis and
cowleyt (which are all much alike) and platygaster is again
very different. In Atyphella, however, the front angles of
the prothorax are much more rounded than in Lwevola.
Germar redescribed in his “ Insektenfauna von Adelaide,”
Lampyris marginipennis, Guér., and L. striata, Fab., re-
ferring them both to Colophotia; in Masters’ Catalogue
* For full synonymy of this genus see Lacordaire.
ee
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidac. 107
striata is placed in Lwciola and recorded from S&S.
Australia; marginipennis being omitted. Both, in fact,
are not Australian; the latter was recorded as being
“Trouvé a Offak, Terre des Papous,”* the former as
having its “Habitat in Insulis maris pacifici.” As to
Germar’s specimens, he gives no indication as to where
they were from, but they were certainly not S. Australian,
it is possible of course that he had access to and re-
described the types.
Quite recently Mons. Olivier has given a “Catalogue
synonymique et Systématique des Especes de Luciola et
Genres Voisins” in which nine species+ are recorded as
Australian but the genus Atyphella was overlooked; his
decora, however, is certainly Olliff’s Atyphella scintillans.
I have not seen the work in which the catalogue appears,
but a reprint (for which I am indebted to Mons. Oliver) is
marked as having been abstracted from the “ Revue
scientifique du Bourbonnais et du Centre de la France,”
for May, 1902.
The only living fireflies I have seen belong to
Atyphella lychnus, and I did not examine their eyes when
fresh; but in three species (LZ. jlavicollis, humilis and
A. brevis) recently received in spirits from Mr. Allen, the
eyes, before the bodies dried up, were of a deep metallic-
blue; these, however, changed to black on the bodies
drying up.
The species of Luciola before me may be tabulated as
follows :—
A. Prothorax partly dark . . . . . . . cowleyi, Blackb.
AA. Prothorax entirely pale.
B. Elytra partly pale . . . . . . . flavicollis, Macl.
BB. Elytra entirely dark.
C. Metasternum pale . . . . . pudica, Oll.
CC. Metasternum dark.
D. Male with apical segment of
abdomen strongly produced in
middle only. . . . . . - humilis, Oliv.
DD. Male with this segment produced
at sides as wellasin middle . platygaster, n. sp.
* I cannot find this place on any modern map. (The locality is
in all probability Mount Arfak, in the north-western peninsula of
New Guinea.—J. J. W.)
{ Several of these are here regarded as synonyms.
108 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
LUCIOLA AUSTRALIS, Fab. (Lampyris), Syst. Ent., p. 201 ;
Boisd., Voy. Astr., IT, p.125; Pl VI, fig.13; Gorham,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 104.
quérini, Cast., Essai, p. 151, note.
nigripennis, Latr., De}. Cat., 3 ed., p. 116.
The original description of this species is both brief and
contradictory. It is first described as “capite elytrisque
Juscis” ; then “Caput atrum ... Elytra nigra.” It may
quite possibly have been founded upon specimens - of
pudica, as it is further described as “Subtus flavicans,
abdominus ultimis seqmentis flavissimis.” (This alone will
readily distinguish it from hwmilis and platygaster.)
As Boisduval described the abdomen as “ jaune ou d’un
jaune roussitre avec le quatrieme segment d’un brun
noiratre,’ I think it extremely probable that the species
described by him as australis was really not that species ;
especially as his specimen was from New Ireland, whilst
the Fabrician type was taken by Banks in New Holland.
In Masters’ catalogue, guérint and nigripennis are
given as synonyms of australis. The description of guérint
I have not seen, but nigripennis is a catalogue name only.
Hab. NEw HOLLAND.
LUCIOLA DEJEANI, Gemm., Col. Heft., VI, 1870, p. 120;
Ol, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1889, p. 658.
Lampyris apicalis, Boisd. (n. pr.), Voy. Astr., II,
p. 127; Dej., Cat., 3 ed., p. 116.
The specimen identified by Olliff as apicalis is a large
and distinct species with one-fifth of the apex of the
elytra dark. I have seen nothing else like it.
Hab. AUSTRALIA: Victoria River Expedition.
LucIoLa COWLEYI, Blackb., T. BR. 8., S.A., 1897, p. 34.
Readily distinguished by the dark disc of its prothorax
and by each elytron having several distinct costae. In
general appearance, except as to its exposed head, it
resembles the species of Atyphella.
Hab. N. QUEENSLAND.
LucioLa HUMILIS, Oliv., Nov. Zool., III, 1896, p. 2. (fags.
89, 99.)
Only the male was known to Olivier; the female differs
in being slightly larger and wider, head with much smaller
:
,
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 109
‘eyes, the space between which is only slightly concave,
abdomen with only one white segment and the following
one widely and gently emarginate. The colour of the
abdomen in both sexes is much as in flavicollis.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Cairns, Kuranda, Bowen, Port
Denison.
LUCIOLA FLAVICOLLIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N.S. Wales,
II, p. 263; Olliff, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1889, p. 653.
var. gestrot, Oliv. Ann. Mus. Civ., Genoa, 1885, p.
336, Pl. V, fig. 10.
coarcticollis, Oliv., Ann. Soc, Ent. F'r., 1888, p. 59,
Pl, I, fig. 9.
The elytra of this species are very variable and might
be regarded as either flavous with a dark (never black)
discal patch of variable size on each, or as dark (in the
male they are usually much darker than in the female)
with the suture * and sides (to a variable extent) pale,
and often pale for a considerable space at the base at well.
Olliff has well described the sexual characters. The size
varies from 4 to 64 mm.
I have no doubt whatever but that the description of
gestrot was drawn up from a quite common variety of this
species.
The description of coarcticollis reads remarkably like as
if it belonged to flavicollis, except that the prothorax is
described as “ qguadrato,’ whilst in flavicollis it is quite
strongly transverse. No mention is made of the abdomen
in the description. It is recorded from Victoria but the
specimen was probably received from a Victorian naturalist,
as I believe the genus is entirely absent from Victoria.
The figure given would do very well for flavicollis.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Gayndah, Rockhampton, Somerset,
Port Curtis, Port Denison, Mount Dryander, Bowen,
Cairns; S. AusSTRALIA: N. Territory; N.W. AUSTRALIA.
Luciota Punic, Olliff, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1889, p. 652.
(Fig. 100.)
The female differs from the male in having an obtusely
triangular apical segment of abdomen, with the preceding
one moderately emarginate.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Bowen, Port Curtis; N.S. WALEs,
* Occasionally the suture is dark except at the basal third.
110 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
LUCIOLA PLATYGASTER, n. sp. (figs. 101, 102.)
¢. Blackish; prothorax, scutellum, mesosternum, trochanters
and four front coxae more or less flavous; two apical segments of
abdomen whitish throughout.
Head large, deeply impressed along middle. Eyes very large,
occupying about two-thirds of the lower surface of head and less of
the upper. Antennae passing hind coxae. Prothorax about twice
as wide as long, sides gradually dilated to near apex, apex produced
in middle, all the sides margined ; densely and coarsely punctate ;
disc irregular. Hlytra scarcely wider than prothorax ; densely,
rugosely and moderately coarsely punctate, and with traces (two on
each) of very feeble costiform elevations. Two apical segments of
abdomen large and wide, the apical one terminated by three large
lobes, of which the median one is somewhat larger and just perceptibly
shorter than the others, at its base is a subfoveate impression.
Length, 7 mm.
Q. Differs in being larger (74 mm.), head smaller, and very
feebly depressed between eyes, these also smaller; abdomen with
only one white segment and the following one almost semicircularly
emarginate.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (Macleay Museum).
The colour of the under surface will readily distinguish
from pudica and the description of australis, From
humilis the shape of the apical segment of the abdomen
in the male and the much more deeply emarginate
segment of the female will readily distinguish it. In the
males of both species, as also in flavicollis, the female
appears to have a short triangular supplementary segment.
Genus ATYPHELLA, Olliff, P. L.S8., N.S.W., 1889, p. 645.
The species of this genus or subgenus are all Australian,
and may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Elytra entirely dark . 2 2. 4 1... . .*." semtillans, OW
AA. Elytra not entirely dark.
B. Size comparatively large. . . . . . . fammans, OIL*
BB. Size comparatively small.
C. Elytra parallel-sided . . . . . . . Jychnus, Oll.
CC. Elytra with rounded sides. . . . . brevis, n. Sp.
* T have examined the type of this species and it certainly appears
to be a good one, but Ollifi’s remarks that “This species is con-
spicuous by the striped appearance of its elytra, and the black patch
on its prothorax ” does not serve to distinguish it from lychnus.
a
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 111
LYCHNUS, Olliff, P. L.S., N.S.W., 1889, p. 647.
Hab. New SoutH Wates: Blue Mountains, Jenolan,
Mount Wilson, Sydney, Kiama.
SCINTILLANS, Olliff, 1. ¢., p. 650; decora, Oliv. (Luciola),
Revue Sc. Bourbonnais, p. 77 (1902).
Hab. New South Wates: Upper Hunter and
Clarence Rivers, Newcastle.
FLAMMANS, Olliff, /. c., p.651. QUEENSLAND: Cloncurry.
ATYPHELLA BREVIS, n. sp. (f%g. 103.)
¢. Pale flavous; head, part of metasternum and the abdomen
(two apical segments white) black ; antennae, legs (in parts excepted)
and elytra (suture sides and costae excepted) infuscate ; an infuscate
irregular spot on the apical portion of prothorax. Rather densely
clothed with short pubescence.
Head large, deeply excavated between the eyes, the excavated
space shining. Eyes large, partially visible from above. Antennae
very little longer than the width across eyes. Prothorax about
thrice as wide as long, apex slightly produced, sides rounded, front
angles strongly rounded, with dense and moderately large punctures.
Scutellwm densely punctate, apex rounded. Hlytra widest at about
the middle, sides rather strongly rounded, with dense punctures,
rather smaller and deeper than those on prothorax; each with the
suture and side strongly raised and three very prominent costae and
traces of another.
Length 6-65 mm.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Atherton (Z. Allen).
In general appearance rather close to some males of
lychnus but shorter and wider; elytra not parallel-sided
and with much more prominent costae; eyes much larger
(they are, however, no larger in proportion to the head),
partially visible from above, and the space between them
much more largely excavated. Its much smaller size
readily distinguishes it from flammans. Mr. Allen sent
me twelve males but no females, and wrote me that
“These were obtained from the vicinity of Atherton,
about 2,600 feet up, and inhabiting the dense scrubs of
that district, distant about 65 miles from Cairns.”
This species and Luciola cowleyi might fairly be regarded
as linking Atyphella and Luciola together.
122 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
SUBFAMILY TELEPHORIDES.
Genus TELEPHORUS,* Schaffer, Elem. Entom., Tab. 123;
Lacord., Gen. Coleop., IV, p. 353; Blackb, T. R.S.,
8.A., 1886, p. 259.
This genus is rather numerously represented in Aus-
tralia, and some of the species (nobilitatus and pulchellus
especially) are to be seen in countless thousands. The
species are all of large or medium size, but many are
subject to great variation, especially in the males. A
number of very small species have been referred to the
genus, but these are here referred to Heteromastix. Little
reliance is to be placed upon the prothoracic impressions
as these are subject to considerable alteration on the
insects drying up, the irregular contraction even appearing
at times to alter the outlines.
In the females of both this genus and Selenurus the
penultimate segment of the abdomen is semicircularly
emarginate on each side, with a median (and sometimes
acutely pointed) lobe between. ‘The male has a narrow
excavation only, but the preceding segment is also
widely emarginate.
The Rev. 'T. Blackburn thinks it possible that pulchellus
and other Australian species are really not congeneric with
the European species of Zelephorus. I am not prepared to
go into this question, but regard all the species here noted
or described as being congeneric with pulchellus.
It is remarkable that three of the species are apterous ;
of these one is from Lord Howe Island, and the theory
advanced that species inhabiting small islands are apt to
either become apterous or to develop very strong wings,
may hold good in this case; but this theory will not
account for the two other species, one of which is distri-
buted over the whole width of the Australian continent.
There are several species before me which do not agree
exactly with any of the published descriptions, but as they
are allied to mastersi and as that species and several of
its allies are variable in colour I have not ventured to
describe them.
The position of Cantharis australis, Boisd. (appearing in
Masters’ catalogue as a Telephorus), is very doubtful ;
I prefer to refer to it at the end with other doubtfu
species,
* For full synonymy of this genus see Lacordaire,
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 113
The species unknown to me are :—
Tepperi, Blackb.—Evidently belonging to the masters?
group as the prothorax is “ half again as wide as long.”
There are several species before me which might be this
insect, but as they do not agree exactly with its described
colours (even although Mr. Blackburn supposes these to be
variable) I prefer to leave them untouched for the present.
Palmerston, Blackb.—The width of the prothorax is
not given, but as the insect itself is described as closely
resembling the preceding species (except in colours), it
also is probably allied to mastersz.
Mossmani, Macl.—Belonging to the mastersi group, but
with the upper surface entirely pallid. .
The others may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Apterous,
a. Elytra fasciate. alternatus, n. sp.
aa. Elytra not fasciate.
b. Large and comparatively robust . apterus, Oll.
bb. Small and very thin . . . . . kershawi, n. sp.
AA. Winged.
B. Prothorax partly dark.*
ce. Elytra entirely dark.
d. Prothorax distinctly transverse in
both, sexes V5 es 1S obaltbatis, Er:
(in part.)
dd. Prothorax distinctly transverse
in female only . . . . . pulchellus, W.S. Macl.
ec, Elytra entirely pallidy . . flavipennis, Macl.
ecc. Elytra dark with a subapical fascia. notophilus, Blackb.
eccc. Elytra dark at base and apex . . imperialis, Redt.
ecece. Elytra dark at base and maculate
near apex . curvipes, 0D. sp.
BB. Prothorax entirely pallid.
C. Elytra entirely dark.
e. Prothorax strongly transverse . . nobilitatus, Er.
' (in part.)
ee. Prothorax at least as long as wide.
* | have not included part of nigroterminalis here, as even when
present the dark marking of the prothorax is only of the nature of
a stain ; for the same reason part of viridipennis is not included.
{ There is occasionally an infuscate blotch about the scutellum.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) I
114 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
f. Antennae with 9th and 10th joints
whitish... . a s4.4i4c Ey. anconstons, Do Ag:
(in part.)
ff. These jointsdark . . . . . . viridipennis, Macl.
CC. Elytra entirely pallid . . . . . macrops, n. sp:
CCC. Elytra partly dark.
D. Dark portion at apex only.
g. Prothorax strongly transverse.
h, Antennae thin, elytra dark at
tipronlyy. ci ee eee ee
hh. Antennae stout, elytra with
at least apical fourth dark rufiventris, Macl.
gg. Prothorax scarcely or not at all
transverse.
7. Antennae with terminal joints
pale
rubriceps, Macl.
eee immaturus, 1. sp.
vi. Terminal joints dark . . . nigroterminalis,n. sp.
DD. Dark portion not only at apex.
EK. Prothorax strongly transverse.
j. Basal and apical markings of
elytra sharply terminated . mastersi, Macl.
jj. These markings connected along
sides). 04)... A.) PP rogaine
EE. Prothorax as long as wide . . . inconstans, n. sp.
(in part.)
TELEPHORUS PULCHELLUS, W. S. Macl., King’s Survey,
App., p. 442; Cast., Hist. Nat.,i, p. 272; Boisd., Voy.
Astr., ii, p. 131; Blackb., T. R.S., S.A., 1886, p. 260.
Var. notophilus, Blackb., T. R. 8., S.A., 1900, p. 116.
The colour of the elytra of this species varies from a
dull brassy-green to a rather deep blue. The males are
usually smaller than the females and have longer and
thinner antennae, the head, however, is but very little
wider ; frequently it has two feeble infuscate spots at the
base of the prothorax, otherwise the sexes (at least of the
common forms) do not differ in colour.
I have a female (also from the Adelaide Museum as
were Mr. Blackburn’s specimens) of the variety notophilus
which is still fast 2m cop. with a quite normal male; and
there is another specimen in the National Museum from
(ueensland.
Hab. N.S. WALES; Victoria; TASMANIA; 8S. AUSTRALIA.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 115
TELEPHORUS NOBILITATUS, Er. (Cantharis), Wiegm. Arch.,
1842, i, p. 146.
tricolor, Cast., Hist. Nat., i, p. 275.
vars. ruficollis, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N. S. Wales, 11,
. 264,
var. eigen Blackb., T. R. 8.,S.A., 1886, p.. 260.
var. andersoni, Blackb., l.¢., p. 261.
var. viber,. Blackb;, i e; p. 261 ; P..L.8.;, N.S.W.,
1891, p. 530.
Figs. 2, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178.
sh
This is an extremely variable species in size, colour and
markings, so it is no wonder that several of its varieties
have been described as distinct species.
Tricolor is very briefly described, but there is no doubt
in my mind but that Castelnau’s specimens belonged either
to the typical form of nobilitatus, or to one of its numerous
varieties.
Ruficollis is the common form in New South Wales and
Queensland ; in fact, except from Mount Kosciusko,* I
have seen no specimens from outside Tasmania having the
femora entirely dark.
I have varieties agreeing well with the descriptions of
proprius and of vibex but not with the prothoracic markings
attributed to andersonit; but as Mr. Blackburn says
these are three closely-allied species, andersont being placed
between proprius and vibex, it appears to me extremely
probable that it also is only a variety.
If the type of vibex was, as supposed by Mr. Blackburn,
a female, the pallid triangle at the base of the head is
a most unusual feature, as in all the females I have
examined the base is invariably black §; several males,
however, before me have such a triangle.
* Tasmanian species in all branches of natural history are usually
darker (and frequently larger) than their mainland fellows, but
the specimens from Mount Kosciusko and other mountains of the
Australian Alps resemble those from Tasmania.
{ Since this was written I have seen tive specimens from Australia,
one of which agrees exactly with Mr. Blackburn’s description of
andersoni; the others all resemble it in size, etc., but have the
prothoracic markings reduced to a longitudinal spot on both sides.
t In a footnote he stated that he was not quite sure of the sexes.
§ That is to say, the exposed portion, part of the coloured portion
usually being red.
L2
116 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Mr. Blackburn, in comparing vibex with nobilitatus,
pointed out certain differences in colour, but these are all
unreliable ; and as regards the other features, the punctures
of the elytra are different in different specimens, and their
appearance is frequently altered by the elytral granules or
subgranules being advanced almost to the base (especially
in the males); and also by the different rates of shrinkage
in individuals and the amount of gloss at the base. Tas-
manian males appear to me to have the hind tibiae arched
very strongly, certainly no more than in the males of
impervalis and decidedly less than in apterus, The elytra
in pinned specimens assume very different shapes to what
they do in carded ones, but scarcely any two specimens
selected at random agree in the final shape assumed both
by the prothorax and elytra.
Specimens before me vary in length from 6 to 13 mm.
(or, including the abdomen of gravid females, 16 mm.).
The flavous marking on the clypeus of the male is usually
continuous from eye to eye, but it is occasionally completely
interrupted in the middle,* whilst it is even sometimes
connected with the red basal portion by a rather indistinct
reddish streak. The base of the head in the male is rarely
entirely black, usually there is a wide patch which on its
front margin is usually quite straight, sometimes it is
bilobed or trilobed, whilst in others it is distinctly tri-
angular, The head of the male is usually, but not
always, wider than the prothorax, but is always wider
(frequently very considerably so) than that of the female.
The antennae also vary in length, in some males from
Western Australia extending almost to apex of elytra; in
the more normal forms, however, they are shorter, whilst
they are always shorter in the females than in the males.
It is to be noted that the shape of the dise of the
prothorax, and even the outlines, is subject to alteration
after death, through contraction taking place irregularly.
The apex is always bilobed, although sometimes only
perceptibly so. With age it often turns to a dirty
(often oily-looking) red. A variety rather common in
Tasmania has, in both sexes, a large blackish blotch of
variable shape and size (but always sharply defined) on
* Usually the dark portion is advanced in the middle of the
clypeus, being sometimes entire and sometimes bilobed, or even in the
form of two spots, but in a few specimens it is continuous to the
apex.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 117
the disc; such specimens frequently mate with specimens
having the prothorax immaculate.
On the bodies drying the elytra curl up so that they
usually appear to be much narrower (especially in pinned
specimens) than the abdomen. They vary in colour from
green to purple, but the base is usually more or less
shining and frequently with a coppery gloss; the greater
part of the elytra, however, is usually more or less opaque.
The dark markings of the under surface also vary to a
considerable extent, in some specimens neatly all, in others
scarcely any, of the metasternum is black ; in some all the
abdominal segments are black at the sides, whilst in others
the five basal segments are clear at the sides; the parts
more or less concealed by the elytra also vary.
Three males from the Illawarra. district have the greater
portion of all the femora pallid, also the lower surface of
the first and second joints of antennae, the metasternum
(except for a triangular space) and abdomen (except. for
the apical segments); but at the sides of the abdomen in
two of them there are infuscate spots. On the head the
flavous frontal space is rather larger than usual; in one
of them it is connected with the base by an indistinct
infuscate streak, which widens out towards the base but
near it is suddenly constricted ; in the second specimen
the pallid basal space forms a rather narrow triangle whilst
in the third it is still narrower and very indistinct.
A very distinct variety from S. Australia is represented
by two specimens in the Macleay Museum. These are
very small (6-7 mm.), have the head red except for an
interrupted black fascia between the eyes, the apical half
of the prothorax (but not the extreme apex) black ; the
apex of the femora, the tibiae, tarsi and antennae (basal
joints in parts paler) more or less dark; and the elytra of
a dingy green.
Hab. QUEENSLAND; N.S. WALES; VicToRIA; TASMANIA;
S. and W. AUSTRALIA.
TELEPHORUS FLAVIPENNIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N. S.
Wales, II, p. 264. (Hig. 171.)
This species can be readily distinguished from imperialis
(which in many respects it closely resembles) by the
bicostate elytra and unicolorous antennae.
Two specimens from the Tweed River differ from the
118 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
normal form in having a fairly large blackish blotch on
each side of the scutellum.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah, Brisbane ; N. S. WALEs:
Tweed River; Victorta : Wodonga.
TELEPHORUS MASTERSI, Macl., /.¢., p. 264. (Ag. 158.)
This species is variable in its colouring. In some
specimens the head is entirely pallid, in others the base is
black. The markings at the base of the elytra are usually
sharply defined and have a more or less sinuous outline
posteriorly, but in one specimen before me they are almost
absent, a slight infuscation of the shoulders and a space
near the suture being all that is left. In some specimens
the legs are almost entirely pallid, in others only parts of
the femora are dark; the metasternum has a space of
variable size varying from slightly infuscate to deep black.
The antennae sometimes have the lower surface of all the
joints pale, sometimes but of three or four.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Gayndah, Brisbane, Cairns, Somer-
set, Fitzroy; N.S. WALES: Tweed and Richmond Rivers.
TELEPHORUS RUFIVENTRIS, Macl., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1887,
p. 236.
In the description the antennae are stated to be “ in-
serted almost beneath the eyes”; as a matter of fact each
antennae is nearer to an eye than to its fellow but they
are not inserted almost beneath the eyes. Of the speci-
mens before me (two of them are co-types) two are females
with the metasternum slightly infuscate at sides; the
others are males with the metasternum much darker, the
base of the head infuscate and the antennae considerably
longer.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Mossman River, Cairns.
TELEPHORUS FROGGATTI, Macl., /. ¢., p. 237.
The antennae are inserted much as in rufiventris. The
under surface is variable in colour, as in several specimens
the abdomen, except at apex, is entirely pale. In the
types and in other specimens the base of the elytra is
stained with black, the stains are continued along the
sides and are then dilated so as to touch the suture at
se Stn
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 119
about the apical fifth; but the dark portions are somewhat
variable and are not sharply limited.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Mossman River, Cairns.
TELEPHORUS VIRIDIPENNIS, Macl. (Se/enwrus), /. ¢., p.
238.
The head is not striolate although so described; there
is certainly an appearance of striolation at first sight, but
this is entirely due to pubescence. The space between
the eyes is slightly undulating but the expression “a
deep corrugated impression’ between the eyes” is mis-
leading. In two specimens before me (co-types) one has
the prothorax immaculate and the other has it slightly
clouded in the middle. The elytral punctures are much
as in inconstans; in fact, the most noticeable distinction
between the two species being the white 9th and 10th
joints of the antennae of inconstans.*
I have tabulated the species with Telephorus as it
appears to me to be out of place in Selenurus.
TELEPHORUS IMPERIALIS, Redt., Reise Novara, II, p. 103,
Pl. IV, fig. 1; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeff., 1879, p. 98.
pictus, Cast., Hist. Nat., I, p. 275 (n. pr.).
sticticus, Gemm., Col. Heft, VI, 1870, p. 120.
(Figs. 159, 172.)
The description of pictus is very short (the head an-
tennae and legs are not even mentioned) but the colours
exactly fit imperialis.
In the male the head is considerably wider than the
prothorax, and the muzzle is flavous, much as in nobilitatus ;
in the females part of the 10th joint as well as the whole
of the 9th is sometimes whitish. The specimens before
me range from 5-14 mm. in length.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Mt. Tambourine; N. S. WALEs:
Sydney, Wollongong, Richmond River; Victorta: Narra-
can, Gippsland.
MOSSMANI, Macl., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 235.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Mossman River.
* Of the numerous specimens of inconstans which I have seen
these joints are invariably pale ; of four specimens of viridipennis
they are invariably dark.
120 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
RUBRICEPS, Macl., /. ¢., p. 236.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Mossman River.
TEPPERI, Blackb., /.c., 1888, p. 1424.
Hab. S. Austra, N. Territory.
PALMERSTONI, Blackb., /.c., p. 1425.
Hab. S. Austra, N. Territory.
APTERUS, Olliff, Mem. Aust. Mus., H, 1889, p. 86, Pl. VI,
fig. 3.
Hab. Lorp Howe ISLAND.
TELEPHORUS ALTERNATUS, 2. sp.
¢. Black, the dark parts of the elytra with or without a bluish
gloss ; basal half of prothorax, a wide postmedian fascia on elytra,
abdomen (except two apical segments), three basal and three apical
joints of antennae and parts of coxae, flavous or almost so. Rather
sparsely clothed with very short pubescence.
Head very finely punctate. Antennae passing apex of elytra,
moderately stout, 3rd joint much shorter than 4th. Prothorax as
long as its width across apex, apex much wider than base ; hind angles
strongly, the front moderately rounded, base and apex very feebly
bilobed ; very minutely punctate. Elytra very little wider and
about once and one half the length of prothorax, each pointed at
apex ; densely, moderately coarsely and rugosely punctate ;
without raised lines. Legs long and thin. Length to apex of
elytra 3 (Q 5), of abdomen 5 (Q 9) mm.
9. Differs in being larger, head longer, prothorax less narrowed
towards base, antennae and legs shorter and stouter, abdomen
wider, etc.
Hab. N. W. AvstTRawta (Macleay Museum), King’s
Sound (W. W. Froggatt); QUEENSLAND: Bowen (Aug.
Simson), Chillagoe (C. French).
A very narrow species though considerably wider than
the following; from both that species and apterus (the
only other apterous species hitherto described) the fasciate
elytra will readily distinguish it. The colours appear in
alternate zones, the pale base of the prothorax occupies
rather more than half the surface, the elytral fascia usually
commences slightly before the middle and terminates
rather close to the apex. The abdomen (except the apical
segments) is usually entirely pallid, but on the upper sur-
face is occasionally marked by infuscate spots or zones.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 121
The 1st joint of the antennae is sometimes partly black
above, the 4th is sometimes pale below, whilst the
11th is usually infuscate at the apex. The prothorax
is impressed in various places, but the impressions seem
to be mostly due to irregular contraction, as they are
seldom the same on any two specimens. In the female
the 4th—8th joints of the antennae are noticeably stouter
than the others.
TELEPHORUS KERSHAWI, n. sp. (fg. 3.)
é 2. Black, elytra with a slight greenish or bluish gloss; pro-
thorax flavous, but with a dark transverse irregular apical patch ;
upper surface of abdominal segments dark above, except at. tips,
lower surface pallid, but each with a spot on each side and one in
the middle; the two apical segments entirely dark. Sparsely
clothed with very short pubescence, longer at sides than elsewhere.
Head elongate, scarcely visibly punctate. Antennae moderately
long; 3rd joint distinctly shorter than 4th. Prothorax much
longer than wide, apex and all the angles rounded ; impunctate.
Elytra not as long as head and prothorax combined, and but little
wider than either, each obtusely rounded at apex ; coarsely sculp-
tured. Legslongand thin. Length to apex of elytra 4, of abdomen
6 mm.*
Hab. Victoria: Mordialloc (types in National Mu-
seum),
The long prothorax might be considered as evidence
that this species belonged to Se/enwrus, but I have not
considered it advisable to generically separate the three
apterous species. It is so narrow that at first sight it
might almost be thought to belong to Carphurus. The
elytra are so sculptured that they might be regarded either
as irregularly granulate or coarsely and rugosely punctate.
The dark marking of the prothorax appears somewhat
like a figure 9 on one of the females, but it is not exactly
the same in any two specimens. The male is smaller
than the female, with longer and thinner antennae and
legs, larger head and narrower elytra.
TTELEPHORUS INCONSTANS, Ni. Sp.
6 92. Head black, with a metallic-bluish gloss; each antennae
inserted in an indistinct pallid spot ; prothorax reddish ; elytra dark
* The lengths given are from a female; three other specimens
before me are too much contracted to be measured satisfactorily.
122 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
green, or with a large pallid median space, or dark only at base and
apex ; abdomen and sides of meso- and metasternum flavous ; scu-
tellum and appendages black ; 9th and 10th joints of antennae
whitish. Clothed with short, dense pubescence, more noticeable on
elytra and legs than elsewhere.
Head very finely punctate ; with several shallow depressions
between eyes. Antennae rather long and thin, 3rd joint much
shorter than 4th. Prothorax about as long as the width across its
apex, apex distinctly wider than base, all the angles rather strongly
rounded off, base bilobed. Hlytra long and thin, usually passing
abdomen, base much wider than prothorax; very densely and
moderately coarsely punctate, punctures smaller at base and extreme
apex than elsewhere ; each with a feeble raised line. Legs long and
thin.
Length 12-15 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (#2. J. Turner and R&R.
Iilidge); N.S. WALES (National Museum), Clarence River
(Macleay Museum and A. MV. Lea).
I do not know which to regard as the typical form and
which as the varieties of this species; of the twelve
specimens before me four have the elytra entirely dark
green, six have a rather shert basal, and a somewhat larger
apical space dark green, the intervening space (covering
more than half of the surface) being pale flavous; whilst
the other two have the basal and apical markings con-
nected along the sides. The green parts occasionally
become purplish where they approach the flavous parts.
The 10th joint of the antennae is usually infuscate at
apex, the 2nd—8th are each frequently pallid at the
extreme base. The two apical segments of the ab-
domen are usually feebly maculate.
Compared with the types of wiridipennis to which
it is very close (I am by no means certain but that the
various forms described should not be at all regarded
as varieties of that species), it differs in being larger,
stouter, the head with much finer punctures, and the
9th and 10th joints of antennae of different colour.
TELEPHORUS NIGROTERMINALIS, n. sp.
¢ 9. Of arather dingy flavous ; head (portion of the space be-
tween the antennae dull reddish), scutellum, apical 5th of elytra,
antennae (four basal joints partly pallid), parts of palpi, legs (except
knees, parts of coxae and of front tibiae), meso- and metasternum
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 123
(except parts of sides), black or blackish. Very densely (less densely
on the head and prothorax than elsewhere) clothed with very short
pubescence.
Head densely and finely punctate, with several feeble impressions
between eyes and with a shallow longitudinal one. Antennae
moderately long, 3rd joint much shorter than 4th. Prothorax
about as long as wide, angles rounded, apex almost truncate, base
rounded and not bilobed, surface irregularly impressed ; densely and
minutely punctate. Hiytra long, not very much wider than protho-
rax ; densely and rugosely but not coarsely punctate ; each with
traces of one or two feeble oblique raised lines. Legs long and
thin.
Length 10-15 mm.
Hab, QUEENSLAND (Aug. Simson), Port Denison (Mac-
leay Museum).
Although the descriptions of this and the following
species may read somewhat like that of masters, and the
numerous allies of that species, in appearance they are
really very different, the most noticeable distinctions being
the opaque derm and much longer prothorax. The male
is rather smaller and narrower than the female, with a
larger head and thinner and longer antennae. On an
occasional specimen there is an infuscate spot on the pro-
thorax and another on each side of the scutellum. From
some directions the dark apex of the elytra appears to be
granulate.
TELEPHORUS IMMATURUS, D0. Sp.
¢. Pale flavous ; head (parts between and in front of antennae
excepted) and apical 5th of elytra almost black ; apical half of
femora, tarsi (and to a less extent the tibiae), middle of metaster-
num, apex of abdomen and 4th-8th joints of antennae more
or less deeply infuscate. Rather densely clothed with very short
pubescence.
Head densely and finely punctate, almost regularly convex be-
tween eyes. Antennae rather stout and not very long, 3rd joint
much shorter than 4th. Prothorax with apexand angles rounded,
base bilobed ; densely and minutely punctate. Elytra much as in
the preceding species, except that the punctures are rather coarser
and the raised lines even less distinct. Legs long and thin.
Length 9-10 mm.
Hab. N. W. AUSTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum)
124 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
At first sight not unlike pale undersized specimens of
the preceding species but the differently coloured legs
and antennae will at once readily distinguish it; the head
also is without a longitudinal impression and the pro-
thorax is different both at the base and apex. In the two
specimens before me the scutellum is slightly infuscate at
apex; the three basal and three apical joints of antennae
are distinctly paler than the others. Owing to irregular
contraction the prothorax of one of the specimens is dis-
tinctly longer than wide; in the other it is about as long
as wide.
TELEPHORUS MACROPS, n. sp. (igs. 157, 173.)
¢. Pale reddish flavous and highly polished ; eyes black. Clothed
with very short pubescence.
Head large, wider than prothorax, impunctate, nowhere distinctly
impressed ; eyes unusually large and strictly lateral, Antennae
moderately long; 3rd joint scarcely, if at all, shorter than 4th.
Prothorax about as long as wide, apex rounded, base feebly bilobed ;
front angles strongly, the hind rather feebly bilobed; sparsely
and minutely punctate. Hlytra the width of head across eyes ;
densely but not very coarsely (at base very finely) punctate ;
with traces of several very feeble raised lines. Legs long and thin.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (type in R. Illidge’s col-
lection).
This species belongs to the masterst group, but is readily
distinguished from all previously described Australian
species by its entirely pallid colour, except as to the eyes.
The eyes are considerably larger than in any other species
here noted or described, and (partly of course owing to
their colour) appear unusually distinct.
TELEPHORUS CURVIPES, n. sp. (Mig. 157, 173.)
2. Black ; a spot on each side of head (marking the inserticn of
antennae), prothorax (a large frontal fascia black), elytra (a basal
space and a small subapical spot on each excepted), sides of meta-
sternum, abdomen (two apical segments excepted), apex of coxae and
base of trochanters pallid. Densely clothed with very short
pubescence.
Head very finely punctate. Antennae thin but not very long, 3rd
joint much shorter than 4th. Prothorax rather shorter than its
’
4
:
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 125
width at apex, all the angles rounded, both base and apex very
feebly bilobed; densely and minutely punctate. Hilytra long, not
much wider than prothorax, each obtusely pointed at apex ;
densely, rather coarsely, and rugosely punctate ; without raised
lines. Legs long and rather thin; hind femora strongly curved.
Length 11 mm.
Hab. N.S. Waues: Sydney (A. I Lea), Gosford (H.
J. Carter).
The non-costate elytra with a dark basal zone and two
subapical spots readily distinguishes from /lavipennis.
The entirely dark antennae and pallid anterior margins
of prothorax, with a spot on each side close to but not
on apex of elytra distinguishes from wmnperialis, The
hind femora are unusually strongly curved. The base of
the front tibiae and parts of the tarsi are indistinctly
paler than the adjacent parts; the frontal fascia of the
prothorax occupies about half the surface and appears,
from above, to extend to the sides, although it does not
really do so; there is also a small infuscate spot on
each side of the base, such as there frequently is in
pulchellus; the dark parts of the elytra have a slight
bluish gloss, the basal space occupies about one-sixth
(or less) of their length; the subapical spots are longer
than wide, rounded, and distant about their own length
from the apex.
Genus SELENURUS, Fairm., Journ. Mus., Godeff., 1879,
pJ8; Blackb.) T. R.' 8: /8.A4.) 1886; p.°259'5 1892,
p. 221.
I know no distinct feature by which this genus is to be
distinguished from Zelephorus *; but as both Sir William
Macleay and the Rev. T. Blackburn have recognised it as
valid I shall not propose to regard it as really synonymous
with Zelephorus. Should, however, it be eventually proved
that the Australian species referred to Telephorus do not
really belong to that genus, it may be advisable to unite
them all under Selenurus.
Apicalis, Macl., is allied to annulatus. I have not a
specimen before me now, but the others (excluding appen-
diculatus described after the table was drawn up) may be
tabulated as follows :—
* The species at present referred to the genus (except granulutus)
are very homogeneous in appearance, however.
126 Mr, Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
A. Elytra entirely dark.
a, Metasternum pallid in middle. . . granulatus, Lea.
aa. Metasternum dark in middle.
b. More than half of prothorax dark tricolor, Lea (in part).
bb. Less than half dark . . . . . sydneyanus, Blackb.
AA. Elytra partly pallid.
B. Tip of elytra pallid.
c. Pale apex connected with base . v-flavus, n, sp.
ce. Pale apex not so connected . . annulatus, Macl.
BB. Tip of elytra dark.
C. Prothorax pallid. . . . . . luteopictus, Fairm.
CC. Prothorax partly dark.
D. Elytra bifasciate . . . variegatus, Biackb.
DD. Elytra with roainanes be
but one fascia . . . . . tricolor, Lea (in part).
SELENURUS DEPRESSICOLLIS, Macl. (Jchthyurus). Trans.
Ent., N.S. Wales; II, p. 264; Blackb.,, T’R. 8S, S.A5
1892, p. 221; var. luteopictus, Fairm., 1877, p. 167,
Journ. Mus., Godeff., 1879, p. 99. (Hig. 156.)*
The apical joint of the antennae of the type of depressi-
collis is dark terminally, the spot on the prothorax is a
stain only, although described as “a broad black band.”
Luteopictus is a form (the commoner of the two in my
experience), in which the prothorax is immaculate.
Of three specimens now before me, two agree exactly
with the description of luteopictus ; the other agrees exactly
in colour, but has the elytra much less coarsely sculptured,
and the elevated line on each scarcely traceable.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Gayndah, Brisbane, Peak Downs,
Mackay; N.S. WALES: Tweed River.
SELENURUS ANNULATUS, Macl., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1887,
p-. 238. (Mig. 155.)
In a specimen from Cairns the dark basal and subapical
markings of the elytra are disconnected, and the spot on
the prothorax is small and of irregular shape ; in two others _
(sexes) from Kuranda, the dark elytral markings are con-
nected along the sides, and the prothoracic spot is almost a
perfect semicircle, the convex side of which faces the apex.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Mulgrave River, Cairns, Kuranda,
* Var. luteopictus.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae, 127
SELENURUS TRICOLOR, Lea, /. ¢., 1895, p. 232.
Jernshawensis, Blackb., T. R. S., S.A., 1900, p. 115.
(fig. 170.)
At the time this species was described I imagined that
the specimens having the elytra immaculate were typical
of the species; and that those with the subapical spot
common to both elytra represented a variety. I have
since however obtained four specimens all of which have
the subapical spot; so that this form (which agrees exactly
with Mr. Blackburn’s description of /ernshawensis) appears
to be the typical one.
Hab. N. 8. Waters: Blackheath, Mount Kosciusko
(5,700-6,000 feet); Vicroria: Fernshaw ; TASMANIA:
Huon River.
SELENURUS SYDNEYANUS, Blackb., T. R.S., S.A., 1892,
p. 221.
Two specimens from Brisbane differ from the normal
form in having the prothoracic fascia reduced to irregular
spots or blotches.
Hab, QUEENSLAND : Brisbane; N.S. WALES: Sydney,
Narrabeen, Wentworth Falls; Vicrorta.
APICALIS, Macl., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 257.
QUEENSLAND : Mossman River.
VARIEGATUS, Blackburn, T. R. S., S.A., 1892, p. 220.
(Fig. 154.)
N.S. Wates: Blue Mountains; QUEENSLAND.
GRANULATUS, Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1895, p. 231.
W. AustRALIA: Bunbury.
SELENURUS V-FLAVUS, n. sp. ' »
Q. Black ; a spot on each side between eyes (marking the insertion
of antennae), mandibles, margins of prothorax, an elongate stripe on
each elytron, parts of sterna, of abdomen, and of coxae, flavous ; 9th
joint of antennae paler than the others. Clothed with short sparse
pubescence. :
Head moderately large ; with some large punctures towards the
middle of base, elsewhere very finely punctate. Antennae rather
long and thin, 3rd joint much shorter than 4th. Prothorax longer
than wide, apex and all the angles rounded, base feebly bilobed,
128 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
with a moderately distinct tranverse median ridge ; very minutely
punctate. Hlytra at base considerably wider than prothorax, the
apices obtusely pointed and separated ; densely coarsely and some-
what rugosely punctate; with scarcely any indications of raised
costae. Legs long and thin.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Tambourine (type in R. Illidge’s
collection).
The pale prothorax margins are very narrow and on each
side in front appear to be interrupted, but on examining
the insect from the side it can be seen that the black does
not extend to the extreme margins. The pale markings
on the elytra extend from each shoulder to the apex and
combined look like an elongated V; the sides from the
base to the apical third are narrowly black, the median
dark marking (and which has a slight bluish gloss) appears
as a narrow triangle or wedge, with its base the exact
width of the prothorax, and its apex about one-fourth from
the apex of the elytra.
SELENURUS APPENDICULATUS, n. sp. (Figs. 104, 105.)
6. Ofa dingy mouse-coloured grey, head somewhat darker. Very
finely pubescent.
Head convex, microscopically punctate ; eyes large. Antennae
long and thin, extending to apex of elytra, 2nd and 3rd joints sub-
equal and shorter than Ist or 4th. Prothorax tranverse surface
irregular, Hlytra not extending to apex of abdomen, each separately
rounded; with scarcely visible punctures. Abdomen with apical and
subapical appendages. Legs long and thin.
Length 2 mm.
¢. Differs in having the head more convex, antennae much shorter,
legs shorter and abdomen simple.
Hab. TAsMANIA: Mount Wellington, Hobart, Huon
River (A. M. Lea).
Certainly the thinnest and almost the shortest of all the
Australian Malacoderms, and perhaps the most remark-
able. The abdomen of the male is terminated by a double
curved appendage, the 4th* segment on its lower surface
appears to have a deeply cleft extension, and from the
middle of this two appendages are continued, one on each
side of the apical appendages.t Probably, however, in
* I may be wrong in regarding this segment as the fourth.
} The whole is ridiculously suggestive of the skull of a mouse.
Ur — a on
Re Fs
a Ee Seay oe
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 129
other males all these appendages will not be visible, or
will appear to be different, as the insects (there are one
male and two females under examination) are subject to
great shrinkage. I think it probable that the species will
not permanently remain in Se/enwrus * ; but the specimens
will not stand the manipulation necessary for a critical
generic examination. One specimen was taken from moss,
the others from Acacia sp. in full bloom; these at the
moment of capture looked much like minute Cecidomyid
flies. The elytra are of so fragile a nature that they appear
to twist almost as readily as the wings.
Genus HETEROMASTIX, Boh., Res. Eugen., p. 86.
This genus was proposed by Bohemann for a small
insect having the 10th and 11th joints of the antennae
curiously distorted; subsequently Blackburn referred two
species having simple antennae to it and stated that he
thought Zelephorus pusio (pusillus, Boh.) was congeneric.
This is my opinion also, and I think that TZelephorus
victoriensis, galeatus, fusicornis and pauxillus as well,
should he referred to the genus.
The genus although close to Zelephorus differs in the
antennae abdomen and simple mandibles. All the species
are small, with the prothorax strongly transverse (usually
fully twice as wide as long). It is readily divisible into
sections dependent on the antennae of the male.
1. Eleventh joint (and usually the tenth) distorted in
the male.
2. Ninth joint distorted in the male.
3. Third to fifth joints distorted in the male.
4. Antennae simple in both sexes.
There is nothing, however, in the females to indicate to
which of these sections they belong. The first section is
the typical one, but is perhaps not so numerously repre-
sented as the fourth.
The mandibles are usually so folded as to be indistinct,
and it is difficult to manipulate specimens to see them at
all clearly ; but in specimens of several species (flavipennis,
latus, and simplex) before me they are exposed, and are
* In the male of Selenwrus sydneyanus there are also some re-
markable subapical appendages in the abdomen ; as this contracts so
greatly in dying, it is difficult to make out their true nature, but there
are at least two sharp curved long processes.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) K
130 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
seen to be long, thin, strongly curved, sharp-pointed and
edged and perfectly simple.
The prothorax is but little, or not at all, narrower than
the elytra; and is usually impunctate, or if any punctures
are present these are confined to the margins; the head
also is either indistinctly or not at all punctate (except in
Jlavipennis); the elytra, however, are usually densely and
rugosely punctate.
In the male the penultimate segment of the abdomen is
deeply excised, often semicircularly, but sometimes to the
base itself; the preceding segment 1s widely emarginate
or simple. In the female the abdomen is usually quite
simple, but sometimes the penultimate segment appears
lobed in the middle, with a depression on each side of the
lobe: but the apex itself is not emarginate, or if so then
throughout its entire length.
The tibiae seem to be always terminated by minute
spines, but these are sometimes so very small as to be
scarcely, or not at all, distinguishable from the pubescence.
The basal joint of the hind tarsi is as long or almost as
the three following joints combined.
I have not considered it necessary to describe the
pubescence of each species, as it is much the same in all;
that is to say, short and moderately dense on the elytra,
and sparse or moderately sparse elsewhere ; it appears to
be comparatively easily abraded.
The sex should always be stated ; I have seen no species
(with the exception of dolichocephalus) in which the female
is sufficiently distinctive to warrant a description being
founded on that sex only ; in fact, the females of most of the
species are so closely allied in general appearances that it
is often very difficult to separate them.
I have seen many other species which for various reasons
are not here described, and I think it probable that the
number now recorded will be more than doubled, and that
other singular modifications of the antennae will be found
to exist. J am acquainted with all the described species
excepting possibly galeatws, which is commented on below
They may be tabulated as follows :—
A, Antennae with 3rd-5th joints distorted in
male.
a. Elytra entirely dark . . .... . distortus, n. sp.
aa ‘Elytra partly pale’, . se) es . “%inflatus, n. sp
Australian and Tasmanian Macacodermidae.
AA. Antennae with 9th joint distorted in
male.
b. Head dark
bb. Head pale.
c. Elytra entirely dark
cc. Elytra partly pale
AAA, Antennae with 11th joint daetontiedl
in male.
d, Elytra partly pale
dd. Elytra entirely dark.
e. Headentirely pale ..
ee. Head entirely dark.
f. Tenth joint not distorted in
in male . :
ff. Tenth joint distorted in Pate.
g. Scutellum dark
gg. Scutellum pale.
h. Legs almost entirely
pale
hh, Legs almost Lee
dark
eee. [lead with muzzle pale
i. Ninth joint of antennae in
male strongly transverse
ui. Ninth joint not transverse.
j. Apical joints of antennae
in male pale* .
ij. Apical joints dark.
k. Scutellum pale
kk. Seutellum dark.
1. Muzzle very distinctly
pale . ahah
ll. Muzzle oan
pale . we
AAAA,. Antennae simple in both sexes.
B. Prothorax entirely dark.
m. Prothorax notched on each side of
base :
mm, Prothorax not siatahed fe eee
nm. Elytra entirely dark
* Usually the entire antennae.
McDonaldi, Lea.
. fusicornis, Blackb.
macleayi, ni. sp.
luridicollis, Macl.
mirabilis, Lea.
decipiens, n. sp.
gagaticeps, Lea.
pallipes, n. sp.
laticollis, n. sp.
crassicornis, Lea.
bicolor, Boh.
Frater, 1. sp.
flavifrons, n. sp.
imitator, n. sp.
tenuis, 1. sp.
niger, 1. Sp.
{ There is a variety of niger in which the sides of the prothorax
are oe entirely dark.
K 2
131
132 Mr. Arthur M. Lea's Revision of the
nn. Elytra partly pale : ,
BB. Prothorax with dark annie 3
BBB. Prothorax entirely pale.*
C. Elytra pale “ye
CC. Elytra dark.
D. Head pale.
o. Greater portion of legs pale
oo. Greater portion dark .
DD. Head dark (the muzzle
sometimes excepted).
E. Terminal joint of antennae
in male constricted in middle.
p. Legs entirely dark .
pp. Legs partly pale
EE. Terminal joint not so
constricted.
F. Margins of prothorax
simple.
q. Prothorax with very
distinct submarginal
punctures . ;
qq. Prothorax without
punctures.
y. Antennae long and
thin ,
rr. Antennae compara-
tively robust
FF. Margins of prothorax
not simple.
G. Elytra coarsely punc-
UWE! oc
GG. Elytra ikeseis
punctate at most.
H. Elytra with very
numerous distinct
transverse ridges .
HH, Elytra without
such ridges.
I. Knees much paler
than femora
II. Knees not at
all or very
slightly paler
than femora .
* Occasionally there is a dark stain at the
and apex.
dolichocephalus, n. sp.
discoflavus, n. sp.
flavipennis, n. sp.
anticus, Blackb.
geniculatus, n. sp.
nigripes, N. sp.
latus, n. sp.
victoriensis, Blackb.
paueillus, Blackb,
simplex, n. sp.
perabundans, n. sp.
occidentalis, n. sp.
elegans, n. sp.
pusillus, Boh.
base, or at both base
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 133
HETEROMASTIX BICOLOR, Boh., Res. Eugen., p. 81, Pl. I,
fig. 3; Lea, P. L. 8S, N.S.W., 1895, p. 233. (Figs. 41,
42.)
In the typical form of this species the antennae of the
male are uniformly pallid, rather stout, and somewhat
shorter than the elytra; the 11th joint at its greatest
length is fully twice the length of the 10th.
Hab. N.S. Waes: Sydney, National Park.
Var. PRIMUS, n. var.
Differs in having the antennae thinner and longer (slightly longer
than the elytra) with the median joints infuscate, but the terminal
joints are of the same shape and colour as in the typical form.
Hab. N.S. WaAuxES: National Park.
Var. SECUNDUS, n. var. (Mig. 43.)
Differs from the typical form in having the antennae thinner and
much longer (as long as the head prothorax and elytra combined),
the median joints infuscate and the terminal joint not much longer
than the 10th at its longest. Its elytra are more sparsely clothed
and with darker pubescence, and the punctures of the same are
larger and more noticeable.
Although the antennae of this form are so different in
appearance to that of the typical form of bicolor, I have
not considered myself justified in describing the unique
specimen before me as belonging to a distinct species,
especially as the preceding variety is clearly intermediate
between the two forms.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Wollongong.
HETEROMASTIX PUSILLUS, Boh. ( 7'elephorus), Res. Eugen.,
1858, p. 80.
Telephorus pusio, Gemm., Col. Heft., vi, 1870, p. 120.
Var. dilataticollis, Blackb., T. R. S., S.A., 1892, p. 222.
This species is common in New South Wales, and varies
in length from 24 to 3} mm. The basal joints of the
antennae and the legs also vary in colour, but the paler
portions are never of the clear colour of the prothorax.
The dilated portion of the prothorax is much more
conspicuous in some specimens than in others.
Numerous specimens from Western Australia before me
134 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
have the antennae slightly longer and the dilated portion
of the prothorax less abrupt, but more noticeably thickened ;
the basal joints of antennae and legs also vary in colour.
I cannot regard these specimens, however, as representing
more than a variety of pusdlus, and dilataticollis of
Blackburn another.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney, Galston, Jenolan, Tam-
worth, Forest Reefs, Blue Mountains; Victor1a: Monbulk,
Gisborne; S. AUSTRALIA: Adelaide; W. AUSTRALIA:
Bridgetown, Karridale.
HETEROMASTIX LURIDICOLLIS, Macl. (J/aiachius), Trans.
Ent. Soc., N.S. Wales, 11, p. 265.
The type of this species is a female and is in the
_ Australian Museum; a second specimen from Gayndah
is in the Macleay Museum and is a male. ‘The type has
brownish elytra, becoming paler at the base. Mr. H. J.
Carter has taken several specimens at Byron Bay; these
represent varieties having the apical third or fourth of
elytra dark, the rest being paler than the prothorax; a
specimen from Wide Bay in the Australian Museum has
about half of the apex dark.
In both series the prothorax is transversely impressed —
at the base, each side of the impression opening into a
fovea of irregular shape and size; in the description the
prothorax is said to have “two small round deep foveae
at the base.” I certainly, however, cannot regard these
foveae as being round (circular) and deep, nor are they
isolated as the description implies, each being but a lateral
enlargement of the basal impression.
In build and general appearance (except as to the colour
of the elytra) the species strongly resemble gagaticeps, and
the antennae of both sexes and the punctures of the elytra
are much the same; so that it is quite an ordinary
Heteromastia.
Hab. QUEENSLAND : Gayndah, Wide Bay; N.S. WALEs:
Byron Bay.
HETEROMASTIX VICTORIENSIS, Blackb. (Zelephorus), P. L.8,,
N’S.W.; 1891, p52.
Two males from Jenolan appear to belong to this
species; in one of them the three basal joints of antennae
are obscurely reddish, in the other the basal one only; the
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 135
9th joint is very slightly but perceptibly wider than
the 8th or 10th, slightly shorter than the 11th, but longer
than any of the others except perhaps the Ist.
Hab. Victoria: Alpine district; N.S. WALES: Jenolan.
HETEROMASTIX FUSICORNIS, Blackb. (TZelephorus), 1.c.,
p-. 529.
This species differs from McDonald: in having the
scutellum (not mentioned by Blackburn) and head entirely
pallid, and more of the legs pallid. The 9th joint of the
male antennae is much the same as in McDonaldi, except
that it is larger, with its apical fovea larger and more
distinct ; and its head is smooth whilst in that species
it is rather coarsely punctate. The female (unknown to
Blackburn) differs from the male in having the head
somewhat narrower, the 9th joint simple (although it
is slightly wider than any of the others) and slightly
shorter than the 11th—which is longest of all.
Hab. Victoria: Upper Yarra River; N. S. WALEs:
Sydney.
HETEROMASTIX PAUXILLUS, Blackb. (Zelephorus), T. RB. S.,
8.A., 1886, p. 261.
I have a specimen from the Rev. T. Blackburn bearing
a label in his writing “ pauaillus, Blackb.,” and agreeing
with his description except that it is much smaller (24 as
against 44 lines).*
The species is exceedingly abundant and widely distri-
buted in Tasmania, where it occurs on flowers. The male
is smaller and thinner than the female, with longer (but
still simple) antennae, longer legs and penultimate seement
of abdomen semicircularly excised.
Hab. 8. AustRALIA: Port Lincoln; TASMANTA.
HETEROMASTIX GALEATUS, Blackb. (Zelephorus), P. L. S.,
N.S. W.,, 1891, p.. 529.
? gagaticeps, Lea, l.¢., 1895, p. 233. (Figs. 30, 36.)T
Telephorus galeatus, Blackb., is certainly a Heteromastiz,
and quite possibly my gagaticeps, in which case the latter
* Mr, Blackburn writes me, however, that 4} lines was a misprint
and should have been 24.
t From type of gagaticeps.
136 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
name must fall. There are, however, so many species
having the 10th and 11th joints curiously distorted (all on
the same plan though differing greatly in degree) in the
male, that I hesitate to regard the two names as synony-
mous. In his description, Blackburn says “/femoribus
tibiisque (anticis totlis, ceteris ex parte) testaceis.” I have
only seen four specimens of gagaticeps having the legs so
coloured, all the others (several hundreds) having the legs
as in my own description; if therefore gagaticeps really
belongs to galeatus, it is the typical form of a species of
which only a rare variety was known to Blackburn.
The difficulty is not diminished by the fact that there
are before me three specimens of one species, and one of
another,* which also agree with the description of galeatus
as to colours and sculpture; they are, however, certainly
different to gagaticeps as the 10th joint of the antennae is
much longer (in the male of gagaticeps it is decidedly
transverse), whilst the 11th is considerably longer and
thinner. In one of these species the antennae also are
about one-third longer, and the 3rd joint has an infuscate
spot on its upper surface; in the other the antennae are
of the same length and colours.
Hab. (galeatus) Victoria: Alpine District; (gagaticeps)
QUEENSLAND: Brisbane; N. 8. WALES: Chatswood, Con-
dobolin, Forest Reefs, Blue Mountains, Sydney, Galston,
Clifton, Tamworth ; VICTORIA.
HETEROMASTIX McDONALDI, Lea, P. L.S., N.S.W., 1895,
p. 234.
In the type male the 9th joint of the antennae is greatly
inflated and has a deep apical fovea. A male from
Galston has the 9th jomt also inflated but to a less
noticeable extent, and the fovea is also smaller. A male
from Launceston agrees with the Galston specimen in the
9th joint, but has the legs entirely dark.
The elytral punctures are rather coarse and almost
regular, but become very small at the apex.
Hab. N. S. Waters: Armidale, Galston; TASMANIA:
Launceston, Strahan.
* As either of these may be the true galeatus, I have not described
them.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 137
ANTICcUS, Blackb., T. R. S., S.A., 1892, p. 221.
Hab. N. S. WALES: Blue Mountains.
MIRABILIS, Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1895, p. 235.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Barron Falls.
CRASSICORNIS, Lea, /.¢., p. 236. (Migs. 31, 37.)
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns, Kuranda.
HETEROMASTIX DISTORTUS, n. sp. (Migs. 32, 40, 112.)
dg. Dark brown ; prothorax, base of antennae, legs (except the
tarsi, base of hind femora and apex of hind tibiae) flavous.
Head wide, depressed between eyes, impunctate, or almost so.
Antennae long, 3rd-5th joints curiously inflated and distorted, 4th
largest of all but no longer than 6th. Prothorax about twice as wide
as long, sides regularly rounded. Elytra densely and minutely
punctate, with traces of feeble raised lines. Penultimate segment of
abdomen semicircularly excised. Front tibiae deeply notched at
apex ; basal joint of front tarsi strongly curved.
Length 53 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES, Sydney (type in Macleay Museum).
The two specimens before me are both injured ; one
having the head partly eaten and both with the terminal
joints of antennae missing; they may also be somewhat
faded and the parts described as dark brown may possibly
be black in living specimens. The antennae and front
legs of the male (the only sex known to me) are so
peculiar, however, that it cannot be mistaken. The 4th
joint of the antennae is very peculiar, from one direction
it appears widest at the base, from another at the apex ;
the 5th is lobed near the base and slightly shorter than
the 6th; each of the three distorted joints is obliquely
produced at the apex. The head towards the base appears
to be obliquely strigose, but this appearance is due solely
to the pubescence.
HETEROMASTIX MACLEAYI, n. sp. (Fig. 33.)
6. Flavous; elytra (base and sides diluted with flavous)
and abdomen dark brown; metasternum somewhat paler; three
terminal joints of antennae infuscate.
Head wide. Antennae rather long and stout; 9th joint long,
strongly inflated and foveate near apex ; 11th distinctly longer than
138 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
10th, but slightly shorter than 9th. -Prothorax twice as wide as
long, apex slightly wider than base, sides rounded but not quite
regularly: so; with submarginal punctures. Hlytra densely and
rather coarsely punctate, the punctures nowhere confluent but con-
nected in places by feeble transverse ridges.
Length 2% mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (type in Macleay Museum),
Owing to shrinkage the abdomen cannot be satisfactorily
examined, but the penultimate segment is apparently
semicircularly excised as in the males of other species.
Its small size and bicoloured elytra will readily distinguish
it from fusicornis and McDonaldi, the two previously
described species having the 9th joint inflated.
HETEROMASTIX FLAVIFRONS, n. sp. (Figs. 44, 45, 46.)
¢. Black ; muzzle, prothorax, two basal joints of antennae and
lower surface of 3rd, front legs (tarsi excepted), parts of four hind
coxae, of femora and of tibiae flavous or almost so.
Head convex, with several very indistinct impressions.. Antennae
stout, moderately long ; 3rd—9th joints triangular, 10th produced at
one side of apex, 11th considerably longer than 10th and constricted
on one side. Prothorax twice as wide as long, sides regularly
rounded. lytra densely and rugosely but not coarsely punctate ;
with traces of feeble raised lines. Penultimate segment of abdomen
deeply excised but not quite to base, the preceding segment widely
and rather deeply emarginate.
Length 5-6 mm.
Q. Differs in having the antennae shorter, 11th joint simple
although longer than 10th ; the prothorax somewhat wider, and the
abdomen simple.
Hab. N.S. Wates: Armidale (W. W. Froggatt).
The 11th joint of the male from one direction appears
to be of an elongated reniform shape and almost as wide
as the 10th joint; from another direction it appears to be
much narrower and almost lanceolate. In this (as in
many other) species, on each side of the prothorax at the
base, there may often be seen a small tuft of pubescence
(never distinct, however), which occasionally causes the
posterior angles to appear acute. The elytral sculpture is
not quite so coarse as in gagaticeps ; from which species it
also differs in having the muzzle pallid and 11th joint of
different shape.
>
j
¥
%
fi
:
h
”
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 139
HETEROMASTIX FRATER, n. sp. (Fig. 47.)
¢. Black; muzzle and lower surface of head, prothorax, scu-
tellum, legs (tarsi and apex of four hind tibiae infuscate) and three
basal joints of antennae flavous.
Shape much as in the preceding species.
Length 43-54 mm.
Hab. N.S. WatEs: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd and A. MW.
Lea), Mittagong (W. W. Froggatt).
The antennae resemble those of the preceding species
but are distinctly thinner, the 10th joint is more produced
at the apex, and the 11th at the base. The females are
smaller than the females of that species and have much
shorter and thinner antennae; the scutellum is pale and
a greater portion of the muzzle and legs is pale. Never-
theless, the two are very closely allied.
‘HETEROMASTIX PALLIPES, n. sp. (Figs. 48, 49.)
6. Black; prothorax, scutellum, legs (two apical joints of tarsi
slightly infuscate) and two basal joints of antennae flavous.
Head comparatively small. Antennae long; 10th joint wide,
strongly produced at apex; 11th long and distorted. Prothorax
more than twice as wide as long, sides regularly rounded. Elytra
very densely and rugosely but not coarsely punctate. Penultimate
segment of abdomen widely semicircularly excised.
Length 3? mm.
Hab. N.S. Waxes: Sydney (A. M. Lea).
Moderately close to gagaticeps, but with entirely pallid
legs and scutellum ; the antennae are considerably longer,
the 11th joint is much longer, and the apical portion
projects at about 45° from the rest of the joint; the pro-
thorax is wider and the elytral punctures are considerably
smaller. From the preceding species it differs in having
longer antennae, 11th joint of different shape and by its
dark muzzle. The antennae are much longer and thinner
than in any of the allied species; the 10th joint from one
direction appears to be wide and at the apex feebly
emarginate, from another direction it is seen to be strongly
and obliquely produced; the 11th from one direction
appears long, thin and slightly constricted in the middle,
from another it appears to be joined at one corner to the
10th, with—from its outer base—a distinct spur projecting
140 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
outwards, whilst the apex is produced directly outwards.
The whole joint has not the least resemblance to a helmet
as may be noticed in gagaticeps,
HETEROMASTIX LATICOLLIS, n. sp. (Figs. 34, 38.)
6. Blackish ; prothorax and scutellum flavous ; front coxae and
all the trochanters almost flavous.
Head wide. Antennae long and stout, 2nd joint much smaller
than usual, 10th and 11th distorted. Prothorax almost thrice as
wide as long, sides almost regularly rounded but slightly thickened
in front, base gently sinuous. lytra rugosely sculptured, slightly
dilated posteriorly. Penultimate segment of abdomen semicircularly
excised.
Length 5 mm.
?. Differs in having the prothorax wider and antennae and
abdomen simple.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Cairns (types in Macleay Museum).
The 11th joint is more strongly curved than in the
other species; at its base on one side it is grooved, with
part of the 10th joint (which is also peculiarly distorted)
resting in the groove; from another direction the two
joints appear very different. The prothorax is wider than
in any other species here recorded. The elytra though
very densely are not distinctly punctate, and appear to be
covered with small and very irregular granules, somewhat
after the style of Telephorus nobilitatus, etc., there are also
on them traces of feeble raised lines, which are also broken
up into indistinct granules. In the pair before me tbe
male is the larger.
HETEROMASTIX DECIPIENS, n. sp. (Mig. 39.)
6. Black ; prothorax, front legs (tarsi excepted) apex of hind
femora, base of hind tibiae and two basal joints of antennae flavous.
Head convex and smooth. Antennae rather long, 10th joint
slightly produced at one side of apex but not distorted ; 11th almost
as long as the three preceding combined, distinctly constricted at
about two-fifths from its apex. Prothorax almost twice as wide as
long, sides regularly rounded. lytra densely but not coarsely or
rugosely punctate. Penultimate segment of abdomen with an almost
parallel-sided incision to extreme base.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. N.S. Waxes: National Park (4. If Lea).
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 141
Coloured much as gagaticeps, even to the black muzzle ;
but the 10th joint but little different to the 9th and
certainly not distorted ; the 11th, however, is very different,
appearing almost as two joints and without the peculiar
lobe projecting backwards as in gagaticeps and most of the
allied species ; in fact, at first the antennae appear to be
distinctly 12-jointed. The elytral punctures are smaller
than in gagaticeps, but are more clearly defined, although
this may be partly due to abrasion, as the elytra are
almost glabrous in the only specimen before me; which
also is without the middle pair of its legs.
HETEROMASTIX TENUIS, n. sp. (Jig. 91.)
¢. Black, shining; elytra with a slight bluish gloss. Elytra
more sparsely pubescent than usual.
Head impunctate ; eyes above the average size. Antennae long
and thin, 11th joint distinctly longer than 10th. Prothoraax dis-
tinctly less than twice as wide as long, disc more convex than usual ;
each side of base with a small but distinct subtriangular notch.
Elytra longer and thinner than usual; densely and moderately
coarsely punctate. Penultimate segment of abdomen semicircularly
excised,
Length 44-43 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Mount Wellington (4. I. Lea),
The antennae to the eye appear to be as long as the
body, but by measurement they are seen to be really a
trifle shorter. The margins of the prothorax from some
directions appear to be supplied with very minute seti-
ferous granules. The elytral punctures are often elongate
and three or four are frequently separated from the others
by short transverse or oblique wrinkles; they are almost
as large as fusicornis. The insect itself is longer and
thinner than any of its congeners here recorded; it is also
the only one with the least trace of blue on the elytra.
Even apart from colour, however, the species is very
distinct.
HETEROMASTIX NIGER, 2. sp.
¢. Black. Elytra more densely clothed with whitish pubescence
than usual.
Head wide and indistinctly punctate. Antennae rather long ;
2nd joint more than half the length of third, 11th distinctly longer
142 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
than 10th. Prothorax twice as wide as long, sides thickened, with
the anterior angles obliquely cut off. Hlytra densely and moderately
coarsely punctate, the punctures in irregular lines, between which
are smaller punctures. Penultimate segment of abdomen excised
almost to extreme base.
Length 3 mm.
9. Differs in having slightly shorter antennae, and with the
penultimate segment of abdomen feebly curved throughout.
Hab. TASMANIA: Launceston, Zeehan (Aug. Simson),
Mole Creek, Hobart, Mount Wellington (4. JZ. Lea);
Victoria: Oakleigh (National Museum).
This is the only entirely black species known, from the
preceding species, to which in colour it approximates,
it differs in being much shorter, prothorax wider and
differently shaped; antennae shorter, ete. In an _ occa-
sional specimen the sides of the prothorax are diluted
with flavous.
HETEROMASTIX FLAVIPENNIS, 0. Sp.
¢d. Black ; prothorax, elytra, part of mandibles and of coxae
flavous.
Head rather narrower than usual ; densely and not very minutely
punctate. Antennae long and thin. Prothorax not twice as wide
as long, front angles strongly rounded, hind very feebly produced ;
widest at apical third. lytra densely, rugosely and moderately
coarsely punctate; with numerous irregular feebly raised lines
Penultimate segment of abdomen widely and rather shallowly
emarginate.
Length 5} (9 64) mm.
Q. Differs in being larger and wider, with narrower head and
prothorax, shorter and stouter antennae and simple abdomen.
Hab. W. AuSTRALIA: Karridale (A. IZ. Lea).
This is the only species known to me in which the head
is seen to be distinctly punctate; it is also the only one
(except a species of which I have seen but a female) with
the elytra entirely pallid. In the male the 3rd—1]th
joints are almost exactly the same lengths, the 11th being
just perceptibly longer than the 10th; in the female,
however, the 11th joint is distinctly longer than the 10th,
although shorter than the corresponding joint of the male.
The elytral punctures are frequently confluent.
a Ee
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 143
HETEROMASTIX DISCOFLAVUS, 0. sp.
6. Of a smoky-brown, varying to blackish-brown on head and
sides of prothorax ; greater portion of prothorax flavous ; elytra
obscure flavous ; a wide median and a narrow lateral space darker.
Head wide and indistinctly punctate. Antennae long and thin,
11th joint longer than 10th. Prothorax twice as wide as long, dise
rather more convex than usual. Hlytra densely and coarsely
punctate throughout. Penultimate segment of abdomen semi-
circularly excised to base. |
Length 32 (? 43) mm.
Q. Differs in being larger, with narrower head and shorter and
stouter antennae (those of the male being slightly longer than the
body, whilst in the female they are distinctly shorter), legs shorter
and abdomen simple.
Hab. TASMANIA (types in Aug. Simson’s collection).
The elytral colours are not sharply defined, the darker
portions being of the nature of stains. In the male the
sides of the prothorax are more reflexed than usual and
almost perfectly parallel, so that the segment itself appears
to be transversely oblong; in the female the sides are
almost regularly rounded. The elytral punctures are
coarser than in any other species known to me; on the
male they are almost seriate in arrangement, but on the
female exhibit a strong tendency to become confluent and
rugose.
HETEROMASTIX OCCIDENTALIS, 0. sp.
é. Black, prothorax flavous.
Head wide and indistinctly punctate. Antennae long and thin,
11th joint scarcely longer than 10th. Prothorax scarcely twice as
wide as long, sides thickened and inflated in the middle. Hlytra
very densely and rugosely but not coarsely punctate; with numerous
feeble transverse ridges. Penultimate segment of abdomen widely
semicircularly excised.
Length 4-5} mm.
. Differs in being larger and wider, with distinctly shorter
antennae and simple abdomen.
Hab, W. AUSTRALIA: Swan and Vasse Rivers (4. J.
Lea).
From some directions, especially in the females, the
elytra appear to be covered with minute granules, but this
144 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
appearance is deceptive. In appearance it is much like
large specimens of pusillus, or small ones of paucxillus, the
size being almost constantly intermediate between the two.
From pauaillus it differs in the prothoracic margins being
considerably thicker and rather suddenly inflated in the
middle, much as in pusillus; from the latter species it
differs in the antennae being longer and entirely black
and its elytral punctures coarser. I have seen numerous
specimens of both this species and pusillus from Western
Australia and the differences mentioned seem to be quite
constant ; the two species, in fact, seem (in W. Australia)
to be related to each other much as perabundans and
paucillus are in Tasmania.
HETEROMASTIX PERABUNDANS, 0. sp.
¢. Black, prothorax flavous; base of tibiae and lower surface of
three basal joints of antennae obscure testaceous.
Head scarcely visibly punctate and less transverse than usual.
Antennae moderately long and stout ; 2nd joint more than half the
length of 3rd, 11th stouter and longer than 10th. Prothorax and
elytra sculptured as in niger, except that the punctures are some-
what coarser. Penultimate segment of abdomen semi-circularly
excised.
Length 34 mm.
9. Differs in being slightly larger than the male, with just per-
ceptibly shorter antennae, prothorax slightly more transverse and
the penultimate segment of abdomen gently curved throughout.
Hab. TASMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington, Huon
River (7. H. D. Griffith, Aug. Simson and A. M. Lea).
The sculpture and pubescence are almost exactly the
same as in niger; in fact, but for the colour of the pro-
thorax the two species would be scarcely distinguishable.
From pusillus it differs in having the elytra much more
coarsely punctate and the prothorax less angularly dilated,
the dilated portion also being basal and median instead
of subapical. The base of the prothorax is usually stained
with black.
Probably, during several months of the year this is the
commonest of all insects on flowers about Hobart and
Mount Wellington; I have seen tens of thousands of
specimens in my beating umbrella at the same time.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 145
HETEROMASTIX NIGRIPES, n. sp.
é. Black ; prothorax reddish-flavous.
Head rather strongly convex. Antennae long and moderately
stout ; 2nd joint one-third the length of 3rd ; 11th about twice the
length of 10th and distinctly, although not very decidedly, con-
stricted at its middle. Prothorax twice as wide as long, sides
regularly rounded. Hlytra very densely, rugosely and rather
coarsely punctate. Penultimate segment of abdomen semicircularly
excised.
Length 44 mm.
Q. Differs in having shorter antennae, the 2nd joint of which is
proportionately longer and the 11th shorter (although distinctly
longer than the 10th) and not constricted in middle, being in fact
slightly widest in front of the middle; prothorax rather wider ;
legs shorter and abdomen simple.
Hab. TASMANIA: Launceston, Beaconsfield, Karoola,
George Town, Denison Gorge, East Tamar, Zeehan, Huon
River, Hobart, Frankford, Mount Wellington (Aug. Simson,
Hf, H. D. Griffith and A. M. Lea).
From the allied species, except latws, it can be readily
distinguished by the long and constricted terminal joint
of antennae in the male. The whole insect is larger and
the sides of the prothorax are different to those of per-
abundans, in the company of which species it is frequently
taken. In the male the antennae are not much shorter
than the body. The elytral punctures are about as large
as in fusicornis but decidedly denser. As in a number
of other species the base of the prothorax is sometimes
stained with black. From victoriensis it differs in being
shorter, with shorter antennae, entirely black legs, less
coarsely punctate elytra and sides prothorax, which also
is without submarginal punctures.
HETEROMASTIX SIMPLEX, n. sp.
¢. Black ; prothorax, mandibles, knees, trochanters, front coxae
and two basal joints of antennae more or less flavous.
Head strongly transverse; eyes larger than usual. Antennae
moderately long and rather stout ; 2nd joint more than half the
length of 3rd, 11th about one-third longer than 10th. Prothorax
twice as wide as long, sides rounded except at extreme base; with
indistinct submarginal punctures. Hlytra densely, moderately
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) L
146 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
coarsely and somewhat rugosely punctate. Penultimate segment
of abdomen deeply semicircularly excised.
Length 44 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Jenolan (A. MZ. Lea).
Differs from the species I suppose to be victoriensis in
being smaller and wider, legs somewhat differently coloured
and antennal joints (especially the 9th-11th) differently
proportioned. The elytra are more coarsely sculptured
than in gagaticeps, to the female of which it bears a striking
resemblance ; in fact, but for the abdomen being essentially
masculine I should have imagined the unique specimen
before me to be a female of that species. The elytral
punctures are the same size but much denser than in
Jusicornis; the rugose appearance is caused by small
transverse wrinkles, but each puncture is usually clearly
defined. From pauxillus, it differs in being more compact,
antennae much shorter, basal joints pale, the 2nd propor-
tionately longer, elytral punctures more sharply defined,
legs not entirely black, prothorax less transverse, etc.
HETEROMASTIX LATUS, n. sp.
¢. Black; prothorax, parts of muzzle, mandibles, front legs
(tarsi, apex of tibiae and part of base of femora infuscate), middle
knees and base of hind tibiae more or less flavous.
Head strongly transverse. Antennae somewhat as in nigripes.
Prothorax about twice as wide as long, sides almost regularly
rounded. lytra shorter and wider than usual, densely and rugosely
but rather finely punctate. Penultimate segment of abdomen semi-
circularly excised.
Length 54 mm.
Q. Differs in being slightly wider, prothorax more transverse,
antennae shorter, 11th joint not constricted in middle and abdomen
simple.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Forest Reefs (4. MZ Lea).
I have referred this species and nigripes to the group
having simple antennae, although the apical joint 1s some-
what constricted in the middle in the male, apparently
denoting an approach to the group about gagaticeps. The
10th joint, however, is perfectly simple. The antennae of
this species are much as in nigripes, except that they are
somewhat shorter and stouter and with the 11th joint
shorter and very feebly constricted in the middle; but the
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 147
insect itself is much wider, the elytra are less closely
punctured, and parts of the legs and muzzle are pallid;
the head also is distinctly more transverse and less convex.
I have numerous specimens of both species and seen side
by side they look very distinct. The elytra are wider than
in gagaticeps, and the punctures are smaller and not quite
so dense.
HETEROMASTIX GENICULATUS, N. Sp.
¢. Head, ‘prothorax, scutellum, base of Ist joint of antennae,
front coxae and all the knees flavous ; elsewhere black.
Head less transverse and eyes larger than usual, Antennae long
and thin; 2nd joint less than half the length of 3rd, 11th just
perceptibly longer than 10th. Prothorax not twice as wide as long,
sides gradually dilated from base to near apex, but front angles
strongly rounded; disc rather strongly convex. Elytra distinctly
wider than base of prothorax; densely, rugosely, but not coarsely
punctate. Penultimate segment semicircularly excised. Tarsi un-
usually thin.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. N.S. Waves: Burrawang (7. G. Sloane), National
Park, Sydney (4. M. Lea).
There are one male and two female specimens before
me, the females being both smaller (5 mm.) than the male
and with shorter antennae and simple abdomen. In the
male the antennae are almost as long as the body. The
elytra from some directions appear to be covered with
small granules, but this appearance is deceptive. From
anticus* (the only other described species having both
the head pallid and antennae simple) it differs in being
larger with antennae and legs not entirely pallid, elytra
with denser and smaller punctures, prothorax narrower, etc.
HETEROMASTIX IMITATOR, 0. Sp.
¢. Black; prothorax, knees, trochanters and front coxae and
femora flavous; tip of muzzle obscurely flavous, antennae (basal
joints flavous) tibiae and tarsi infuscate.
* The antennae of the male of anticus are described as having the
3rd—5th joints somewhat dilated; these joints, however, are not
distorted as in distortus, but are slightly wider than those preceding
or following them, and much as they are in many other species of
the genus. Mr. Blackburn has kindly presented me with a male of
anticus.
L2
148 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Head scarcely visibly punctate. Antennae rather thin; 11th
joint about twice the length of 10th, compressed towards base, the
basal portion lobed and fitted into 10th. Prothorax twice as wide
as long, sides slightly dilated towards apex. Elytra with dense
subrugose and rather small punctures. Penultimate segment of
abdomen widely notched.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Wentworth Falls (Aug. Simson).
In appearance very close to pusillus but with the 10th
and 11th joints distorted; bicolor is about the same size
but the two terminal joints are very different and the
antennae and legs are differently coloured. It is much
smaller than flavi/rons, the antennae are thinner and the
terminal joints of different shape. From one direction the
10th jomt appears to be wider than any of the others and
semicircularly notched at the apex, with the inflated base
of the 11th fitting into the notch; from another direction
it appears to be no wider than the others and the 11th
appears to be normally attached to it and but little longer,
whilst from the other direction the 11th appears to be
twice as long; from still another direction the 11th has a
faint resemblance to the helmet-like shape of that joint in
gagaticeps.
HETEROMASTIX AMABILIS, 0. Sp.
¢. Black ; prothorax, trochanters, parts of coxae (the front pair
entirely) and knees flavous.
Head longer and with more prominent eyes than usual, with a
wide but feeble elevation continuous between eyes; scarcely visibly
punctate. Antennae extending to apex of elytra, rather thin, all
the joints (except the 2nd) subequal in length, but the 11th notice-
ably longer than 10th. Prothorax about once and one half as long
as wide, sides strongly reflexed and increasing in width to near apex,
disc obtusely bilobed, lytra with dense, rather small and sub-
rugose punctures. Penultimate segment of abdomen semicircularly
excised.
Length 44 (2 6) mm.
. Differs in being larger, the antennae shorter (though longer
than in many other species), the ridge between the eyes scarcely
traceable, and the prothorax more transverse and with its disc
searcely visibly bilobed.
Hab. N. S. Wares: National Park (A. I Lea), Blue
Mountains (7. J. Carter).
;
\ ae
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 149
In the male the basal joint of the antennae is almost
entirely pale, in the female it is pale only at the extreme
base. In the female specimen the mandibles are exposed,
are pale at the base and dark brown at the tip. In shape
it is almost identical with geniculatus, but its black head
at once distinguishes it from that species. From victoriensis
itis distinguished by the upturned front angles of prothorax
and absence of marginal punctures and by the much
smaller elytral punctures. From pauzillus it differs in
the much less transverse prothorax, with different anterior
angles, stouter antennae, bicoloured legs and much finer
elytral punctures. In the table it is placed beside pusillus,
but it 1s much larger than that species; the prothorax is
less transverse, antennae considerably longer, legs differently
coloured, ete.
HETEROMASTIX INFLATUS, n. sp. (Fig. 35.)
¢. Black ; prothorax and basal half of elytra flavous; trochanters
of a dingy brown.
Head densely and minutely punctate, largely but indistinctly
impressed in front. Antennae rather long and thin, 3rd—6th joints
more or less distorted. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, sides
strongly reflexed, of equal width near base and apex. Elytra dilated
beyond the middle, each separately rounded at apex ; with dense,
rather small, subrugose punctures becoming very small towards
base. Penultimate section of abdomen triangularly excised almost
to base.
Length 43-6 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Gosford (H. J. Carter).
The elytra are distinctly inflated just beyond the middle
with their dark portion slightly advanced along the suture.
There are three males before me and the antennae (except
to a slight extent in degree) are alike in all; the distorted
joints, however, alter their appearance with the point of
view. The 3rd is about the length of the 1st, slightly
curved inwardly and the apex produced obliquely out-
wards, the 4th is considerably shorter than the 8rd, slightly
inflated on one side and incurved on the other and feebly
produced at the apex (from another direction it appears to
be of equal width at base and apex, and feebly constricted
in the middle), the 5th is the largest joint of all, at its
base it is strongly produced (obtusely dentate) on one side,
with a corresponding depression on the other; the 6th is
150 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
slightly bulged out at the base on one side ; the remaining
joints are simple or almost so.
HETEROMASTIX DOLICHOCEPHALUS, N. sp.
?. Black ; elytra reddish-flavous, suture and tip black ; parts of
‘coxae obscurely diluted with red. Moderately clothed with greyish
pubescence, very short on head but moderately long elsewhere.
Head longer than wide, with several feeble impressions in front ;
punctures small and indistinct. Eyes small and not prominent.
Antennae rather short, moderately stout, median joints stouter than
the others, but simple. Prothorax about once and one half as long
as wide, disc rather strongly convex, sides rather strongly margined,
all the margins more or less angular and distinctly raised, widest
near apex, impunctate. Scutellum transverse. Hlytra not much
wider than widest part of prothorax, almost conjointly rounded at
apex, with dense but rather small and subrugose punctures. Legs
moderately long ; tarsi 4th joint wide and deeply bilobed ; claws
almost simple.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. W. AustTrRALia : Swan River (A. J. Lea).
It may be necessary to place this species in a new genus
eventually, but as I only know the female I have not con-
sidered it advisable to propose one now for its reception.
The head may normally be partially concealed by the
prothorax, but in the type its full length is exposed; in
any case, however, it is much longer than in any other
species of Heteromastiz. I cannot see the buccal append-
ages clearly, but behind the mentum is a deep sub-conical
excavation, the base of which is on the mentum. If the
tibiae are really spined at the tip, the spine is so small as
to be quite concealed. The dark sutural marking is on
each elytron rather more than one-third of its width at the
base, but at the apex it is only about one-fifth.
Subfamily MALACHIIDES.
Genus Larus, Guer., Voy. Coq., p. 78; Lacord. Gen.
Coleopt., IV, p. 381; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr.,
1879, p. 101.
The species of this genus are all of small or comparatively
small size ; and usually reddish, with metallic-blue, purple
or green markings. The antennae are short, fairly stout
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 151
and apparently 10-jointed, but the true 2nd joint is hidden
by the Ist, the true 3rd (here referred to as the 2nd, as it
is by other entomologists) being usually enormously inflated
in the males*; the 1st joint is also more or less inflated.
The front femora are sometimes deeply groved in the
males, and the 2nd joint of the front tarsi in the males is
always of peculiar shape and tipped with black. The
females of many species are very closely allied, and it is
difficult to satisfactorily identify some of them from the
descriptions; but the males are always distinct, and given
satisfactory descriptions their identification should be
easy.
In addition to the species here noted or described there
are about twenty others before me; all, however, repre-
sented by discoloured males or by females only, and I have
not considered it advisable to describe them.
The following species are unknown to me :—
Guttulatus, Fairm.—A small and evidently very distinct
species, having the prothorax scarcely transverse. It seems
to be allied to senws. The type was probably a female.
Fastidiosus, Fairm.—A small species with elytral mark-
ings much as in bellu/us and many others, but the prothorax
with “ punctis 2 oblongis fuscis.” The type was probably
a female. |
Insignicornis, Fairm.—A small species evidently resem-
bling eyrensis, carus, etc. Both sexes were known to
Fairmaire, but all he says of the 2nd joint of the antennae
of the male is that it is inflated.
Rufovirens, Fairm.—Evidently very close to the above
species. The type was probably a female.
Oblongosignatus, Fairm.—A small species evidently rather
closely allied to trisignatus.
Asperipennis, Fairm.—Appears to be a very distinct
species of medium size, with the elytra entirely metallic-
blue and granulated.
Quinqueplagiatus, Fairm.—Evidently a very ordinary-
lcoking species of medium size and allied to conicicornis,
plagiaticollis, villosus, ete.
Rugulipennis, Fairm.—Evidently allied to the above
species; J have seen numerous species which almost
agree with the description.
* Tt is to be noted that this joint usually looks different in shape, in
almost every direction it is viewed from, and figures have been given
of the antennae of several species as viewed from different aspects.
152 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Verticalis, Fairm. (nee W. 8. Macl.). Commented on
below.
Eremita, Blackb.—A small species having the head red
and antennae entirely black and the elytral markings
piceous. It should be easily recognised.
Pretiosus, Blackb.—A small species of quite ordinary
colouring, except that in the middle of the elytra there is
large, isolated, diamond-shaped, red spot. The type was
a female.
Variegatus, Blackb.—A medium-sized species with
peculiar apical markings on the elytra; no closely allied
species are described, but two are known to me, both
unfortunately females (as was probably the type).
The others * may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Upper surface entirely dark . . . . alleni,n. sp.
AA. Upper surface not entirely dark.
B. Prothorax with the apex strongly pro-
duced overhead. . . . . . . armicollis, n. sp.
BB. Prothorax trilobed at apex . . . sculptus,n. sp.
BBB. Prothorax simple at apex.
C. Prothorax entirely dark . . . . trisignatus, Germ.
CC. Prothorax partly dark.
a, Antennae simple in both sexes . flavopictus, n. sp.
aa. Antennae with the basal joints
distorted in male.
b. Extreme apex of elytra dark . quwinquenotutus, Fairm.
bb. Extreme apex pallid.
c. Pale markings of elytra apical
Only SORA At CIO ee a
cc. Pale markings apical and
median.
d. Second joint of antennae
with two strong pro-
jections in male . . . plagiaticollis, Fairm.
dd. Second joint differently
formed.
e. Head of male deeply
transversely and lon-
gitudinally impressed. orthodoxus, n. sp.
ee. Head of male not so
impressed.
distortus, Blackb.
* Cavicornis was described after this table was prepared.
pe Pre
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 153
f. Second joint of an-
tennae pallid.
g. Head smooth and
impunctate or al-
mostso . . . . planiceps, Lea.
gg. Head more or, less
coarsely punc-
tate.
h. Upper edge of 2nd
joint of anten-
nae in male
rounded. . . villosus, Lea.
se Te See ot conicicornis, Blackb.
ens ch rugiceps, Lea.
ff Second joint of an-
tennae more or less
dark.
a. Front tibiae and
tarsi pallid. . . mnodicornis, Blackb.
ui. These almost en- hear: ie.
trols dank intermedvus, Lea.
orcicornis, Lea.
CCC. Prothorax entirely pallid.
D. Prothorax scarcely transverse ~. sinus, Lea.
DD. Prothorax strongly transverse.
E. Dark apical markings densely
and regularly punctate.*
j. Antennae much shorter than
GSU ie on ug ew = an) COTES, DBD,
jj. Antennae longer than usual. major, Blackb.
EE. Dark apical markings irregu-
larly or not at all punctate.
F. Apex of elytra dark.
k. Size very small . . . . . egenus, Lea.
kk. Sizemedium . . . . . cinctus, Redt.
FF. Apex of elytra pallid.
G. Dark subapical markings not
continuous across suture.t
* Verticalis, Macl., should be included here, but as I do not know
the male I have not included it.
+t Eyrensis, Blackb., should be included here, but asI do not know
the male I have not included it.
154 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
l. Larger portion of head °
pallid . ./\.(08. ....= spallidus, ten:
Wl. Larger portiondark . . carus, Lea.
GG. Dark subapical markings
continuous across suture.
H. Second joint of antennae
partly dark. . . . . cyanocephalus, Lea.
HH. Second joint entirely
dark’ 0%) Be gus ep -,Oelnus: (Gner
LA1US VERTICALIS, W. S. Macl. (Adalachius), King’s Survey,
II, 1827, App. p. 442. (Hig. 124.)
I have examined the type specimen of this species; it
bears a label in the late W. S. Macleay’s handwriting,
“ Malachius verticalis, Capt. King, Australasia.” It is a
female measuring 7 mm. in length, and allied to major and
tarsalis. From the latter it differs in its elytra being
entirely without traces of elevated lines and the markings
of different shape, and occupying a larger area, head with-
out interocular ridges (this however may be a masculine
character only), colour of legs, etc. From the female of
the former it differs in being shorter and broader, antennae
much shorter and elytral markings of different shape and
size.
The antennae are almost black at the apex, and gradually
diminish in intensity of colour, the two basal joints being
entirely pallid. The legs are not entirely dark (as would
appear from the original description) as the knees and
anterior femora are pallid. The eiytral punctures are as
dense and regular on the apical markings as elsewhere, and
exactly resemble those of major.
A female from Roebuck Bay appears to belong to this
species, but differs from the type in having the entire
femora (except the apex of the hind pair) pallid. It is
clothed (as is the type) with fine whitish pubescence ; its
scutellum (as is also that of the type) is deep black. The
ground-colour of its elytra is flavous, and certainly of a
different shade to that of the type, which, however, is
greatly discoloured by age (it is about eighty years since it
was taken).
The species was omitted from Masters’ catalogue,
probably on account of there being a Laius verticalis by
Fairmaire. The latter species (described from Peak
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 155
Downs in Queensland) I have not been able to identify,
and do not believe that it can be satisfactorily identified
from the brief original description.
LAIUS TRISIGNATUS, Germ., Linn. Ent., IIT, p.182; Fairm.,
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, xiv, p. 104. (Figs. 125,
126, 127.)
In the male the end joint of antennae is concave above
and convex below as in many other species of Zaius. I
have seen no specimens having the sutural marking
obsolete, but in the Macleay Museum there is a male
having this marking obscurely connected with the lateral
ones, and there is a specimen from the Swan River in
which the lateral markings are just traceable; a female
from Port Denison is above the normal size, with the
elytra more coarsely punctate and the pallid markings
covering a greater area than usual.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Port Denison, Cairns; S. AUSTRA-
LIA: Adelaide; W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River.
LAIUS BELLULUS, Gueér., Voy. Coq., p. 78; Boisd., Voy. Astr.,
II, p. 185; Germ., Linn. Ent., III, 1848, p. 182;
Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N.S. Wales, II, p. 65; Fairm., ©
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, XIV, p. 103. (Fig. 128.)
The insect redescribed by Germar as this species is
common on sea-beaches, and has the dark subapical mark-
ings of the elytra with coarse punctures in front and close
to the suture, but elsewhere these markings are impunctate
or almost so.
The specimen identified as bellulws by Macleay from
Gayndah is a female and has the dark subapical markings
coarsely punctured throughout; it certainly belongs to a
different species to the common §. Australian one.
Hab. S. AuSTRALIA; W. AUSTRALIA; N. S. WALES.
Larus cinctus, Redt. (Apalochrus), Reis. Novara, II, p.
106; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., XIV, 1879, p. 103.
masterst, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N.S. Wales, II, p. 265.
JSemoralis, Blackb., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1891, p. 531; Lea,
l.¢., 1898, p. 572. (Migs. 51, 65, 113, 114, 129, 130.)
I have examined the types of mastersi, they are male
and female. The male has excavated anterior femora,
156 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
strongly concave (the inside portion pallid) 2nd* joint
of antennae and dark apex of elytra,t} and agrees exactly
with Blackburn’s description of femoralis. In the species
the elytral fascia varies considerably in width; on
specimens from Queensland and the western parts of New
South Wales, being, as a rule, larger than on specimens
from Victoria and Tasmania.
Fairmaire gives mastersi as a synonym of cinctus,t and I
previously (apparently not on good grounds) doubted this.
Blackburn appeared to regard femoralis as distinct from
cinctus partly on account of colour and partly on account
of the shape of the prothorax ; but the dark portions of the.
elytra in most species of Lazus, and certainly in the present
one, are subject to considerable variation, and, as above
noted, the fascia is of variable width. Blackburn admitted
not knowing the male of cinctus, of which Redtenbacher
says of the prothorax “gegen das Schildchen etwas
erweitert.”
Hab. QUEENSLAND; N. S. WALES; VicTorRIA; TaAs-
MANIA; S. AUSTRALIA.
LAIUS VERTICALIS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 174.
The original description of this species is so worthless
that I think it should be regarded as non-existent, at any
rate until the type can be examined and further informa-
tion obtained about it; the description is simply a short
comparison with bellulus, and may have been drawn up
from a variety of that species. In any case Fairmaire’s
name must fall, as the name was preoccupied by W. S.
Macleay’s Malachius verticalis, which, as noted above, is a
true Lavus.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
LAIUS QUINQUENOTATUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p.
174; Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 102. (Hig. 140.)
There is a female from Planet Downs in the Macleay
Museum which appears to belong to this species; it has all
* Herr Redtenbacher correctly describes the 2nd joint as being
quite in the top of the first, and the 3rd as much longer and thicker
than the 4th ; but I think it convenient to regard the true 2nd joint
as non-existent; as in most species of Laius it is either traceable
with extreme difficulty or quite invisible.
+ In the description of cinctus the legs are not even mentioned.
t A combination of characters peculiar to this species.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 157
parts of the elytra very densely (more densely than in any
other species before me) punctate ; and the pallid triangular
spot common to both elytra does not extend quite to
the apex, but is distinctly truncated at a short distance
before it.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Rockhampton, Planet Downs.
LAlus conicicornis, Blackb., T. R. 8., S.A., 1886, p. 262.
(Figs. 52, 131.)
The markings on the head of this species are variable
and to a greater extent than described by Blackburn. The
female differs from the male in having the head less
densely punctate and only the muzzle pallid; the antennae
simple; the elytra are somewhat inflated posteriorly, and
_ the front tibize are not entirely pallid. There are several
species having almost exactly similar elytral markings ;
but the 2nd joint of the male antennae renders the species
very distinct.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA: Port Lincoln; Vicroria: Brighton,
Bacchus Marsh; N.S. WaLEs: Berrima, Rope’s Creek.
Laius Magor, Blackb., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 1426.
(figs. 53, 182.)
The female of this species differs from the male in being
considerably longer (although no wider), the antennae
slightly shorter and simple; the anterior tarsi simple ; the
prothorax more rounded and the elytral markings some-
what greenish and rather larger.
Hab. N. W. AusTRALIA: N. Territory ; QUEENSLAND:
Chillagoe, Brisbane.
Latus sinus, Lea, P. L.8S., N.S.W., 1898, p. 562. (Fig.
54.)
In the original description the prothorax is described as
“slightly longer than wide”; to the naked eye this appears
to be the case, but by measurement it is actually a trifle
wider than long.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Gosford.
158 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
LAIUS CYANOCEPHALUS, Lea, l. c, p. 563. (Figs. 66, 133.)
A female from Victoria differs from the type males in
having the elytral markings entirely of a deen violet.
Hab. N. S. WaLEs: Whitton; Vicroria; QUEENS-
LAND: Bowen.
Lalus PALLIDUS, Lea, J. ¢., p. 565. (Migs. 55,5134.)
A variety of this species differs from the type in having
the head infuscate at the base and the basal markings of
elytra connected with the apical ones along (but not on)
the suture.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Geraldton.
LalIus RUGICEPS, Lea, J. ¢., p. 568. (Migs. 67, 135.)
A male of this species in the Macleay Museum differs
from the type in having the head almost entirely pallid,
and the prothoracic marking much more strongly constricted
towards the base.
Hab. W. Ausrratia: Beverley, King George’s Sound.
LAIUS INTERMEDIUS, Lea, l.c., p. 571. (Migs. 68, 136.)
A male before me differs from the type in being smaller
and in having the dark markings of the elytra of a rather
dingy (washed-out looking) violet colour, instead of a
beautiful metallic violet blue.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River.
Larus vituosus, Lea, /.¢., p. 566. (Figs. 56, 69, 187,
138.)
There are before me one male and eight females* of
what appears to be a variety of this species; they differ
from the types in being larger (¢ 5 4 2 6 mm.), in having
the median red fascia interrupted so as to appear as three
longitudinal marks, that on the suture being usually con-
fined to the sutural thickening, although on one it is
almost conjoined to the lateral ones; these are usually
rather more than twice as long as wide.
Two specimens (sexes) in the Macleay Museum from
Monaro are intermediate between the above variety and
* They were all taken by Dr. E. Jefferis Turner on Ben Lomond
at an elevation of 4,500 feet.
ae
ee ee a eee
ol
tS
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 159
the normal form; both of them appear to have the dark
markings forming two longitudinal patches extending from
the base, interrupted at the middle and terminating before
the apex.
The female differs from the male in having the muzzle
without the pallid triangle and without polished lateral
spaces, the anterior legs almost entirely dark (in the type
although not mentioned in the original description there
is a blackish streak towards the apex of the anterior
femora, which is also present in the varieties), and
antennae simple with each of the two basal joints having a
more or less distinct infuscate spot.
Hab. N.S. WAutES: Forest Reefs, Queanbeyan, Mudgee,
Oberon, Ben Lomond, Monaro.
GUTIULATUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, II, p, 174;
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, XIV, p. 101.
(JUEENSLAND: Peak Downs, Gayndah.
RUGULIPENNIS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 174;
J. M. G., 1879, p. 102.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
PLAGIATICOLLIS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 174;
J. M.G., 1879, p. 102; Lea, P.L. S., N.S.W., 1898, p.
572. (Figs. 57,139.)
W. AUSTRALIA: Pinjarrah.
QUINQUEPLAGIATUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent. 1877, p.
ita eM. G. AS79, p, 102.
QUEENSLAND.
INSIGNICORNIS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 174;
J. M. G., 1879, p. 103.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
RUFOVIRENS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 174;
J. M. G., 1879, p. 108.
QUEENSLAND: Gayndah.
FASTIDIOSUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent. 1877, p. 174;
J. M. G., 1879, p. 104.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
160 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
ASPERIPENNIS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 174;
J. M. G. 1879. p. 104.
(QUEENSLAND.
OBLONGOSIGNATUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 174;
J. M. G., 1879, p. 104.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
NopIcorNIs, Blackb., T. R.8., S.A., 1886, p. 263. (Fug. 70.)
S. AUSTRALIA: Sedan; N.S. Watzs: National Park.
DISTORTUS, Blackb., /. ¢., p. 264.
S. AUSTRALIA: Port Lincoln.
EREMITA, Blackb., /. ¢., 1895, p. 51.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA: Oodnadatta.
VARIEGATUS, Blackb., P. L. S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 1426.
SoutH AustTRALIA: N. Territory.
EYRENSIS, Blackb., i G7 Lol pert
S. AUSTRALIA: Lake Eyre.
PRETIOSUS, Blackb., /. ¢., p, 532.
S. AUSTRALIA: Lake Eyre.
cCARUS, Lea, P. L. 8., N.S.W., 1898, p. 5, 64. (Figs. 58,
141,) ,
N.W. AusTRALIA: Behn River.
EGENUS, Lea, /. ¢., p. 566. (Fig. 142.)
N. S. WALES: Forest Reefs, Como, Sydney.
PLANICEPS, Lea, /. ¢., p. 567. (Figs. 71, 143.)
N.S. WaLEs: Whitton.
NIDICOLA, Lea, J. ¢., p. 570. (Figs. 59, 72.)
W. AustTRALIA: Pelsart Island, Houtman’s Abrolhos.
ORCICORNIS, Lea, /. c., p. 571. (Lig. 78.)
W. AustTRALIA: Mount Barker.
— ’ -
eee ee ee
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 161
LAIUS ALLENI, n. sp. (Figs. 60, 115.)
3. Dark bluish-green ; under surface blackish ; base of tarsi, base
and apex of tibiae obscurely diluted with red; antennae blackish,
two basal joints flavous. Densely clothed with very short pubescence,
greyish on prothorax and elytra, silvery on head and legs,
Head smooth, densely and very minutely punctate. Eyes small
and projecting. Antennae moderately long ; 1st and 2nd joints highly
polished and almost as long as the rest combined ; 1st almost twice
as long as the 2nd, distorted towards, and with a small tuft of
hair at, apex ; 2nd with its greatest length transverse to the line of
joints, one edge rounded, the other notched, the upper surface on the
notched side with two shallow excavations, lower surface gently
convex and clothed with very minute whitish pubescence; 4th-9th
joints subglobular. Prothorax strongly transverse, sides and angles
rounded, gently convex throughout, densely and finely punctate,
without coarse lateral punctures. Hlytra smooth, without traces of
costae and scarcely visibly punctate. Front femora thick, beneath
with a deep oblique groove; front tibiae still thicker, especially in
middle, and also with a deep oblique groove beneath; tarsi simple,
Length, 4 mm.
2 Differs in having the antennae simple, the Ist joint as long as
2nd—4th combined, the 2nd as long as 3rd—4th combined ; front legs
simple.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (Hdmund Allen).
The uniformly convex and dark prothorax and elytra,
absence of long hairs, dilated and grooved front femora
and tibiae, simple tarsi and non-thickened elytral suture
are strongly at variance with the other species of the
genus. In general appearance it is not unlike Necrobia
rufipes, except that the legs are dark.
I have great pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr.
Allen, a gentleman from whom I have received many
choice tropical insects.
LAIUS ARMICOLLIS, n. sp. (Figs. 4, 50.)
¢@. Flavous; head between eyes of a vivid metallic green, a subtri-
angular basal portion blackish, elsewhere flavous in spots and
patches ; antennae blackish, the basal and three apical joints partly
red; prothorax with a fairly large basal patch of vivid green, apical
projection infuscate ; elytra of a vivid green but with a fairly wide
and somewhat zig-zag median fascia, which is widest at the margins
and narrowest at the suture ; scutellum, meso- and metasternum, apex
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1909.—PART I. (MAY) M
162 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
and sides of abdomen and the legs of a more or less obscure green ;
tarsi obscure. Clothed with long, straggling, brownish hairs and
in addition with short whitish pubescence, sparse on upper surface
(denser at sides) but fairly dense on legs.
Head smooth in front, basal half deeply sculptured, in its middle
a subtriangular space enclosing three shallow impressions, at each
side a semicircular deep and large impression. Antennae short ; 1st
joint as long as the four following combined, gradually inflated to its
apex, 2nd-7th joints serrate internally and equal inter se, 8th-10th
thinner and distinctly curved around, but the 8th and 9th in shape
much as the preceding joints. Prothorax moderately transverse,
sides strongly rounded, base feebly emarginate, apex rounded and
with a strong projection over the head, the projection notched at tip
and longitudinally concave; with two shallow transverse impres-
sions of which the basal is the deeper ; scarcely visibly punctate,
even at the sides. Hlytra slightly dilated towards apex, surface
(especially about the middle) slightly wrinkled ; with a few small
scattered punctures. Front tarsi with the 2nd joint large, curved at
apex and tipped with black; claw joint large, the claws unusually
thick at base.
Length, 64 mm.
Hab. Victoria : Loutit Bay (type in National Museum) ;
N. 8. Waxes : Darling River (Macleay Museum).
The strong projection on the prothorax (which is about
one-fourth of the length of that segment) is unique in at
least the Australian species of Malacodermidae hitherto
described. In the type the green portions of the elytra
change to purple as they approach the median fascia; in
the other specimen only the extreme base of the elytra is
green, the dark portions elsewhere being blue, changing to
deep purple as they approach the median fascia; this
specimen also has the antennal joints each partly dark,
and the prothoracie projection not much darker than the
disc. There are also two specimens in the Australian
Museum, marked as having been taken in Hely’s expedition.
LAIUS SCULPTUS, n. sp. (Fugs. 61, 144.)
¢. Head, base and apex of elytra (a rather wide median fascia
flavous) of a vivid metallic coppery-green ; scutellum, under-surface
(middle of basal segments of abdomen and prosternum reddish), and
legs (front tibiae and tarsi more or less reddish), of a more obscure
green ; prothorax flavous with a fairly large medio-basal patch of
moderately bright green; antennae blackish, the two basal joints
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 168
partly red. Very sparsely clothed with long brownish hair and in
addition with sparse whitish pubescence, dense only on legs.
Head smooth in front, on each side of middle a rather small but
very distinct and rounded fovea, behind these a deep semicircular
impression extending from side to side. Antennae short; 1st joint
moderately stout, shorter than the three following combined, 2nd *
simple but slightly longer than 3rd, 3rd-9th gradually decreasing
in length and serrate internally. Prothorax moderately transverse
angles obliquely cut off, apex trilobed, the median lobe small and
somewhat rounded; with two transverse impressions, the basal very
shallow, the apical deep, wide, very distinct and strongly inter-
rupted at its middle (behind which there is a feeble depression on
the disc); sparsely and minutely punctate, the sides moderately
distinctly punctate. Hlytra almost parallel-sided; with moderately
dense, rather small, and evenly distributed punctures, except that
towards the apex they become somewhat smaller. Second joint of
front tarsi large, curved at apex and tipped with black.
Length 53 mm.
Hab. Victoria: Macedon (H. J. Carter). The an-
tennae simple in the male (the only sex known to me) is
in itself a remarkable feature, but this is added to by the
very unusual sculpture of the head and prothorax (the
median lobe of the prothorax is not directed over the head
as in armicollis), Previous to examining the sexual
characters I thought the type was possibly the female of
armicollis (in colour and general appearance the two
species agree rather closely), but both the tarsi and
abdomen are essentially masculine.
LAIUS ORTHODOXUS, n. sp. (Figs. 62, 145, 146.)
6. Almost of an orange-red colour; head (except in front and
the sides in front of eyes), a large subquadrate prothoracic patch
(continuous almost to base but terminated some distance from the
apex), scutellum, under surface (except prosternum, middle of basal
segment of abdomen and extreme apex of the other), palpi and
portions of legs, black; antennae pallid except for a black spot on
the first joint. Sparsely clothed with ‘long straggling hairs, head
and legs in addition with whitish pubescence.
Head much narrower, with the eyes less projecting than usual ;
* This is really the 3rd joint, the true 2nd in the majority of
species of the genus being more or less atrophied, but in the speci-
men before me it is distinctly visible on one of the antennae
although not on the other.
M 2
164 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
shallowly impressed on each side in front, deeply impressed between
eyes, this impression connected with the base by a rather wide and
moderately deep impression; in places densely and minutely
punctate. Antennae moderately long, 1st joint slightly shorter than
2nd, thin at base, then suddenly and strongly inflated and distorted,*
2nd sub-quadrate, one side feebly convex, the other deeply im-
pressed towards the base, the impression increasing in depth and
width to the summit, the others (except the 10th which is rather
long and thin) moderately serrate. Prothorax moderately transverse,
sides and angles rounded, base feebly tranversely depressed ; disc
sparsely and feebly, the sides densely and coarsely punctate. Hlytra
somewhat inflated towards apex, sides and suture thickened; densely
and coarsely punctate except towards base and apex, where the
punctures become very small and sparse. Front legs rather slender ;
2nd joint of tarsi smaller than Ist, feebly curved at apex and with
a minute black speck.
Length 6 mm.
9. Differs in having the median transverse impression of the
head less (but still very) distinct and not connected with the base,
the punctures more distinct, the antennae simple with the Ist joint
considerably longer than the 2nd and the 2nd than the 3rd; the
tarsi are also simple.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (J/7s. C. Lea).
The unusually deep excavations of the head in the male
appear to be quite natural; the head is also unusually
narrow with the eyes less projecting than is usual. The
pale marking at the apex of each elytron is much in the
shape of a parrot’s beak. The coarse punctures of the
elytra suddenly terminate soon after appearing-in the
darker portions. In the male the front legs (except the
coxae), most of the middle femora and all the trochanters
are reddish ; in the female the middle femora are entirely
and the front ones almost entirely dark; in the female
also the antennae (except the basal joints) are more or less
infuscate.
In appearance this species is something like plagiaticollis,
conicicornis, villosus and rugiceps, but the 2nd joint of the
antennae in the male is very different, It appears also to
* In figure 62 the antennae are drawn as viewed from one direc-
tion, but from another the 1st joint appears obtusely knobbed and
considerably wider than 2nd, the 2nd from another direction appears
almost pyramidal and in fact of different shape from every direction
it is looked at.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 165
be close to the description of quinqueplagiatus* but is
larger, antennae, abdomen and prothoracic spot differently
coloured, etc. From the description of rugulipennis it
differs in being larger (6 as against 4-5 mm.), with a spot
on the Ist instead of the 2nd joint of antennae, and the
middle femora (as well as the anterior legs) in the male
partly pallid.
LAIUS TARSALIS, n. sp. (Figs. 63, 74, 116, 147.)
¢. Flavous; basal half of head, scutellum, meso-metasternum,
apex of abdomen, four hinder coxae, tip of middle and apical half of
hind femora, four hinder tibiae (except at extreme apex) and tarsi, and
apical joint of palpi black; seven terminal joints of antennae, front
tarsi and apex of tibiae more or less infuscate; elytra with four
rather large purplish-blue spots ; one on each at base forming the
fourth of a circle and which does not quite touch the suture, and
extends on the side for about one-fourth its length, the other sub-
apical, subreniform in shape and touching the side but not the
suture. Elytra and legs rather densely clothed with short whitish
pubescence, intermingled with somewhat longer and darker hairs;
elsewhere rather more sparsely clothed.
Head smooth and impunctate or almost so ; a shining ridge ex-
tending (except for an interruption about one-third of its length) from
eye toeye. Antennae very short, two basal joints almost as long as
the others combined, Ist and 2nd joints strongly distorted and
inflated,t Ist longer than 2nd, ridged above, the ridge at its highest
suddenly curved round and descending almost at right angles to the
joint, 2nd very large, convex and very finely pubescent below, above
with three large and several smaller impressions, the surface between
appearing as more or less distinct tubercular elevations; 3rd—9th
globular, 10th moderately long but no thinner than 9th. Prothorax
moderately transverse, apex considerably wider than base, front
angles rounded, hind ones obsolete, feebly transversely impressed
towards base; with small scattered punctures, no larger or denser
at sides than elsewhere. Scwtellwm rounded posteriorly and finely
punctate. lytra parallel-sided to near apex, sides and suture
thickened, each with feeble traces of two elevated lines; with very
dense and moderately small punctures, no sparser or smaller on
* There are several other species before me which approach fairly
closely to the description of that species.
{ These two joints appear of different shapes according to the
directions they are viewed from.
166 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
dark portions than elsewhere. Front tarsi with the 2nd joint larger
than the Ist, hooked at apex and tipped with black.
Length 8 mm.
Hab, QUEENSLAND : Somerset (C. French).
In appearance somewhat resembling major and verticalis
(Macleay nec Fairmaire) ; from the former it differs in the
much shorter antennae, the two basal joints of which are
very differently shaped; the elytra markings are also
somewhat different. For its distinguishing features from
verticalis see notes under that species. Although there
are some moderately long hairs scattered about, these are
much shorter than the straggling hairs so common in the
species of Laius.
LAIUS FLAVOPICTUS, n. sp. (Figs. 148, 149.)
¢. Flavous; basal half of head (the dark portion M-shaped in
front), prothorax (except extreme margins of both surfaces) scutellum,
under-surface (base of middle segment of abdomen and tips of the
others pallid), hind femora, and tip of basal joint of front tarsi
black ; hind edge of front femora, a transverse streak in front of
head and a spot on basal joint of antennae infuscate; each elytron
with an elongated patch of black, having a more or less distinct
greenish, bluish, or purplish gloss. Very sparsely clothed with long
straggling hairs, and in addition (more noticeably on the head and
legs than elsewhere) with short, whitish pubescence.
Head polished and impunctate or almost so, with several very
indistinct impressions. Antennae stout, simple, moderately long ;
Ist joint obpyriform, about once and one-half the length of 2nd,
2nd longer than 3rd, 3rd-9th serrate. Prothorax strongly transverse,
apex truncate; base rounded, feebly transversely impressed towards
base; with minute scattered punctures becoming more distinct
towards sides. Hlytra slightly dilated posteriorly, suture but not
sides thickened; moderately densely and not very finely punctate,
the interspaces with very minute punctures. Front tarsi with the
2nd joint large, curved at apex and tipped with black; claw-joint and
claws unusually large.
Length 3 mm.
?. Has the antennae shorter and thinner (but otherwise much
the same), with the elytra wider posteriorly and the tarsi simple.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA (Macleay Museum).
The very unusual markings render this species pecu-
larly distinct, as in scwlptus the male antennae are quite
7. =
.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 167
simple. In the male the dark portion of each elytron
covers more than half the surface, but nowhere touches
the margins, although it almost does so at the shoulder and
again beyond the middle. In the female it occupies much
less surface and is shaped much like a nut-wrench. In all
the specimens (5) before me the apex of the elytra is
stained with brown.
LAIUS CAVICORNIS, n. sp. (Migs. 64, 75, 76, 150.)
¢. Black ; muzzle, prothorax, a median zig-zig fascia and apex
of elytra, middle (longitudinally) of abdomen, and tips of some of
its segments, base of front femora and two basal joints of antennae,
more or less flavous ; basal two-thirds of head and greater portion
of elytra blue or purple.
Head obliquely flattened, scarcely visibly punctate. Antennae
moderately long ; 1st joint stout, 2nd distorted, convex below and
concave above, 10th almost twice as long as 9th. Prothorax rather
strongly transverse, apex wider than base; sides with scarcely visible
punctures, Hlytra densely and moderately coarsely punctate, punc-
tures smaller and sparser near base (where also the colour is usually
greenish) than elsewhere, on dark subapical markings dense and
regular, Front femora feebly compressed but not grooved.
Length 5 mm.
£. Differs in being slightly larger with antennae simple, and head
and legs entirely dark.
Hab. N.S. WALES; QUEENSLAND: Inglewood (Macleay
Museum).
In size, colour, and general appearance strongly resem-
bling cyanocephalus and bellulus, but the muzzle of the
male flavous, the second joint of its antennae of very
different shape and the dark subapical markings of elytra
regularly punctured throughout; quinguenotatus is a similar
size and has somewhat similar elytral punctures, but is
otherwise very different. In the table it should be placed
next to tarsalis and major, from both of which it is readily
distinguished by its much smaller size and different
antennae and elytral markings. The second joint of the
male antennae is about once and one half as wide as long,
and is but little more than a hollow shell; at its inner edge
it is rounded and curved upwards, the upper portion being
in three lobes, of these the median one is scarcely defined,
the hind one is acute and projects slightly backwards, and
the front one is subconical but obtuse.
168 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Genus HypatTawus, Blackb., T. R.8.,8.A., 1894, p. 208.
The Rey. T. Blackburn proposed this genus for several
species differing in the tarsi from the European species of
Attalus. I do not know that genus, and do not feel called
upon to question the correctness of his proposal, but it will
be noticed that there are profound differences in the legs
of several species referred by me to the genus, and yet I
believe the species here treated are all congeneric, although
it is probable that some entomologists would regard them
as belonging to several genera.*
The modifications of the legs are indeed remarkable; in
about one-third of the known species the front femora are
strongly curved, with the trochanters unusually large and
projecting; of these, one species (dentipes) has the front
femora obtusely dentate, its female having the hind tibiae
each terminated by a spur fully half the length of the
tarsus; long as it is, however, this spur is sometimes not
readily seen, as it isoften closely pressed against the tarsus.
But there is at least another species (calcaratus) having
the hind tibiae spurred in the female but belonging to the
group with normal femora in the male.t One of the most
singular modifications, however, occurs in the hind tibiae
of the males of several species (elegans and distortipes, at
least), these are curiously twisted in the middle, the dis-
torted portion being usually of a bright red colour.
The antennae are usually serrate internally in both
sexes, with the 11th joint distinctly longer than the 10th;
the 2nd joint, although shorter than the 3rd, is never very
small; in the male the serrations are usually more pro-
nounced than in the female, but (except in dispar, where
the male has pectinate antennae) the difference is not
sufficiently pronounced to be alone distinctive of sex.
The penultimate segment of the abdomen of the male
* For instance, the following groups might be regarded as of
generic value :—
1. Front femora of male curved with strongly projecting tro-
chanters ; hind tibiae of female spurred.
2. Front legs as in the preceding group but hind tibiae of female
not spurred.
3. Front legs simple. Hind tibiae of female spurred.
4. Legs and antennae simp'e.
5. Front legs simple. Hind tibiae of male distorted in middle.
6. Legs simple. Antennae of male pectinate.
+ A female belonging to another species before me has spurred
hind tibiae, but as I do not know its male, it has not been described.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 169
often appears as if it had a long median lobe, and towards
each side a smaller lobe; the supposed median lobe,
however, is the sheath of the penis, which appears in
several species to be permanently exposed, in other species
the sheath is just as distinct, but is really internal, its
exposed appearance being caused by its horny nature not
allowing it to shrink, as does the rest of the abdomen, in
consequence the outer skin is drawn very tightly over it,
and it then appears as an elongated shining ridge. In the
female the abdomen is usually obtusely notched at the tip.
If the specimens (and especially females) are set out
when soft, the elytra often appear too short to cover the
abdomen, but the species are not truly brachelytrous.
I have not considered it necessary to describe the cloth-
ing of each species. It consists of long and straggling
hairs, more noticeable on the sides and legs than elsewhere;
the elytra in addition have short whitish pubescence, which,
however, is indistinct from some directions. Nor have I
considered it necessary to describe the prothorax * other
than as to its colour; in all the species it is strongly trans-
verse, the disc widely and continuously convex, the base
and sides (except in front, where the convexity is not at
all interrupted) feebly margined, and the surface impunc-
tate, or at most with a few very indistinct punctures.
Besides the species here recorded, there are five others
before me (three of them being very distinct), but they
are unfortunately all represented by females only, so I have
considered it best to leave them undescribed.
Tam not acquainted with punctulatus, but it is evidently
a dingy species allied to australis and elegans. As no
characters which can be recognised as sexual were given
in the description, it is impossible to determine the sex of
the types, and consequently it would be dangerous to
identify it on any other than South Australian specimens.
I am confident, however, that I have not seen it.
The others may be tabulated as. follows :-—
A. Front femora of male strongly curved,
the trochanters large and projecting.
a. Elytra partly pale.
b. Prothorax with distinct markings . pulcherrimus, Lea.
= * This does not apply to sordidus and montanus which were
described after the preparation of these notes,
170
bb. Prothorax immaculate or with in-
distinct markings .
aa. Elytra entirely dark.
c. Hind tibiae of female spurred
ce. Hind tibiae of female not spurred.
d. Elytra of female mucronate at apex
dd. Elytra not mucronate.
e. Four hinder tibiae of male an-
gular and red at base
ee. Four hinder tibiae of male
simple and nowhere red
AA. Front legs of male simple.*
B. Prothorax entirely dark.
f. Elytra entirely dark .
ff. Elytra partly pale.
g. Pale markings median and apical
gg. Pale markings humeral
BB. Prothorax partly dark.
h. Dark markings lateral .
hh. Dark markings median.
i. Elytra coarsely punctate
ii. Elytra almost impunctate .
BBB. Prothorax entirely pale.
C. Elytra partly pale.
j. Pale markings not entirely apical
jj. Pale markings apical only.
k. Elytra strongly punctate
kk. Elytra feebly punctate.
J. Antennae of male pectinate .
ll. Antennae of male serrate
CC. Elytra entirely dark.
D. Hind tibiae of male distorted and
red in middle sth
DD. Hind tibiae of male simple.
E. Antennae of male almost as
long as body
EE. Antennae shorter.
F. Hind tibiae of female spurred
FF. Hind tibiae of female not
spurred
* Although Iam not acquainted with the males of collaris, viridis,
Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
mirabilis, Lea.
dentipes, n. sp.
mucronatus, 0. sp.
flaviventris, n. sp.
australis, Fairm.
carteri, n. sp.
exilis, n. sp.
montanus, N. sp.
sordidus, n. sp.
distortipes, n. sp.
collaris, Lea.
alphabeticus, Lea.
viridis, Lea,
dispar, Lea.
violaceus, Lea.
elegans, Blackb.
longicornis, Lea.
calcaratus, N. sp.
abdominalis, Er.
and alphabeticus they are placed here for reasons stated below.
+ There is a variety (noted below) of abdominalis in which the
prothorax is maculate.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 171
HYPATTALUS ABDOMINALIS, Er. (Aééalus, Er.), Wiegm.,
Arch., 1842, I, p. 147; Blackb., T. R.S., 8.A., 1894,
p- 208.
brevicornis, Lea, P. L.8., N.S.W., 1898, p. 573.
var. occidentalis, Lea, 1. ¢., p. 573.
I have numerous specimens from various parts of Tas-
mania which agree with the description of this species, the
type specimen of which had but one joint of its antennae
left.
The antennae have the 4th-10th joints serrate ; in the
female they are about as long as the head and prothorax
combined, in the male they are distinctly longer, and the
serrations are more pronounced.
Dr. Erichson describes the abdomen as red, with the
apex black; in the specimens I have examined the two
basal segments are also black, or at least infuscate ; whilst
in some of the females all the segments are black.
The elytra are usually deep blue but are occasionally
purplish or greenish. In four specimens before me there
is a blotch on the prothorax varying from infuscate to
deep black.
The small size and almost impunctate elytra will at
once distinguish this species from the close allies of aws-
tralis. Its front femora and hind tibiae are simple in
both sexes.
On again examining the types of brevicornis I find they
represent but the variety of abdominalis having the abdo-
men entirely black; of the seven specimens originally
before me, I now have five, of these three have the abdo-
men black, whilst two have the median segments reddish ;
brevicornis therefore must be regarded as a synonym of
abdominalis, or the ones with the abdomen black as a
common variety of the female.
Occidentalis, described as a possible variety of brevicornis,
is, | am now convinced, a variety only, and must therefore
be referred to abdominalis.
Hab. AUSTRALIA and TASMANIA.
HYPATTALUS AUSTRALIS, Fairm. (Adtalus), Pet. Nouv. Ent.,
1877, II, p. 174; Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, XIV, p.
104; Blackb., T.R.8.,5.A., 1894, p. 208. (Ag. 117.)
The sex of his specimen was not mentioned by Fair-
maire, but it was evidently female. His description would
172 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
apply fairly well to the females of several species before
me; one of these bears a label in the Rev. T. Blackburn s
writing “Attalus australis, Fairm.”; and as it is the
only common species I have from about Sydney (the type
of australis being given as from Sydney) and agrees fully
as well as any of the others with the description, I accept
the identification as correct.*
In the type of australis the lower surface of only the first
of the antennal joints was pallid, in the specimens before
me the number of joints that are pallid beneath vary in
number from one to four, whilst occasionally the second
joint is entirely pallid. Fairmaire describes the scutellum
as “triangulari.” In specimens having the elytra somewhat
freed from the prothorax the scutellum appears as widely
triangular with the apex widely rounded ; with the pro-
thorax overlapping the elytra, as is usually the case, the
scutellum could scarcely be described as triangular. In
the female the hind tibiae are moderately curved, and.at
the tip compressed, fairly wide and distinctly emarginate
or notched, but not spurred.
The male (I have a pair taken 2 cop.) differs from the
female in being slightly smaller, with longer antennae
(which have the serrations of the joints more pronounced),
the front femora stout, moderately curved and with strongly
projecting trochanters; the front tibiae are rather stouter
and the hind ones shorter and less curved than in the
female.
Hab. N.S. WALES.: Sydney, Como, National Park.
HYPATTALUS ELEGANS, Blackb., T. R.S., S.A., 1894, p. 209.
Of this species Blackburn says “ colore praecedents (punc-
tulatus) simillimus” (except as to the elytra and legs) the
colour of the abdomen not being mentioned ; of punctulatus
it is described as “parte mediana rufis,” apparently as in
the normal form of abdominalis. The type specimen was
possibly examined without removal from the card, as in
four females before me the two basal and the apical seg-
ments are blackish whilst the others are blackish or infus-
cate along the middle, but this could not be seen from the
side; in the two males I have seen the abdomen is en-
tirely red. The male is smaller than the female and the
* Mr. Blackburn himself (/.c.) appears to have had some slight
doubts as to the correctness of his identification.
.
r
9
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 173
antennae longer with the serrations more pronounced.
Its front femora are normal but its hind tibiae are remark-
able; just before the middle they are suddenly com-
pressed, the compressed portion being red *; seen from
above the compressed part appears slightly wider than the
rest of the tibiae whilst from the side it appears to be
much narrower. This appearance at first appears to be
accidental, but in another species (distortipes) before me
it is even more pronounced.
Hab. N.S. Wass: Blue Mountains, Forest Reefs, Hill-
grove; VICTORIA: Studley Park.
var. TASMANIENSIS, 2. va7.
I have eight specimens of what I regard as a variety of
this species. They differ from the above noted ones in
being darker (most of them have the elytra purplish-blue),
and with the punctures much coarser. In two males the
abdomen is red except at the apex, the hind tibiae are as
described above even to the distorted portion being red in
one and almost as dark as the rest of the tibiae in the
other. The abdomen of the females varies from entirely
dark to dark only at the apex. In one of them the apical
half of the terminal joint of the antennae is distinctly
reddish.
Hab. TASMANIA: River Isis, Mount Wellington (Z. 4.
D. Griffith), Launceston (Aug. Simson), Stonor (A. M. Lea).
HYPATTALUS COLLARIS, Lea, P. L.8., N.S.W., 1898, p. 575.
The types of this species are females. I have tabulated
it, however, with the species having the front femora of
the male simple as it is evidently allied to distortipes, and
probably has the hind femora distorted in the male.
Hab. N.S. WauEs: Galston, National Park.
HYPATTALUS VIRIDIS, Lea, /. ¢., p. 576.
Although I do not know the male of this species (the
type is a female) I have tabulated it with those having the
front femora of the male simple, as it is evidently allied to
calcaratus, notwithstanding its simple hind tibiae.
Hab. N.S. WAuEs : Tamworth.
* In one specimen, in the other it is almost as dark as the rest of
the tibiae.
174 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
HYPATTALUS ALPHABETICUS, Lea, l.¢., p. 579. (Hig. 151.)
The type of this species is a female; in the table it is
placed with those having the front femora simple in the
male, as although differently coloured to any species of
either section it is evidently not structurally close to any
of the species having the front femora distorted.*
Hab. N.S. WawEs : Tamworth.
PUNCTULATUS, Blackb., T. R.S.,5.A., 1894, p. 209.
S. AUSTRALIA: Eyre’s Peninsula.
LONGICORNIS, Lea, P. L.8., N.S.W., 1898, p. 574.
N.S. WALEs : Queanbeyan.
DISPAR, Lea, i.¢., p. 575. (Hig. 77.)
N.S. WALEs : Galston.
VIOLACEUS, Lea, /. ¢., p. 576.
N.S. Wates : Tamworth.
PULCHERRIMUS, Lea, l.c., p. 577. (Figs. 118, 152.)
N.S. WALEs: Armidale.
MIRABILIS, Lea, /.¢., p. 578.
N.S. Wass: Tamworth, Clarence River.
HYPATTALUS MUCRONATUS, n. sp. (Figs. 106, 119.)
d Black; elytra metallic-blue (or green); prothorax, front
tibiae (wholly or in part) and parts of three basal joints of antennae
flavous.
Head impunctate, with several very shallow impressions. Antennae
rather long and thin, obtusely serrate internally. Hlytra, except
near base and apex, densely and moderately coarsely punctate ; sides
and suture (except on basal fourth) thickened, with the sides up-
turned along a lateral channel. Front legs with strongly projecting
and obtusely pointed trochanters ; femora strongly curved; tibiae
curved at base and somewhat angular; hind tibiae notched at apex.
Length 35 (9 4) mm.
?. Differs in having simple front legs; the elytra rather more
densely and irregularly punctate, the sides and the suture less
* Since this was written I have seen what is evidently the male,
it differs in being larger (8mm.) and in having the antennae pecti-
nate, much as in the male of dispar. It is unique in Mr, R. Helms’
collection, and was taken by him on the Macleay River.
Ne ts oc asi 3 — oe
=, te
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 175
thickened, the sides sub-parallel for the basal two-thirds, then
suddenly and strongly narrowed, then widely rounded with the
apex obtusely mucronate.
Hab. N.S. WatEs: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd and A. M.
Lea); Sydney, Blue Mountains, National Park (H. J.
Carter).
The legs of both sexes are much as in australis, and the
males are much alike, except that in mucronatus the
antennae are distinctly longer and that the elytral punc-
tures are different and the lateral margins thicker. The
elytra of the female, however, render the species remark-
ably distinct, not only from australis, but from any other
of its congeners ; the species, in fact, is one of the few in
which the female is much more distinct than the male;
seen from below each elytra appears to have a rather wide
lateral flange, which at about the apical third is abruptly
terminated.
HYPATTALUS FLAVIVENTRIS, n. sp.
6. Black; elytra metallic bluish-green; prothorax, abdomen,
front legs (tarsi and apical half of tibiae infuscate) and parts of three
basal joints of antennae flavous ; base of four hind tibiae red.
Head and antennae much as in the preceding species except that
the antennae are somewhat shorter. Elytra with small and not very
dense punctures in middle and almost absent elsewhere ; a feeble
channel towards sides, sides and suture slightly thickened. Front
legs with trochanters large, wide, and acutely angular at apex ;
femora strongly curved ; tibiae angular at base ; hind tibiae angular
at base and obtusely notched at apex.
Length 3} mm.
Q. Differs in having the front legs and tip of abdomen dark and
the legs simple except that the hind tibiae are acutely notched at
apex.
Hab. N.S. Wates: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd).
In appearance close to the preceding species and austra-
lis, but the colour and shape of the four hind tibiae in the
male alone render it very distinct from all the allies of the
latter.
HYPATTALUS DENTIPES, n. sp. (igs. 120, 121.)
¢6. Black, head with a slight bluish gloss ; elytra deep metallic-
blue ; prothorax, anterior legs (in parts infuscate) and parts of three
basal joints of antennae flavous.
176 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Head and antennae much as in mucronatus. Elytra densely and
moderately coarsely punctate, punctures smaller at base and apex
than elsewhere ; sides and suture moderately (towards apex rather
strongly) thickened and sides feebly channelled. Front legs with
strongly produced and obtusely pointed trochanters ; femora strongly
curved and with a large but obtuse subbasal tooth.
Length 3 (9 33) mm.
Q. Differs in having the front legs simple and (except the coxae)
almost entirely dark, and the hind tibiae each with a long fixed spur
rather more than half the length of the tarsus.
Hab. N.S. WaAtEs: National Park, Sydney (1. J. Carter
and A. M. Lea), Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd), Nowra (Macleay
Museum).
Allied to australis and the two preceding species, but at
once distinguished by the long spur to the hind tibiae of
the female and the dentate front femora of the male.
Parts of the coxae and trochanters are obscurely diluted
with red. Seen from the sides the margins of the elytra
of the female appear rather strongly arched at the middle,
from above from certain directions they are reminiscent of
those of the female of mucronatus, but this is more apparent
than real, whilst the apex is quite simply rounded.
One male (probably immature) has part of the suture
and sides of elytra and more of the legs and antennae
obscurely pallid.
HYPATTALUS CALCARATUS, n. sp.
¢. Black ; elytra deep bluish-green ; prothorax reddish-flavous ;
three basal joints of antennae and parts of legs obscurely diluted
with red.
Head and antennae much as in mucronatus except that the eyes
are larger and antennae somewhat thicker. lytru densely and
moderately coarsely punctate, the punctures not much finer at base
and apex than elsewhere ; sides and suture very feebly thickened
and the sides very slightly channelled. Legs simple.
Length 13-2 mm.
¢. Differs in having the hind tibiae each terminated by a long
thin curved fixed spur, distinctly more than half the length of the
tarsus.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney (Macleay Museum), National
Park (A. MU. Lea).
A very small species, in size and appearance somewhat
ee ee, ee
—
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 177
like abdominalis, but at once distinguished by the spurs to
the hind tibiae of the female; the elytral punctures are
also very distinct, instead of being scarcely visible as in
that species. The preceding species (which also is spurred
in the female) is very much larger and the front legs of
its male are not simple.
HYPATTALUS DISTORTIPES, n. sp. (/7%g. 122.)
¢. Black, head with a bluish gloss; elytra deep metallic bluish-
green; sides of prothorax rather widely flavous; abdomen (the
greater portion of middle infuscate), parts of three basal joints of
antennae, the trochanters and labial palpi testaceous.
Head with two moderately large subapical foveae. Antennae
moderately long and rather strongly serrate internally. Elytra
densely and rather coarsely punctate, the punctures larger in the
middle than elsewhere ; suture and sides scarcely thickened, and
the latter not channelled. Front legs simple ; hind tibiae curiously
distorted in middle, the distorted portion of a bright red colour.
Length 3} mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Mount Wellington (HZ. H. D. Griffith),
Hobart (A. J. Lea).
The hind tibiae are distorted much as in the male of
elegans, but, besides the bicolorous prothorax, the elytra
are more coarsely punctate, even than in the Tasmanian
variety of that species. The colours of the prothorax are
somewhat as in collaris, but the size, punctures and
antennae of the two species are very different.
HYPATYALUS CARTERI, n. sp.
¢ 2. Black; elytra with a deep metallic-green gloss.
Head with several feeble impressions. Antennae short (not
passing middle coxae) and rather strongly serrate internally.
Elytra smooth and impunctate or almost so, suture and sides
not thickened, and the latter not channelled. Legs simple.
Length 2-25 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Hobart (H. J. Carter), Mount Welling-
ton, Huon River (4. WV. Lea).
The only species yet described having the upper surface
and legs entirely dark. Parts of the abdomen and pro-
sternum are seen to be reddish when exposed through
shrinkage, but specimens as ordinarily preserved appear
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) N
178 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
to be entirely dark. Owing apparently to irregular con-
traction due to their thinness the elytra occasionally
appear to be slightly rugulose, but no distinct punctures
are traceable. ‘lhe sexes do not differ in the antennae
and legs,
HYPATTALUS EXILIS, n. sp. (Fig. 153.)
¢ ¢. Black with a slight bronzy gloss; tip of elytra and a spot
on each side, coxae and trochanters pale flavous (almost white) ;
knees and parts of basal joints of antennae obscure flavous.
Head with two distinct subapical fovae. Prothorax rather less
transverse than usual, and with a few subapical punctures.
Elytra thin, moderately densely and rather coarsely punctate
on the basal half (except at extreme base) and almost impunctate
elsewhere. Legs simple but thinner than usual.
Length 2}-2? mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: George Town (Aug. Simson), Mole
Creek, Ulverstone, Hobart (4. 17. Lea). On blossoms of
Bursaria spinosa.
A very narrow species (narrower even than longicornis),
the colour alone rendering it very distinct from all
previously described species. The sexes (apart from a
slight difference at the apex of abdomen) are scarcely
distinguishable. The spot on each side of the elytra is
widest at the margin and _ subtriangularly narrowed
towards the suture and appears as a remnant of a median
fascia ; In one specimen each spot is obscurely connected
with the apex along both suture and side so that the
apical half appears pallid except for a large dark spot;
in several others the suture beyond the middle is
narrowly flavous. The pubescence is much sparser than
in-any other species here recorded, the upper surface at
first sight being apparently glabrous, the antennae, though
long, appear comparatively short, owing to the length
of the elytra; they are but very feebly serrate internally,
the subapical foveae of the head occasionally become
united, when they appear as a moderately large shallow
punctate impression. The elytral punctures are remin-
iscent of those of many species of Cleridae.
HYPATTALUS SORDIDUS, n. sp.
¢. Black; elytra dark submetallic blue or green; with or
without patches glossed with purple; prothorax reddish flavous,
——— rr —
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 179
widely and deeply stained with black on the sides, and occasionally
narrowly stained at base and apex; parts of basal joints of antennae
and the knees more or less obscurely diluted with red. Sides
rather densely clothed with long dark pubescence ; elsewhere with
short sparse pubescence. °
Head densely and coarsely punctate, with a shallow subfoveate
impression on each side of apex. Antennae short, 4th-10th joints
strongly serrated. Prothorax twice as wide as long, apex
truncate, base obscurely bilobed, sides strongly rounded ; densely
and moderately coarsely punctate, but punctures coarse on sides.
Elytra wide, slightly dilated posteriorly, each separately rounded
at apex, densely and rather coarsely punctate, the punctures larger
than disc of prothorax but smaller than on head. Penultimate
segment of abdomen slightly incurved at apex; apical segment
deeply and narrowly excised. Legs comparatively short ; femora
simple, hind tibize very feebly curved.
Length 33-5 mm.
Q. Differs in being larger and wider, antennae shorter and less
strongly serrate, abdomen frequently partially uncovered and legs
rather shorter.
Hab. N.S. WatEs: Armidale (A. Wf. Lea); Vicrortia :
Fernshaw (National Museum); S. Australia (Macleay
Museum); Tasmania: Hobart (7. H. D. Griffith and
A. M. Lea), Launceston (Aug. Simson, No. 2625).
A large broad species of wide distribution, but ap-
parently never common. In the female the abdomen is
frequently inflated so that then it does not appear to
belong to Hypattalus, but to approach the genera with
short elytra (Carphurus, etc.), but the males (except as
to the colour and punctures of the prothorax, look quite
ordinary specimens of Hypattalus.
HYPATTALUS MONTANUS, n. sp.
¢.- Black ; shoulders, parts of basal joints of antennae, trochanters
and extreme base and apex of tibiae more or less red. Clothed with
sparse greyish pubescence, becoming longer on the side but still
sparse.
Head rather large and strongly convex, with irregular scattered
punctures. Eyes small, coarsely faceted and very prominent.
Antennae long (extending to about one-fourth from apex of
elytra) the five terminal joints fully half of their total length,
the 3rd-7th rather distinctly serrate. Prothorax not twice as
N 2
180 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
wide as long, apex truncate, base obscurely bilobed, sides some-
what angular, with a rather feeble median line; with rather
small scattered punctures. Elytra long, sides sub-parallel; densely,
rather coarsely and almost regularly punctate throughout, sides
and apical half of suture thickened. Legs long; femora simple ;
hind tibiae moderately curved.
Length 5 mm.
?. Differs in being larger and considerably wider; head wider
and less convex ; eyes less prominent ; antennae shorter, with the
five terminal joints less than half their total length; prothorax
more transverse, the sides more rounded; elytra with smaller
punctures and the legs shorter.
flab. TASMANIA: Mount Wellington (under bark of
Eucalyptus coceifera close to and on summit, J. J. Walker
and A. M. Lea).
In general appearance this insect does not look much
like a Hypattalus, but as its elytra completely cover
the abdomen, the body has extrusible vesicles and the
antennae are 11-jointed, it could only be referred to that
genus or to a new one, and at present the former course
seems to be preferable. One of the females has the
marginal and sutural thickenings of the elytra pallid
as well as the shoulders. Owing partly to irregular
contraction and partly to clothing, I am not able to
define the sculpture of the apical segments of abdomen
of either of the males before me, but they are evidently
not distinctly notched.
BALANOPHORUS.
CARPHURUS.
NEOCARPHURUS.
HELCOGASTER.
In all four of these brachelytrous genera I am not able
to find characters in the visible parts of the abdomen to
denote sex. There may be such occasionally, but in
all the specimens I have examined I have failed to
find any; in some cases possibly owing to irregular
contraction, but really I think owing to their absence.
In many specimens the sheath of the penis, or part of
the ovipositor is exposed, but these are so much alike
that they are of doubtful use in diagnosing the sex.
This being the case other parts have to be relied upon
to denote sex. In WHelcogaster and Neocarphurus the
eeiae
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 181
head is nearly always largely excavated in the male,
and gently convex in the female; but I am unable
to define any external feature by which the sex of
certain species of Carphurus and of Balanophorus can
to a certainty be recognized. In Carphwrus it is true
the head is sometimes excavated, and the elytra armed,
these being certain indications that the specimens are
males; in Balanophorus the males always have flabellate
antennae. But now comes what must be regarded as
an “awkward” feature. The males of all four genera
have the first joint of the anterior tarsi large (often of
a peculiar shape), and supplied with numerous close-
set teeth,* evidently to act as a comb for the antenne ;
but the females ot Balanophorus also have this joint
so formed. Another “awkward” feature is that the
males of certain species of Carphurus have the antennae
strongly serrate or subpectinate, much as they are in
the females of Balanophorus; so that although the sex
of a female Carphurus or of a male Balanophorus can
always be ascertained, it is often quite impossible to
be certain as to whether an unique specimen of a
species having the basal joint large and curiously formed,
with the antennae strongly serrate, is the female of a
Balanophorus or the male of a Carphurus; and both genera
are numerously represented in Australia, although the latter
consists of a far greater number of species than the former.
In the species of all four genera the lower surface of
the head is bifoveate, and the mandibles bifid at the
apex. They all look very fine when well set out, but
there are few beetles which look worse when badly set or
pinned; and owing to the irregular contraction which
always takes place, once dried they can never afterwards
be properly set out.
I have described the colours as I found them, but it
is to be noted that the reddish ones are frequently
subject to considerable alteration with age or improper
treatment, and I do not think that any shades of the
pale colours from pale flavous to deep red are to be
depended upon as of specific value; the dark blues,
purples and greens, as in so many similarly coloured insects,
are also variable, but appear to be little affected by age.
* A compound power is necessary to see these teeth clearly ; under
an ordinary hand-lens each series appears as a black rim to the inner
margin of the joint.
182 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
The lengths have been given to apex of elytra as
well as the total lengths, as I believe the former are
more important, and certainly are not so liable to alter-
ation through the contraction which takes place in pinned
or badly set specimens.
Genus BALANOPHORUS,* Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N. S.
Wales, II, p. 267.
The males of this genus can be readily recognised by
their having flabellate antennae. There are two sections
of the genus; the maste7si, having the eyes comparatively
small in both sexes; and the macleayi, in which the eyes
of the male are very large, occupying more than half the
total width. As above noted I am unable to define any
character by which a female of the genus can, to a certainty,
be distinguished from a male Carphurus.
T do not know biplagiatus and megalops, both of which
are commented on below; and I have excluded brevipennis
from the table owing to doubts as to which section of the
genus it belongs to, even if it is not a Carphurus. It is
however an easily recognised species.
The others + may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Eyes occupying fully half the width
of head in male.
. Head partly dark . . . . . scapulatus, Fairm.t
aw. Headentirely pale. . . macleayi, Lea.
AA. Eyes occupying much less than half
the width of head in male.
B. Elytra bicolorous.
b. Head partly dark . . . mastersi, Macl.
bb. Head entirely pale . . . pictus, n. sp.
BB. Elytra unicolorous.
C. Elytra distinctly punctured . janthinipennis, Fairm.
CC. Elytra indistinctly punctured victoriensis, n. sp.
* The name Balanophorus will have to be altered, as it was used
in 1825 by Briganti for a genus of worms.
+ The description of ater was drawn up after this table was
prepared.
+ To judge by the descriptions biplagiatus and megalops may be
tabulated with scapulatus as follows :—
uess than half of elytra dark; fic.) :s 0c biplagiatus, Fairm.
More than half of elytra dark.
More than half of legspale. . . . scapulatus, Fairm.
Less than half of legs pale. . megalops, Lea.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 183
BALANOPHORUS BREVIPENNIS, Germ. (Carphurus), Linn.
Ent., III, 1848, 1388; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godefttr.,
1879, p. 110.
I have not seen the male of this species, but Fairmaire,
although the species was unknown to him, probably
correctly referred it to Balanophorus, as Germar describes
the antennae as “in mare pectinatis, in femina serratis.”
The basal joint of the anterior tarsus is of the remark-
able shape that it always is in Balanophorus, but which is
not confined to that genus.
Of three females before me two have the inter-ocular
fascia as in the type, whilst a third has the basal two-thirds
of the head entirely black, this specimen has also the
upper surface of the two basal joints of the antennae
black, and one of the others has a black spot on the basal
joint; the latter specimen has the third abdominal
segment with a black rounded spot on each side, in
addition to the black median space.
Hab. S. Austratta; N. 8S. WaAtes: Leura, Forest
Reefs ; QUEENSLAND: Cairns; VICTORIA: Carlton.
BALANOPHORUS JANTHINIPENNIS, Fairm., Journ. Mus.
Godeffr., 1879, p. 110.
The female of this species was unknown to Fairmaire ;
it differs from the male in being larger, the antennae
strongly serrate and the basal joint of the front tarsi
somewhat smaller, but still of considerable size; in
appearance it resembles both sexes of Carphurus bifoveatus,
but can be distinguished by its comparatively coarsely
punctured elytra.
Hab. N.S. Wates: Sydney, National Park, Forest
Reefs; TASMANIA: Beaconsfield.
BALANOPHORUS SCAPULATUS, Fairm. (Carphurus), Journ.
Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 109.
Only the female of this species was known to Fairmaire,
and he naturally referred it to Carphurus. I have now
both sexes (three males and two females) before me.
Of these one of each sex has an infuscate median patch
on the head (apparently as in the type), whilst in the
others the head (except the muzzle) is entirely black. In
one of each sex the two apical segments of abdomen are
184 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
black (as in the type), but in the others the next one is
also black.
The antennae of the male are clothed with long blackish
hair and are exactly as I have described them in megalops ;
the two species in fact are closely allied.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Rockhampton; NEw SovutTH
WatLes: Tweed River, Bulli, National Park, Galston.
BALANOPHORUS' BIPLAGIATUS,* Fairm., Journ. Mus.
Godeffr., 1879, 110.
Apparently allied to scapulatus, but with the elytra
pallid, except for a transverse subapical infuscate spot
on each.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
BALANOPHORUS MEGALOPS, Lea, P. L. 8., N.S.W., 1901,
p-. 483.
The type of this species is in the Macleay Museum; it
differs from scapulatus in having the greater portion of the
legs black; the elytra with a bluish gloss, only one-fifth
of the base pallid (the marking cut across) and conjointly,
instead of separately, rounded at apex. The scutellum
also is pale.
By an unfortunate error its prothorax was described as
“almost twice as wide as long,” this should have been
“almost twice as long as wide.” Its antennae were also
once referred to as “ funicle.”
Hab. N.S. WALES: Otford.
MASTERSI, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N. S. Wales, ii, p. 267 ;
Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1895, p. 261.
Hab. QUEENSLAND; N.S. WALES; VICTORIA.
MACLEAYI, Lea, P. L.S., N.S.W., 1895, p. 261; 1904,
p. 9) PLAY, fie. 8.
Hab. N.W. AUSTRALIA.
BALANOPHORUS PICTUS, 0. sp.
¢. Flavous; apical third (or fourth) of elytra of a bright metallic
green; metasternum, tips of mandibles, seven (or eight) terminal
* In Masters’ catalogue appearing both as a Balanophorus (3438)
and as a Carphurus (3418).
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 185
joints of antennae, and four hind femora black or blackish. Middle
of lower surface of two basal segments of abdomen infuscate.
Clothed with long, straggling, griseous hairs.
Head not very large, with several feeble impressions in front, and
a feeble slightly curved ridge between eyes. Antennae not extend-
ing to apex of elytra ; 3rd joint dentate, 4th-10th pectinate, 11th
long and clubbed. Prothorax almost circular. Elytra with rather
large but shallow, indistinct and rather sparse punctures. Legs
moderately stout (for the genus) ; basal joint of front tarsi large and
thick, rounded, and with a black comb almost the entire length of
the inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 4, of abdomen 53 mm.
Hab. N.W. AtsTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum),
Derby (W. W. Froggatt).
The antennal rami of the male are shorter than in the
other species known to me, and are without the long hairs
so characteristic of most of the species. In colour to a
certain extent it resembles macleayi, but ‘the head is
smaller, with much less prominent eyes, and in fact these
are not much larger than in masters, in which they are
least prominent of all. The front legs are (excluding the
comb) either entirely pallid or with the femora partly
infuscate; the same is the case with the middle tibiae and
tarsi, whilst the hind tibiae are either pallid or black. On
one specimen there is an infuscate spot on the upper
surface of each of the median abdominal segments.
A specimen in the Macleay Museum, which I presume
to be the female, has the apical two-thirds of the elytra
purplish-brown, its legs (except the hind femora and coxae)
are pallid, and antennae pallid at base, becoming darker
from the fourth joint, the 3rd—10th joints are strongly
serrate; the prothorax is longer than wide, the sides
rounded and decreasing in width to base, the elytra are
wider with the sides at the basal third, suddenly widened
but thence parallel to apex; whilst the eyes are even
larger.
BALANOPHORUS VICTORIENSIS, 0. Sp.
6. Black ; elytra violet-blue ; prothorax, muzzle, base of antennae
and front coxae reddish-flavous. Clothed with long, straggling
griseous hairs. .
Head large; with rather large and prominent eyes; base in
middle irregularly punctate, at sides strigose ; with several feeble
186 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
impressions in front. Antennae extending almost to apex of elytra,
3rd joint dentate, 4th-10th pectinate, 11th long. Prothorax
longer than wide, sides and apex rather strongly rounded. lytra
considerably wider than prothorax, smooth; with scattered in-
distinct punctures. Legs long and thin; basal joint of front tarsi
with a black comb on the inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 33, of abdomen 5 mm.
Hab. Victoria: Fernshaw (National Museum).
In size and general appearance very close to janthint-
pennis, but at once readily distinguished by the scarcely
punctured elytra and black basal segments of abdomen ;
these, it is true, are reddish at the sides, but in the other
species they are entirely red.
BALANOPHORUS ATER, 0. Sp.
¢. Black; sub-basal joints of antennae and knees obscurely
diluted with red.
Head wide, feebly impressed on each side in front, with a few
small scattered punctures. Eyes small but prominent. Antennae
glabrous, passing apex of elytra; 8rd joint dentate, 4th-10th
pectinate, 11th long. Prothorax moderately transverse. Elytra at
base not much wider than prothorax; indistinctly punctate. Legs
long and thin.
Length to apex of elytra 14, of abdomen 2 mm.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum).
Readily distinguished from all the other species of the
genus by its minute size and black prothorax. In the type
the front tarsi are missing.
Genus CARPHURUS, Er., Entomogr., p. 1382; Lacord., Gen.
Coleop., IV, p. 396.
This genus may be regarded as the central one of the
group of genera having exsertile vesicles and short elytra ;
branching off in one direction to Lalanophorus ; in another
to Helcogaster, and in still another to Neocarphurus. It is
more numerously represented in species than Helcogaster,
but few of them are at all abundant in specimens as are
many of the latter genus.
The genus of a female Carphurus can always be ascer-
tained ; but, as noted above, it is not always possible to
tell whether a specimen, apparently a male, belonging to
~~ .
eS cee ee ee
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 187
it, is not really a female Balanophorus. This uncertainty,
however, only applies to those species having subpectinate
antennae,
The head of the male is usually smooth, or with but
shallow impressions; sometimes, however, it is just as
largely excavated as in many males of Helcogaster. In
both sexes it is usually transversely strigose at the base,
. but this position is quite commonly concealed by the over-
lapping prothorax. Great variation occurs in the antennae,
in some species these organs being almost cylindrical, in
others strongly dentate, whilst in a few they are even
subpectinate ; the terminal joint is often obtusely rounded
and indistinctly notched at apex. In a number of species
the elytra are armed in the males, the prothorax is nearly
always transversely impressed towards the base and more
feebly towards the apex, but as I consider this character
absolutely valucless, as an aid to identification, I have not
described it in any of the new species.
The clothing in all the species consists of long straggling
griseous hairs, frequently intermixed with shorter ones on
the elytra, and appears to be easily abraded; I have
seldom considered it necessary to mention it; nor that (as
is invariably the case) the tips of the mandibles are dark.
Some of the species, especially those of the armipennis
group, are variable in their colours.
In addition to fasctipennis and basipennis, which are
commented on below, the following species are unknown to
me :—
Xanthochrous, Fairm.—A pale species with the scutel-
lum, parts of the legs and apex of antennae dark, and with
the summit of the head sometimes infuscate. The head is
stated to be punctulate, but its sculpture is not otherwise
mentioned.
Tachyporoides, Fairm.—Close to but more convex than
the preceding species, according to Fairmaire.
Segmentarivus, Fairm. Described as close to cristatifrons,
but with the head and elytra simple, although the head is
said to be “inter oculos profunde excavato et utrinque
compresso elevato.’ The type was apparently a male.
Nubipennis, Fairm.—Described as close to margini-
ventris.
Telephoroides, Fairm.—Apparently allied to alterni-
ventris, basiventris, etc.; but with the legs entirely pallid.
The type was apparently a male.
188 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Laesifrons, Fairm.—The description of the head of this
species is certainly suggestive of a male Helcogaster, and
the elytra are coloured much as in some of the varieties of
ff, varius, but the abdomen and appendages are different.
Atronitens, Fairm. A small variable species, apparently
belonging to Helcogaster ; I have seen nothing which I can
even doubtfully refer to it.
Philonthoides, Fairm.—Kvidently a dingy species some-
what after the style of pallidipennis, but with the elytra
darker and prothorax immaculate at sides.
The others may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Elytra armed in the male.*
a. Armatura near apex.
b. Armature knobbed at apex . . blackburnii, Lea.
bb. Armature thin and acutely
pointed % Gay! city. cristatifrons, Fairm.
bbb. Armature wide and ebtucely
pointed «2... 4) 4 »))+ pravus, mT. sp.
aa. Armature near base.
c. Head bifasciculate in male.
d. Head of male largely im-
pressed and without dis-
tinct punctures . . fasciculatus, n. sp.
dd. Head of male feet im-
pressed and densely and
distinctly punctate . . wuncinatus, n. sp.
cc. Head not fasciculate in male.
e. Elytral armature pale and
punctures dense and rather
smalls) uo Lansch. armipennis, Fairm.
ee. Elytral armature sicwle sna
punctures sparser and
mitch Jarger 22°.) |.» <1/\c: ogfessor, me ap:
AA. Elytra unarmed in the male.
B. Prothorax fasciculate and deeply
transversely and longitudinally
impressed in male . . . . . rhytideres, Lea.
BB. Prothorax not as in rhytideres.
* In the few instances where I do not know the male I assume
that the species does not belong to this division ; although quite
probably frenchi does do so, the female!of that species, however, is
very distinct.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidace.
C. Prothorax very distinctly
transversely strigose.
jf. Prothorax uniformly pale .
ff. Prothorax with a wide
black fascia
CC. Prothorax not strigose.
D. Prothorax partly dark.
g. Elytra entirely dark.
h. Prothorax with large
and distinct
punctures,
black
hh. Prothorax with in-
distinct punctures,
legs pale :
gg. Elytra entirely pale or
at most infuscate
in places.
i. Elytra entirely pale
vi. Elytra longitudinally
infuscate :
ggg. Elytra with half or
more of the surface
black . ;
DD. Prothorax entirely pale.
E. Elytra entirely pale .
EE. Elytra pale at apex .
EEE. Elytra entirely dark,
or dark at apex.
F. Basal joint of antennae of male much
stouter than usual .
FF. Basal joint normal.
G. Antennae subpectinate or
strongly serrate.
j- Basal joint of front tarsi of male
more than half their total
1535 (4st de RN ee Me :
ij. Basal joint of male much
k. Elytra partly pale.
I. Pale markings longitudinal
ll. Pale markings transverse.
m. Head partly dark
mm. Head entirely pale .
legs
very
shorter.
189
vigilans, Nn. sp.
strigicollis, n. sp.
punctatus, a. sp.
telephoroides, Fairm. ?
pallidipennis, Macl.
marginiventris, Fairm.
elongatus, Macl.
longus, 1. sp.
frenchi, n. sp.
cyaneipennis, Macl.
elegans, N. sp.
longipes, n. sp.
vartipennis, 1. sp.
lepidus, Lea (in part).
190
nn. Elytra entirely dark.*
nm. Abdomen with only one
or two apical segments
dark.
o. Intermediate segments
maculate pale
oo. Intermediate seg-
ments entirely pale
nn, Abdomen entirely dark,
or with more than two
apical segments dark.
p. Elytra very indistinct-
ly punctate
pp. Elytra distinctly
punctate.
q. Front tibiae entirely
dark ke
qq. Front tibiae partly
dark .
qqq. Front tibiae en-
tirely pale.
7, Four hind femora
and tibiae pale .
vr. Four hind fe-
mora and tibiae
partly or en-
tirely dark.
s. Head pale at
base :
ss. Head dark
at base
GG@. Antennae at most feebly serrate.
H. Abdomen with at least one segment
entirely pale.
t. Elytra pale at base .
tt. Elytra entirely dark.t
uw. Prothorax transverse .
wu. Prothorax longer than wide.
v. Tip of abdomen dark .
vv. Tip of abdomen pale
Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
maculiventris, n. sp.
apiciventiis, Lea.
bifoveatus, Lea.
trumpressus, N. sp.
pictipes, Lea.
rhagonychinus, Fairm.
simulator, 1. sp.
variipennis, N. sp. (in
part).
atricapillis, n. sp.
busiventris, Lea.
alterniventris, Fairm.
longicollis, Lea.
* In maculiventris the suture is sometimes pale at the base.
t In alterniventris the elytra are sometimes pale at the base, but
never as in apicalis.
Sa,
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 191
HH. Abdomen entirely dark, or with-
out an entirely pale segment.
I. Femora partly pale.
w. Abdomen entirely dark . . facialis, Fairm.
ww. Abdominal segments with
pale margins.
x. Pale margins very narrow latipeniis, Lea.
xx. Pale margins of con-
siderable width . . cervicalis, Germ.
II. Femora entirely dark.
J. Muzzle pale.
y. Elytra dark, without me-
talliegloss.. . . invenustus, Lea.
yy. Elytra metallic Biue or
STON se te ke ss palladifrons, 2. ‘Sp.
J.J. Muzzle dark.
K. Large and comparatively
robust . . . . . . eyanopterus, Boh.
KK. Very narrow’ and
elongate . . . . angustatus, Lea.
CARPHURUS CERVICALIS, Germ., Linn. Ent., III, 1848,
p. 183 ; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 110.
I have a specimen from S. Australia (from the Adelaide
Museum) named as cervicalis and agreeing with the de-
scription of that species, except that it is larger (33
instead of 2} German lines).* Its head between the
eyes has a roughly circular impression.
Two specimens from the Swan River may represent a
variety; they have the elytra more of a coppery-green
with the greater part of the head black} and more dis-
tinctly punctate at the base, in one specimen four, in the
other five, of the basal joints of the antennae are red.
There are also other slight discrepancies, but as these two
specimens are males whilst the other is a female, I have
not ventured to treat them as other than a possible
variety.
Hab. S. AustRALIA: Yorke’s Peninsula; VIcTorIA:
Chiltern.
* Brevipennis (the preceding species in Germar’s paper) is described
as 21 lines ; I have never seen specimens less than 3 German lines
in length.
+ The red portion of the head varies considerably in cervicalis.
192 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of tie
CARPHURUS CYANOPTERUS, Boh. (Helcogaster), Res. Eugen.,
1858, p. 82, Pl. I, fig. 4.
» The type of this species was described as having a small
transverse black spot near the apex of the prothorax ; two
specimens before me have a blackish streak close to the
front of the prothorax, but in all the others this segment
is unclouded.
flab. N. 8. WauEs: Sydney, Blackheath; VicTorRia:
Macedon, Gisborne, Brighton, Loutit Bay; W. AUSTRALIA:
Mount Barker.
CARPHURUS CYANEIPENNIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N. S.
Wales, II, p. 265; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879,
p. 108.
Var. aeneipennis, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 161;
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 107; testaceipes, Lea,
P.LS.;, NS. W.,:1895, p, 254.
The type of cyaneipennis is a male, and the basal joint
of its antennae is very peculiar; I have seen no specimen
agreeing with it in the colour of its elytra, but have myself
described a form in which the elytra are of a dark brassy-
green, at the time thinking it a distinct species. On com-
paring the types together, however, I was convinced that,
despite the difference in the colour of the elytra, the two
forms belonged to but one species.
The female has longer antennae than the male, with
the basal joint smaller and not at all emarginate on its
upper surface, and the apical six (to eight) joints infuscate.
The female of this variety has been named aeneipennis by
Fairmaire.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah, Peak Downs, Port Deni-
son; N. S. WaLEes: Tamworth, Forest Reefs, Whitton ;
S. AUSTRALIA.
CARPHURUS ELONGATUS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S.
Wales, II, p. 206; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879,
p- 105. (figs. 168, 169.)
Although not mentioned in the description, the type
has the inner angles at the apex of the elytra pale.
A male from Studley Park has the apical two-thirds of
the elytra entirely dark; its head has a thick wheal-like
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 198
elevation, in front of which the surface is irregularly im-
pressed ; it is also rather smaller than the average male of
elongatus,
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah, Peak Downs, Gympie,
Bundaberg; N.S. WALES: Tweed River, Sydney, Forest
Reefs, Oberon, Blue Mountains, Illawarra, National Park,
Whitton; VicroriA: Studley Park, Chiltern.
CARPHURUS APICALIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N.S. Wales,
Il, p. 266; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 106.
The type of this species is a male, and its head has a
large median elevation narrowed in front so as almost
to, be pear-shaped.
There are two specimens before me which agree exactly *
with the description of apicalis and were previously tabu-
lated by me as that species.+ On comparing them with
the type, however, I find that the male differs considerably
in the sculpture of its head, and I have now formally
described it under the name of Helcogaster bacchanalis.
CARPHURUS AZUREIPENNIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N. S.
Wales, II, p. 266; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879,
p- 108.
The type is‘a male, and the only specimen I have seen;
in appearance it is close to the type of cyaneipennis except
for its dark abdomen; but the head is very different,
having a small subconical tubercle on each side near the
eye, between these is a broad moderately long feebly
elevated space. The description of the head in the original
description is misleading, as I certainly cannot regard it as
deeply bicanaliculate from any direction it is viewed from.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Gayndah.
CARPHURUS PALLIDIPENNIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc., N. S.
Wales, II, p. 267; Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeftr., 1879,
p- 105. (Fig. 92.)
The type of this species is a female. It is close to
marginiventris but differs in having the head longer, the
* Except that the prothorax by measurement is not really longer
than wide, although apparently so at a glance.
ae that table the position assigned to apicalis will still hold
good.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) 0)
194 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
elytra immaculate and with somewhat smaller and denser
punctures. Its elytra, as in that species, are clothed with
fine whitish pubescence. Its abdominal segments are tipped
with red.
There are two specimens before me which I believe to
be males of the species; they were beaten from Casuarina
close to the Parramatta River. They are rather smaller
than the females and have the prothorax rather shorter,
but in colour and in all characters except those subject to
sexual variation they agree exactly with the type. Be-
tween the eyes is a slightly elevated space, on this are
three tubercles, the median one of which is shaped some-
what as a top, of which the peg is long and directed
towards the base; the lateral tubercles are smaller but
more suddenly elevated and obliquely placed; seen from
behind the tubercles appear to be placed in a transverse
row and to be of equal size. The front of the prothorax
has two small foveae, separated posteriorly but conjoined in
front, in length they are about one-sixth of the length of
the prothorax itself and conjoined are heart-shaped. The
basal joint of the front tarsi is large and black-rimmed
internally.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Gayndah; N. S. Wates: Wol-
longong, Syduey.
CARPHURUS MARGINIVENTRIS, Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr.,
1879, p. 106. (Fig. 93.)
I have only seen one specimen, a female, agreeing ex-
actly with the description of this species ; which is said to
have a median black spot on the head, the prothorax with
a longitudinal reddish vitta and the elytra with an inde-
terminate vitta on each and the apex infuscate. The
male (unknown to Fairmaire apparently) has (at least in
the case before me) the dark markings at the sides of the
prothorax much reduced in size and the median spot of
the head absent; its elytra, however, are as in the female.
The apex of its prothorax is depressed and slightly notched
in the middle so that when seen directly from behind it
appears to have projecting points. In both cases the sides
of the prothorax are coarsely punctate.
Hab. N. 8. WALES: Sydney, Gosford.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 195
CARPHURUS FACIALIS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877,
p- 161; Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 107.
A male from Sydney (the original locality) agrees with
Fairmaire’s description, except in having the tarsi (except
at base) and the apex of tibiae infuscate.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney.
CARPHURUS ALTERNIVENTRIS, Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr.,
1879, p. 108; Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1895, p. 251.
Of five specimens of this species before me two have
the head entirely pale, the third has a transverse fascia
between the eyes, the fourth has the sides and base dark,
and the fifth has the head entirely dark except for a rather
large indistinct subbasal spot.
flab. QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs; N. S. WaALEs:
Tweed and Clarence Rivers, Sydney.
CARPHURUS ARMIPENNIS, Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr.,
1879, p. 109.
The type of this spccies was a male and from Queens-
land. It had the head 6-foveate, abdomen red and the
elytra armed, with their suture reddish. This species is
somewhat variable in colour and there are several others
having the elytra of the males somewhat similarly armed,
but differing in the colour of the abdomen, sculpture and
clothing of head, and punctures of elytra.
The elytra are very variable in colour, occasionally being
entirely dark, but often with the suture reddish, not in-
frequently there is a wide subbasal reddish fascia, or this
fascia may be broken up into irregular spots, or with an
extension reaching almost to the apex.
The female, as a rule, is larger than the male, has the
head with several feeble impressions and the elytra simple;
the latter are sometimes dark and sometimes their sides
and suture are reddish, but I have seen no specimens in
which they are fasciate.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns, Bowen, Port Denison.
CARPHURUS BASIPENNIS, Fairm., /. ¢., p. 109.
I have previously identified and tabulated a South
Australian insect as this species, and indeed it agrees very
well with the original description; but it is so unlikely
O02
196 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
that a South Australian insect should occur at Peak Downs
in Queensland and at no intermediate places that I have
for the present at least placed it amongst some undeter-
mined forms. The South Australian species is a Helcogaster,
a genus not acknowledged as distinct by Fairmaire.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
CARPHURUS FASCIIPENNIS, Fairm., J. ¢, p. 109; Lea,
P. 28. JN-S/W 5.1895, p. 250.
I have previously identified and tabulated as this species
an insect which, although it agrees fairly closely with the
description, is, J am now convinced, not that species but
an allied one. It is not here described, as the only
specimen now before me has damaged antennae.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
CARPHURUS DIOPTHALMUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877,
p. 161 ; Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 107.
There are two specimens (from Belmore and the Blue
Mountains) which with some hesitation I refer to this
species. In both specimens the antennae (not mentioned
in the original description) have the three basal joints
entirely and the next two partly pale, the rest being
blackish. In one (a male) the head has a black spot at
the base and the legs are entirely pallid; in the other (a
female) the base of the head and the femora are infuscate.
Hab, QUEENSLAND: Gayndah.
CARPHURUS ANGUSTATUS, Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1895,
p. 250.
Although, as pointed out in the original description,
this species is less robust than cyanopterus, it can be more
readily separated from that species by its elytral punctures ;
of these in angustatus the majority are clearly cut, whilst
in cyanopterus they are sparser and although many of them
are larger there are but few that are at all clearly defined.
In colour the two species are almost identical.
Hab. N. 8S. Wates: Tamworth; QUEENSLAND:
Brisbane.
CARPHURUS LONGICOLLIS, Lea, /. ¢., p. 252.
The male of this species has a thick and wheal-like but
only moderate elevation on the head, the elevation
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 197
becoming irregular in front and marked by a small oblique
tubercle on each side between the eyes.
A specimen representing a variety is in Mr. Froggatt’s
collection. It differs from the type in having the basal
fourth of the elytra testaceous.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Gosford, Blue Mountains, Richmond
River, Sydney, Galston; Vicror1a: Lilydale.
CARPHURUS LATIPENNIS, Lea, l. ¢., p. 223.
This species is very close to cervicalis, but is larger, the
elytra are wider with denser and more clearly defined
punctures and the reddish margins to the abdomen are
much narrower.
Hab. N. 8. WALES: Forest Reefs, Sydney; VICTORIA :
Brighton; W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River.
CARPHURUS APICIVENTRIS, Lea, J. ¢., p. 257.
var. dubius, Lea, l. ¢., p. 257.
There are three males of this species in the Macleay
Museum and all have the legs (except parts of the tarsi)
and the head entirely pallid.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Galston, Lane Cove, Otford.
CARPHURUS BIFOVEATUS, Lea, /. ¢., p..258.
The types of this pretty little species are both males;
in appearance they are much like the females of Balano-
phorus janthinipennis, but have the elytra very feebly
punctate. The female has the front tarsi simple but the
antennal serrations are much as in the males; of two
specimens before me one has the front tibiae red and
abdomen as in the males, the other has the front tibiae
dark and four apical segments of abdomen black, the basal
one being entirely (instead of partly) red.
Hab. N. 8. WALES: Galston, Sydney.
CARPHURUS INVENUSTUS, Lea, /. ¢., 1901, p. 482.
A female from Sydney differs from the type female in
having the basal two-fifths of head deep black, and the
prothorax almost without traces of the dark lateral patches.
Hab. N.S. Waues: Nowra, Sydney.
198 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
CARPHURUS RHYTIDERES, Lea, l. ¢., p. 481. (Hig. 94.)
A male specimen sent to me from 8S. Australia (but
without exact locality) by Mr. H. H. D. Griffith differs
from the types in having the dark basal markings of the
head reduced to a small spot, the apical patch of the
prothorax much reduced in size and not transverse, the
legs entirely pale and the apical two-thirds of the antennae
infuscate only. Its prothorax is without subfasciculate
tufts of black hair and the latero-basal grooves are not so
deep, but the ridges bounding them are higher and more
like elongated tubercles than in the types.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Geraldton ; S. AUSTRALIA.
XANTHOCHROUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1887, p. 161;
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 105.
QUEENSLAND: Gayndah.
TACHYPOROIDES, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 161;
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 105.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
CRISTATIFRONS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 161;
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 105; Lea, P. L.S.,
N.S.W., 1895, p. 247. (Hig. 107.)
N. S. WALES: Sydney, Galston; Vicroria: Chiltern.
SEGMENTARIUS, Fairm., Pet. Nouv. Ent., 1877, p. 161;
Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 106.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
NUBIPENNIS, Fairm., Journ. Mus. Godeffr., 1879, p. 106.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
TELEPHOROIDES, Fairm., /. ¢., p. 106.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
LAESIFRONS, Fairm., J. ¢., p. 107.
QUEENSLAND: Peak Downs.
PHILONTHOIDES, Fairm., /. ¢., p. 108.
QUEENSLAND: Rockhampton.
RHAGONYCHINUS, Fairm., /. ¢., p. 108.
N. 8S. Wars: Sydney, Galston.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 199
ATRONITENS, Fairm., /. ¢., p. 109.
N.S. WALEs: Sydney.
SCAPULATUS, Fairm., /. c., p. 109.
QUEENSLAND : Rockhampton ; N.S, WALEs: Galston.
BLACKBURNI, Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1895, p. 247. (F%g.108.)
S. AusTRALIA: Adelaide, Mount Lofty.
BASIVENTRIS, Lea., /..¢., p. 251.
N.S. WALES: Como.
LEPIDUS, Lea., J. ¢., p. 255.
-N. S. WALES: Galston.
PICTIPES, Lea., /. c., p. 256.
N.S. WALES: Como, Belmore, Blue Mountains,
CARPHURUS PRAVUS, n. sp. (Mig. 5.)
¢. Flavous; base of head (both above and below), scutellum, a
large space on each elytron, abdomen (except apical segment and
apex and sides of the others), meso- meta- and apex of prosternum,
coxae, femora (apex excepted) tarsi and seven terminal joints of
antennae, black or blackish.
Head elongate ; distinctly punctate and at base transversely
strigose; largely excavated between eyes, the excavation divided into
three parts, of which the median one is surrounded by an acutely
raised and sinuous carina. Antennae rather short, 3rd—10th joints
obtusely serrate, 11th longer than 10th and obtuse at apex. Prothorux
distinctly longer than wide, side constricted near base. Hlytra wider
than prothorax, with small moderately dense punctures, sides from
near base thickened and towards the apex semicircularly emarginate,
near the hinder edge of emargination a short blade-like process pro-
jecting forwards and downwards. Basal joint of front twrsi small,
shorter than 2nd, with a curved black-rimmed inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 3, of abdomen 5 mm.
Hab. N.S. Wass: Jenolan (A. M. Lea).
The dark portion of the elytra is median in position
and covers rather more than half the surface, it touches
. the suture but not the sides, the portion of the elytra
behind it is paler than that before it. On the head the
dark portion at the base is confined to the middle. The
median of the three cephalic excavations is bilobed, and
200 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
surrounded by aenarrow acutely raised continuous carina,
almost in the shape of the figure 8. In cristatifrons the
median excavation is of very different shape, being large
at the base and open in front and seen from behind a ~
much stronger and more acute elevation appears on each
side of it. The armature of the elytra is also not sharp
pointed and projects more downwards.
There is another species allied to cristatifrons but with
the head crested as in the present species and the armature
of elytra smaller. But the only specimens of it I have
seen (and which are in the Macleay Museum) are not in
condition to be described.
CARPHURUS FASCICULATUS, 0. Sp.
¢d. Flavous; middle of base of head, elytra (except suture), tip
of abdomen and base of each of the other segments (except the
penultimate), meso- and metasternum, coxae four hind femora and
seven terminal joints of antennae black ; tarsi more or less dark.
Head with two fascicles of black hairs, the fascicles conjoined at
base ; sides with straggiing blackish hairs, distinctly denser in front
of prothorax than usual.
Head elongate ; indistinctly punctate, base transversely strigose ;
irregularly excavated between and behind eyes, the hinder excavation
deep and quadrilobed, of these the median lobes are smaller but
deeper than the others, and partly concealed by the fascicles.
Antennae comparatively short and stout, 3rd-10th joints obtusely
serrate, 11th the length of 10th and obtusely notched at apex.
Prothorax distinctly longer than wide, not much narrower than
head, apical two-thirds sub-parallel, thence rather rapidly diminishing
in width to base. Hlytra not much wider than front of prothorax ;
with dense moderately small but sharply defined punctures ; sides at
basal third suddenly and strongly incurved, thence gradually
dilated towards apex. Basal joint of front tars? as long as the two
following combined, inner margin straight and black rimmed.
Length to apex of elytra 5, of abdomen 7 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Richmond River (A. J. Coates).
Allied to armipennis but readily distinguished by the
bifasciculate and differently impressed head and bicoloured
abdomen. The bases of the fascicles (which are distinct
from all directions) are on the lobe between the two sub-
basal excavations. The elytra have a slight purplish gloss
and the suture is very narrowly pale.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 201
A variety from Gympie (from W. W. Froggatt) differs
in being distinctly wider, with the elytra entirely dark and
rather more strongly punctured and the head entirely pallid.
Both sexes of this form are before me and the female
differs from the male in having the head, elytra and tarsi
simple.
Another variety (from the Clarence River) has a iarge
space about the suture pallid and the basal spot on the
head of large size.
CARPHURUS UNCINATUS, n. sp. (Jig. 109.)
¢. Flavous-red; elytra, abdomen (apex and sides of all the
segments pale, except the apical which is entirely pale and the sub-
apical which is dark at the base and sides) coxae, femora (except
apical third of front pair) and seven terminal joints of antennae
black ; tarsi more or less infuscate. Head with two fascicles (con-
joined at base) of black hair; sides of prothorax in front with much
longer, but not much denser hair than usual.
Head elongate ; densely punctate, base transversely strigose ;
rather feebly impressed between eyes. Antennae much as in the
preceding species. Prothorax not much longer than wide, sides
slightly diminishing in width to apex and more noticeably to base.
Elytra much as in the preceding species except that the punctures
are slightly larger and the armature more pronounced. Basal joint
of front tarsi almost as long as the two following combined, with a
slightly curved black-rimmed inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 44, of abdomen 7 mm.
Hab, N.S. Wars: National Park (A. U. Lea).
With the armed elytra and bifasciculate head of the
preceding species, but the head very distinctly punctured,
much less excavated between the eyes (that portion indeed
being more convex than concave); prothorax shorter,
elytra with denser and more rugose punctures and more
of the legs and abdomen black. The fascicles are also
somewhat different. The elytra have a slight bluish
loss.
i A variety from Brisbane differs in having the apical
fourth of the elytra reddish-flavous, this space being
narrowly connected along the suture with a narrow tri-
angular post-scutellar space of the same colour; not one
of its abdominal segments is black, the basal ones being
rather lightly infuscate only. Its head has two oblique
ridges on each side, an acute one commencing at the
202 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
middle of the eye and terminated at the fascicles and a
more obtuse one, which immediately in front of the fascicles
turns round and joins in with the acute one; at the outer
angle of each band is a small circular impression.
The sculpture of the head is much the same in both the
specimens before me, but is more distinct in the variety
than in the type. It, however, cannot be seen distinctly
except from certain directions.
CARPHURUS FOSSOR, 0. sp.
¢. Flavous; sides of elytra (but not the extreme margins),
metasternum, and seven terminal joints of antennae black or
blackish.
Head elongate ; indistinctly punctate, base very feebly trans-
versely strigose ; rather largely excavated, but the excavations not
sharply defined. Antennae shorter but otherwise much as in the
two preceding species. Prothorax not much longer than wide, very
little narrower than head, base not much narrower than apex.
Elytra not much wider than prothorax, with moderately dense and
rather large clearly defined punctures, sides much as in fasciculatus.
Legs comparatively short ; basal joint of front tarsi as long as the
two following combined, with a curved, black-rimmed inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 4, of abdomen 6 mm.
Q. Differs in having the head very feebly impressed and with
simple elytra and tarsi.
Hab. N. W. AUSTRALIA (types in Macleay Museum).
In the type male the legs, except for a slight infuscation
of the tarsi, are entirely pale, in the female the four hind
femora are dark. Regarding the dark portion of the
elytra as the ground-colour, the pale discal marking
commences very narrowly at the scutellum (itself pale),
close behind it is suddenly dilated, then becomes sub-
parallel to near the apex, and is suddenly terminated before
the apex, the whole marking resembling the blade of a
spade. The outer margins are very narrowly pale from
the armature to the apex. The lower surface of the
abdomen is also pale, except for a slight infuscation along
the middle of the basal segments. On the head of the
male there are about eight indistinct excavations, but
except for a moderately distinct subbasal one there are no
distinct costae.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 203
Allied to the two preceding species, but readily distin-
guished from both by the nonfasciculate head. The
impressions of the head are different to those of armipennis ;
the elytra have considerably larger and sparser punctures
and the armed portion is dark instead of pale.
CARPHURUS FRENCHI, 0. sp.
?. Flavous-red ; base of head (both above and below), scutellum,
greater portion of elytra, meso- meta- and front part of prosternum,
abdomen (two apical segments and apex of each of the others
excepted), coxae and femora (tips excepted) deep black; apical
two-thirds of antennae and tarsi more or less infuscate.
Head elongate, sides and base punctate and base transversely
strigose ; feebly tri-impressed between eyes. Antennae moderately
long and rather thin, obtusely serrate ; 11th joint slightly longer
than 10th and obtusely notched at tip. Prothorax distinctly longer
than wide, sides rounded and towards base diminishing in width.
Elytra gradually dilating towards apex, where each is separately
strongly rounded ; with rather small irregular punctures. Front
tarsi simple.
Length of apex of elytra 34, of abdomen 5 mm.
Hab. Victoria (type in C. French’s collection),
The dark basal marking of the head is slightly advanced
along the middle. The apical fourth of the elytra is pale
and there is a fairly large pale spot slightly inwards of
each shoulder. The extreme base of the head is foveate
in the middle, but this fovea is probably usually concealed
by the overlapping prothorax.
In appearance somewhat resembling blackburni and
possibly allied to that species (if it is the male will have
armed elytra), but the elytra and abdomen differently
coloured, and elytral punctures very different.
CARPHURUS STRIGICOLLIS, n. sp.
?. Black, elytra with a greenish or coppery-green gloss ; parts of
muzzle, a curved fascia connecting the eyes, base and apex of
prothorax, extreme base of tibiae and lower surface of three basal
joints of antennae red or reddish.
Head rather less narrowed towards base than usual ; very densely
punctate, base transversely strigose ; feebly impressed between eyes.
Antennae moderately long ; 3rd—8th joints very feebly serrate, 11th
204 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
distinctly longer than 10th and obtusely pointed. Prothorax not
much longer than wide, base and apex subequal; densely trans-
versely strigose. Hlytra gradually dilated towards apex, where each
is separately rounded; densely and rugosely but not coarsely
punctate. Abdomen with distinct punctures. Front tarsi simple.
Length to apex of elytra 43, of abdomen 7} mm.
Hab. New SoutH WAtEs: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd) ;
Victoria (National Museum); West AUSTRALIA: King
George’s Sound (Macleay Museum).
A very distinct species even apart from colour. The
prothorax might be regarded as red with a dark subapical
fascia occupying rather more than half the total area.
CARPHURUS VIGILANS, 0. sp.
¢. Flavous-red, elytra black with a purplish gloss, front coxae
pale except for an infuscate spot on each ; front tarsi and tibiae,
four hind knees and apex of tibiae, two basal and parts of the 3rd
and 11th joints of antennae pale, rest of legs and antennae black or
infuscate ; middle of base of basal segments of abdomen infuscate.
Head elongate, with scattered punctures, base transversely strigose ;
a deep curved impression between eyes, and a smaller impression in
front, the space between elevated and with small acute tubercles.
Eyes very large, about half the total width of head and rather more
than half its total length. Antennae rather short and strongly
serrate, 11th joint rounded at apex and slightly longer than 10th.
Prothorax not much longer than wide, apex distinctly wider than
base; densely transversely strigose. Elytra but slightly dilated
towards apex, where each is rather strongly separately rounded ;
with dense, clearly defined but not very large punctures. Front
tarsi rather short, basal joint shorter than the two following joints,
with a strongly curved dark (but not black) rimmed inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 3, of abdomen 53 mm.
Q. Differs in having the head almost smooth, the eyes much
smaller (though still of comparatively large size) and the tarsi
simple.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Kuranda (H. H. D. Griffith and
F. P. Dodd), North Queensland (Macleay Museum).
On the inter-ocular elevation of the male there are five
small conicle tubercles—two close to each eye, the other at
the middle of its base. Seen from behind the head appears
to have three small tubercles, of which the median 1s flat-
topped ; from the sides two tubercles can be seen, of which
-
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 205
the front one is twice the size of the other. The eyes of
the male are considerably larger than in any other species
here recorded, and in fact almost as large as in the male
of Balanophorus macleayi or scapulatus. The prothorax is
transversely strigose much as in the preceding species but
the two have little else in common.
The type male is in Mr. Griffith’s collection, the type
female in the Macleay Museum.
CARPHURUS VARIIPENNIS, 2. sp.
¢. Flavous or reddish-flavous; head (muzzle excepted), scutellum,
elytra (wholly or in part), abdomen (sides and apex narrowly
excepted), hind coxae, femora (front pair almost entirely pallid, the
others only at the base), parts of tibiae and antennae (except basal
joints), black ; tarsi more or less infuscate.
Head rather short, with several feeble impressions; feebly
punctate and towards base feebly strigose. Antennae subpectinate,
11th joint clavate and considerably longer than 10th. Prothorax
distinctly (but not much) longer than wide, apex and sides rounded,
base feebly bilobed. lytra slightly dilated posteriorly, each
separately rounded at apex, densely and minutely punctate. Basal
joint of front tarsi large and wide, as long as the two following
joints combined, with a black-rimmed inner margin, 2nd joint
inserted near base of first and rather strongly curved.
Length to apex of elytra 34, of abdomen 5 mm.
Q. Differs in having the head smoother, the eyes smaller, the
antennal serrations less pronounced, the elytra wider and the front
tarsi simple.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane (R. Jilidge).
As both sexes are before me, and the female has simple
front tarsi, I can be certain that this species is not a
Balanophorus; the serrations of the antennae, however, are
more pronounced than usual, the ramus of each of the
7th-10th joints being longer than its supporting joint ;
and of the 4th-6th almost or quite as long. The elytral
punctures though small are sharply defined. Of three
specimens before me one has the apical fourth, one the
apical half, whilst the other has the entire elytra dark;
there is a certain amount of variation in the colour of the
legs and the three basal joints of antennae are either
entirely pale or pale only on their lower surface ; the apical
half of the 11th joint is obscurely pale.
206 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
The species is allied to rhagonychinus and apiciventris ;
from the latter it is readily distinguished by the colour of
the abdomen, from the former by darker legs and con-
siderably longer antennal rami of the male.
CARPHURUS SIMULATOR, 2. sp.
¢. Reddish-flavous; an inter-ocular fascia, scutellum, elytra
(these with a slight bluish gloss), metasternum, abdomen, hind
coxae, four hind femora and tarsi, apex of four hind tibiae, and
eight terminal joints of antennae black or blackish.
Head elongate, basal half punctate, base very indistinctly strigose,
between eyes with a feeble curved elevation, behind whieh is a
narrow impressed line ; each side in front feebly depressed, the space
between feebly elevated, flat and shining. Antennae moderately
long ; strongly serrate ; 11th joint longer than 10th, its middle
thickened and apex acutely pointed. Prothorax distinctly longer
than wide, sides distinctly decreasing in width to base. Elytra
considerably wider than prothorax, moderately dilated posteriorly ;
densely, rather minutely and subrugosely punctate. Basal joint of
front tars? large, about half their total length, with a slightly curved
black-rimmed inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 4, of abdomen 6 mm.
Hab. NEw Soutu WALES: National Park (4. JZ.
Lea).
The inter-ocular fascia although very distinct is not
sharply defined on its edges; it is, however, marked on its
hinder edge by a narrow, curved, impressed line.
The species is closer to rhagonychinus than any other
known to me, but the legs are differently coloured and
the antennal serrations, though strong, are much less
pronounced.
CARPHURUS TRIIMPRESSUS, 0. sp.
¢. Black ; elytra deep metallic blue; muzzle, prothorax, middle
of lower surface of head, front coxae, base of front femora and parts of
two basal joints of antennae flavous, or reddish-flavous.
Head moderately long ; distinctly punctate, base rather strongly
transversely strigose ; a small but rather distinct impression between
eyes and two larger and shallower ones in front. Antenne not
very long, strongly serrate ; 11th joint longer than 10th, thickened
towards but obtusely pointed at apex, Prothoraa considerably
longer than wide, apex very little wider than base. Hlytra dis-
tinctly dilated posteriorly, each rather feebly separately rounded,
a —_
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 207
with dense and rather minute but clearly defined punctures. Basal
joint of front tarsi large, about half their total length, inner margin
slightly curved.
Length to apex of elytra 4, of abdomen 6 mm.
Hab. Victoria: Monbulk (1. 1. D. Griffith ex Jarvis),
Moorabin (National Museum).
The partly red muzzle is different to that of pallidifrons,
and the serrate antennae also distinguish from that species
and cyanopterus; from the other species having serrate
antennae the dark legs will readily distinguish it.
CARPHURUS LONGIPES, 1. sp.
Flavous ; part of elytra, metasternum, three apical segments of
abdomen, four hind femora (extreme base excepted), hind tibiae
(except at base), and eight terminal joints of antennae, black or
almost so; tarsi more or less infuscate.
Head short, indistinctly punctate ; without distinct impressions.
Antennae rather long; 4th-10th joints rather strongly serrate,
11th longer than 10th. Prothorax much longer than wide, apex
distinctly wider than base. lytra slightly dilated posteriorly, each
feebly separately rounded at apex ; with small, scattered, indistinct
punctures, Legs considerably longer and thinner than usual ; basal
joint of front tarsi about half their total length, with a slightly
curved black-rimmed inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 4, of abdomen 63 mm.
Hab. N. W. AUSTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum).
The dark portion of the elytra is very narrow at the
base but is directed obliquely inwards so as to touch
the suture at the apical third; in consequence there is
a large elongate pale basal triangle. The apex of the
apical joint of the antennae is pale.
I believe the specimen before me is a male Carphurus,
but it is quite possibly a female Balanophorus.
CARPHURUS MACULIVENTRIS, 0. Sp.
@. Flavous; elytra*deep metallic greenish- or purplish-blue ;
metasternum, apical segment of abdomen and a large spot on each
of the 3rd and 4th, femora, four hind coxae and seven (or eight)
terminal joints of antennae black ; tarsi and four hind tibiae more
or less infuscate.
Head rather short ; indistinctly punctate ; a longitudinal impres-
sion on each side in front. Antennae rather short and strongly
~
208 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
serrate; 11th joint longer than 10th. Prothorax slightly transverse,
wider than head and almost as wide as prothorax, apex and sides
rounded, base feebly bilobed. Hlytia moderately dilated posteriorly,
each feebly separately rounded at apex; with moderately dense,
rugose punctures. Front tarsi simple.
Length to apex of elytra 44, of abdomen 7} mm.
Hab, N. W. AUSTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum).
Of two females before me one has the elytra entirely
dark, the other has the suture pale for a short distance
behind the scutellum. The lower surface of the four
basal segments of abdomen are more or less dark along
the middle. The elytral punctures are of moderate size
and density, but are nowhere sharply defined. The body
is unusually robust for a Carphurus.
CARPHURUS PALLIDIFRONS, 0. sp.
d. Black; elytra deep metallic coppery-green (or blue); muzzle,
prothorax, front coxae, knees and base of antennae, flavous or reddish-
flavous.
Head rather short; with distinct scattered punctures, base trans-
versely strigose’; a large excavation between eyes, in the front
two-thirds of which is « longitudinal space but little below the
general level of head. Antennae long; 3rd-10th joints almost
cylindrical, 11th longer than 10th and acutely pointed. Prothoraa
slightly longer than wide, almost as wide as head, base and apex
subequal. Hlytra rather narrow; at base very little wider than
prothorax ; with dense and rather small, subrugose punctures.
Basal joint of front tarsi large, more than half their total length,
with a curved inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 4, of abdomen 6 mm.
9. Differs in having the frontal impression less pronounced, the
elytra wider and the tarsi simple.
Hab. Victoria: 8. Wandin (— Jarvis), Jamor, Gisborne
(H. H. D. Griffith), Preston (National Museum). N. S.
Waters: Blue Mountains (77. J. Carter).
Of three specimens before me one male and one female
have the two basal joimts of antennae pale, in the other
(a male) the five basal joints are pale. Most of the
elytral punctures are confluent but a few are sharply
defined.
The red muzzle, basal joints of antennae and knees readily
distinguish this species from cyanopterus and angustatus ;
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 209
the almost entirely dark legs and subcylindrical antennae
from the other allied species.
CARPHURUS ELEGANS, 2. sp.
¢g. Flavous; elytra purplish-black ; metasternum, apical segment
of abdomen, hind femora (except at base) and apical half of antennae
(but not the terminal joint), black or blackish; tarsi and four hind
tibiae more or less infuscate.
Head rather short ; with several feeble frontal impressions ; a feeble
curved impressed line connecting the eyes ; behind this some dis-
tinct punctures, but base not distinctly strigose. Eyes rather larger
than usual. Antennae moderately long, strongly serrate; 11th joint
distinctly longer than 10th and obtusely pointed. Prothorax dis-
tinctly longer than wide, sides and apex rounded, base feebly
bilobed and almost the width of apex. Hlytra longer than usual,
at base distinctly wider than prothorax, dilated towards and each
strongly separately rounded at apex; densely minutely and rugosely
punctate. Legs longer than usual, basal joint of front tarsi about
two-thirds of their total length, with the inner margin straight and
black rimmed.
Length to apex of elytra 5, of abdomen 85 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Kuranda (1. H. D. Griffith, ex
F. P. Dodd, February 1904).
One of the largest and finest species of the genus, with
the basal joint of the front tarsi much longer than in any
other species of the allied genera and almost perfectly
straight (a most unusual feature), in the four hind tarsi
also the basal joint is of unusual length. Of two males
before me one has the entire elytra dark, but in the other
they are pale at the base within a line extending to each
side from the hind margin of the scutellum.
CARPHURUS LONGUS, n. sp.
Q?. Flavous, apical half of antennae infuscate.
Head moderately long, with two feeble subfrontal impressions;
ndistinctly punctate; base feebly transversely strigose. Eyes rather
above the usual size. Antennae long and thin; all the joints more
or less subcylindrical and flattened, 10th and 11th almost equal in
length. Prothorax distinctly longer than wide, apex and sides near
apex rounded; base feebly bilobed and distinctly narrower than
apex. lytra longer than usual, dilated towards and each separately
strongly rounded at apex; with very dense and minute but clearly
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) P
210 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
defined punctures. Legs long; tarsi simple, but in all the basal
joint of unusual length.
Length to apex of elytra 43, of abdomen 74 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Kuranda (H. H. D. Griffith, ex
F, P. Dodd, February 1904).
A very distinct and almost entirely pale species in
build of body much resembling the preceding, but the
antennae and colours very different.
CARPHURUS ATRICAPILLIS, n. sp. (Zig. 167.)
Q. Pale reddish-flavous, apical third of antennae infuscate ; apical
third of elytra and a transverse spot on each side of metasternum
black. Elytra clothed with short whitish pubescence ; elsewhere
(and especially at the sides and apices of abdominal segments) with
long, thin, blackish hairs.
Head longer than wide ; feebly strigose at base, almost impunc-
tate. Eyes large but not very prominent. Antennae long and thin,
none of the joints transverse. Prothorax longer than wide, apex
wider than base, with the front angles strongly rounded. Scutellum
strongly transverse. Hlytra larger than usual, dilated posteriorly ;
with dense, small, and rather clearly defined punctures. Legs long
and thin.
Length to apex of elytra 6, of abdomen 9 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (Z£. Allen).
After the style of the two preceding species, but at once
distinguished by the elytra, the black apical marking of
these is not cut straight across, but is narrowly encroached
upon along the suture and semicircularly emarginated
between the suture and sides. The elytral punctures are
rather larger than in Jongus, the eyes are not quite so
prominent, and the antennae are slightly stouter.
CARPHURUS PUNCTATUS, 0. sp.
¢. Black; elytra deep bluish-green ; part of muzzle; parts of
prothorax and lower surface of four basal joints of antennae more or
less red.
Head short ; strongly and irregularly punctate ; a longitudinal
impression on each side in front. Antennae rather short and very
obtusely serrate. Prothorax slightly transverse, with rather large
irregularly distributed punctures. Hlytra rather strongly dilated
posteriorly, each rather strongly separately rounded at apex; with
dense rugose punctures of moderate size. Abdomen with distinct
Ss
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 211
punctures. Legs comparatively short; basal joint of front tarsi
large, about half their total length, inner margin curved.
Length to apex of elytra 5; of abdomen 7 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Bellerive (type in H. H. D. Griffith’s
collection).
A large dingy species. On the head near the middle
of the base there is an indistinct reddish spot, the middle
of the apex of the prothorax has an equilaterally triangular
reddish spot and this is very indistinctly connected with
the base, of which about one-fourth is pale. I do not
anticipate however that these markings are constant, but
the species is a very distinct one apart from colour. In
the only specimen before me the terminal joint of each
antennae is missing.
Genus NEOCARPHURUS, Lea, P. L.8., N.S.W., 1898, p. 580.
In this genus the prothorax is so deeply impressed near
the base, that seen from the side there appears to be no
room for the passage of any substance from the mouth to
the abdomen. The elytra are impunctate in all the species
and the head is largely excavated and tuberculated in the
male. The eyes when wetted or in living specimens are
of a beautiful emerald green.
I am acquainted with all the described species, and
these, with two new ones, may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Prothorax dark, except at extreme base.
a. Elytra of uniform colour. . . . . . sobrinus, n. sp.
aa. Elytra pale at base. . . . . . . basizonis, Lea.
AA. Prothorax pale ; at most iababate
B. Elytra bicolorous.
Bo Tarew pale oy 5 ef ss s SeMepnetatus, Lea.
BDar PEARS cata MS a ep epi a Va) 1a), CORES: Ely’ BPs
BB. Elytra unicolorous.
Oo Mlytta black 9 2... ee Le bereulatus, Lea.
aly pales ss es } + Ve I eROTOpS, bee:
NEOCARPHURUS BASIZONIS, Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1901,
p. 483.
The type of this species is a female; another (in the
Macleay Museum) has the elytral markings reduced to a
comparatively small spot on each shoulder. Another
Be
212 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
specimen in that museum is possibly the male; it has
the head testaceous, largely excavated in the middle and
with a large frontal elevation, which is emarginate pos-
teriorly and longitudinally impressed towards its base, but
convex and rounded in front (seen from behind the base of
this elevation appears as two small tubercles). The base
of its elytra (except about the scutellum) is pale, the pale
portion indistinctly continued along the sides to the apical
fourth, when it is diverted across the disc towards (but not
to) the suture, so as to appear as an indistinct, interrupted,
subapical fascia. At this place the elytra are quite sym-
metrically impressed (traces of these impressions can be
seen in the type). The prothorax instead of being black
and testaceous at the base, is of a dingy brown, and almost
white at the base.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Nowra.
TUBERCULATUS, Lea, /. ¢., 1895, p. 246 (Helcogaster).
N.S. Waues: Sydney.
IMPUNCTATUS, Lea, /. c., 249 (Carphurus).
N.S. Wass: Forest Reefs.
CHLoRopS, Lea, /. ¢., 1898, p. 580. (/ig. 95.)
N.W. AustTRALIA: Behn River.
NEOCARPHURUS COATESI, n. sp.
¢. Deep glossy black ; prothorax, basal third of elytra, four front
femora and coxac, and base of hind femora of a reddish-brown ; head
and six basal joints of antennae somewhat paler, terminal joints
infuscate. With a few moderately long scattered hairs.
Head irregularly and largely excavated; a strong trilobed eleva-
tion between eyes, the median lobe largest continued hindward and
again elevated. Antennae simple, extending almost to apex of elytra,
1lth joint long. Prothorax considerably longer than wide, sides
decreasing in width from apex to base, near base strongly trans-
versely impressed, base itself about half the width of apex. Hlytra
twice the width of the base of prothorax, and longer than prothorax
and head combined ; impunctate ; sides towards apex largely but
not suddenly impressed. Legs long and thin, basal joint of front
tarsi dilated.
Length to apex of elytra 2, of abdomen 3 mm.
Hab. N.S. Wates: Sydney (A. J. Coates).
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 213
In the type specimen the apex of the abdomen appears
to be terminated by three fascicles of hairs, much as it
is in many of the Staphylinidac, a character apparently
unique in the genus. Seen from the side the head bears
a ridiculous resemblance to the head of a hen, the median
tubercle standing for the comb. ‘The basal joint of the
front tarsi is rather smaller than is usual in the males of
the allied genera, and owing to being much the same
colour as the other joints is rather less distinctive.
NEOCARPHURUS SOBRINUS, n. sp. (Fg. 6.)
¢@. Blackish-brown, abdomen black; legs piceous, in places
diluted with testaceous ; head and antennae (the terminal joints
more or less infuscate) testaceous, extreme base of prothorax dull
flavous, with pale, moderately long, scattered hairs.
Head wide largely and irregularly excavated ; between antennae
with a three-ridged elevated space (the spaces between the ridges
concave), the median ridge longer than the others. Prothorax con-
siderably longer than wide, sides diminishing in width from apex to
near base, and then slightly dilated, near base less than half the
width of apex and strongly transversely impressed, base itself feebly
bilobed. Elytra much as in the preceding species. Legs long and
thin; femora curved, basal joint of front tarsi large, with a black
comb on its inner apex.
Length to apex of elytra 12, of abdomen 3 (cire.) mm.
Hab. N.S. Waues: National Park (A. If. Lea).
Seen from behind the head appears to be supplied with
two small acute tubercles between the eyes, this appear-
ance being due to the lateral ridges, the median one
though longer than the others being on a lower level, so
as to be invisible from behind.
Genus HELCOGASTER, Boh., Res. Eugen., p. 81.
I believe Fairmaire * placed Helcogaster as a synonym
of Carphurus and it probably is such +; but the majority
of the species form a very natural group, the members of
which are readily recognised by the naked eye alone, so
that even if the genus is to be sunk in Carphurus, there
* In a note I did not make a record of and cannot now find.
{ The first species (cyanopterus) referred to it by Bohemann is
quite an ordinary Carphuwrus,
214 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
can be no harm in referring species to it which can be
readily separated from the majority of Carphwri. The
main distinguishing feature of Helcogaster, as I regard it,
is the large excavations which are usually present in the
heads of the males (although in some of the species of
Carphurus the head is also largely excavated); the species
are also flatter, and usually with the elytra very indis-
tinctly or not at all punctured, and-the antennae are also
considerably longer.
The male can always be distinguished by the basal joint
of its front tarsi having a black, or at least very dark,
inner rim; this joint also is usually strongly rounded on
the inner side. The excavations of the head are often very
large, being both wide and deep, the posterior outlines of
the excavations are usually trisinuate. On the front
portion of the head there is often a large tubercle, this is
often concave with more or less acute lateral ridges, and it
is sometimes itself tuberculate ; in a number of species it
is present on the males even when the excavations are
absent. The head when seen from behind or from the
sides has often a very characteristic appearance and I have
usually described these appearances as I believe them to
be useful aids to the identification of most of the species ;
in looking at the head from behind the tubercles especially
show up in a very distinctive way.
The clothing usually consists of long sparse hairs and in
describing the species I have not considered it necessary
to mention it. Some of the specimens examined were
quite glabrous, but I have not even mentioned this as I
think it quite likely that this was due in some cases to
abrasion, as the hair appears to be but loosely fixed to the
derm.
I previously described one species (carinaticeps) from a
female only, and although this female is remarkably dis-
tinct I regret having done so, as I now think that no
species of the genus should be described without knowing
the male. The sculpture of the head is often so dissimilar,
that without certain knowledge (such as by the examina-
tion of specimens taken in cop.), it is often quite impossible
to mate the sexes; and the females of many species are so
closely allied as to render their separation into species very
difficult, even with the specimens before me; whilst from
descriptions alone I believe it to be impossible ; neverthe-
less the males, even although closely resembling each other
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 215
in colours, are very easily separated by the sculpture of the
head.
_ With the exception of brachypterus, impressifrons and
carinaticeps,* which are commented upon below, the malest
of all the described species may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Prothorax strongly notched in front . “ineisicollis, n. sp.
AA. Prothorax spinose infront . . . . spinicollis, n. sp.
AAA, Prothorax entire at apex, or at most
feebly bilobed.
B. Basal joints of antennae distorted. . foveicornis, n. sp.
BB. Basal joints not distorted.
C. Elytra very distinctly punctured . punectipennis, n. sp.
CC. Elytra indistinctly or not at all
punctured,
D. Prothorax partly or entirely dark.
a. Head not largely excavated.
b. Head partly pale and dis-
tinctiy punctured . . obliquiceps, 0. sp.
bb. Head entirely dark and im-
punctate "2 828: . . gagatinus, Lea.
aa. Head largely Seateied
c. Elytra partly pale . . . . ‘marginicollis, Lea.
cc. Elytra entirely dark.
d. Prothorax raised in middle
of apex.
e. Prothorax pale and
strongly punctured on
apical sides . . . . ruficornis, Lea.
ee. Prothorax entirely dark
and without distinct
punctures . . . . canaliculatus, Lea.
dd. Prothorax not raised in
middle of apex.
f. Head with excavations
transversely connected.
g. Head when seen from
behind with a thin
solitary tubercle . parallelus, Lea.
* And punctilobus and bacchanalis, which were described after the
table was drawn up.
+ I have not ventured to include any of the females in the table,
although some of them are sufficiently distinct,
216 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
gg. Head otherwise sculp-
tured , niger, D. Sp.
ff. Head with excavations
not transversely con-
he nected.
h. Excavations closed be-
hind . ater, n. sp.
hh. Excavations open be-
hind
DD. Prothorax entirely pale.
E. Head sometimes concave but
never largely excavated.
i. With a large frontal tubercle.
j. Elytra abdomen and legs
dark sr Twat
jj. Elytra abdomen and legs
partly pale .
ui. Without a large
tubercle.
k, Head concave between eyes
frontal
kk, Head convex between eyes.
1. Shoulders pale .
il. Shoulders dark
EE. Head largely excavated.
F. Excavation trisinaute pos-
teriorly.
m. Head entirely dark.
mm. Head pale in front.
n. Greater portion of legs
pale.
o. Head with a basal spot
ly ee eos eats
oo. Head with entire base
dark ;
nn. Greater portion of legs
dark.
p. Median tubercle de-
cidedly raised above
others . oe)
pp. Median tubercle not
so raised,
gq. Median sinus nar-
rower than the
lateral ones.
basirufus, D. sp.
heimsi, n. sp.
twberculifrons, 1. sp.
bilobus, n. sp.
simpliciceps, P.. sp.
pulchripes, n, sp.
nigriceps, D. sp.
maculiceps, R. sp.
fuscitarsis, n. sp.
tuberculatus, n. sp
varius, Lea.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 217
qq. Median sinus wider
than the lateral
ones.
vy. Median sinus
feebly curved . decipiens, n. sp.
rr. Median sinus
strongly curved tropicus, n. sp.
FF, Excavation not trisinuate
posteriorly.
G. Excavations longitudinal
and basal as well as
median . . .'. = . sulciceps, n, sp.
GG. Excavations transverse,
or more or less
rounded.
H. Head longitudinally as
well as obliquely
RUDI ORe tees eh gees
HH. Head transversely or
not at all strigose.
I, Head entirely dark . insularis, n. sp.
II. Head entirely pale . major, Lea.
III. Head partly dark.
J. Antennae pale at
base and apex . foveiceps, Lea.
JJ. Antennae pale
only at base.
K. Elytra_ entirely
dark . . . concaviceps, Lea.
KK. Elytra dark
only at apex rhyticephalus, n. sp.
strigiceps, Nn. sp.
HELCOGASTER BRACHYPTERUS, Boh., Res. Eugen., 1858 ,
p. 82; Lea, P. L.8., N.S.W., 1895, p. 244,
I find that I was mistaken in my previous identification
of this species, so that the remarks given in the above
reference would best be taken as unwritten.
The species belongs to a group of which it is almost—
(in some species quite)—essential that the sex (not men-
tioned by Bohemann) should be stated.
I have two distinct species which agree exactly with the
original description and a number of others which agree
218 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
fairly well except as to “Capite . . . tenwiter longitudina-
liter canaliculatum.”
Hab. N.S. Wass: Sydney.
HELCOGASTER IMPRESSIFRONS, Boh., Res. Eugen., 1858,
p. 83.
Apparently allied foveiceps, but elytra paler and not
uniformly coloured, and only the basal and apical joints of
antennae pale.
Hab. N.S. WAuES: Sydney.
HELCOGASTER FOVEICEPS, Lea, P. L. S., N.S.W., 1895,
p. 237.
On a recently taken male of this species there is a
narrow infuscate fascia (slightly interrupted at the middle)
just behind the middle of the prothorax.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney.
HELCOGASTER GAGATINUS, Lea., J.c., p. 238.
Hab. N. 8. Was: Sydney, Galston, Forest Reefs.
var. OCCIDENTALIS, n. var.
A male specimen from Rottnest Island (W. Australia)
apparently represents a variety of this species; it differs
from the type in being slightly smaller, with piceous
instead of deep black elytra, and with the frontal impressions
very feebly defined.
var. TASMANIENSIS, n. var.
Another apparent variety occurs in Tasmania; it has
the legs entirely and the antennae almost entirely dark * ;
the frontal impressions are rather less pronounced and the
size is larger. The only male before me is 4 mm. in
length, the females vary from 3 to 4 mm.
HELCOGASTER RUFICORNIS, Lea, /.¢., p. 239.
This species is very close to canaliculatus, and I was at
one time inclined to think that the two forms belonged to
but one species, but after a careful examination of the
* Tasmanian specimens of many insects are noticeably larger and
darker than their mainland fellows,
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 219
types (three of each), I cannot convince myself that such
is the case. It differs from canaliculatus in having the
antennae pale and the prothorax pale at the apex. Seen
from behind the head appears to be in two irregular lobes
with a deep channel between them. From behind the
head of canaliculatus appears to have a rather shallow
channel on each side in addition to the deep median one ;
but there may really be lateral channels in ruficornis that
are concealed by the clothing. In both species from the
sides there appear to be two tubercles over each eye (a
small one at the middle and a larger one at the base),
and the space between the median impression and each
eye has a peculiar (almost spongiose) appearance. Both
species were described as “almost impunctate,” but in
both there are some fairly distinct punctures on the head ;
whilst in suficornis the apical sides of the prothorax are
very decidedly punctate; in canaliculatus these parts are
opaque but not distinctly punctured.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney.
HELCOGASTER PARALLELUS, Lea, /.c., p. 141 ; 1898, p. 580.
(Fig. 7.)
The type of this species is probably not typical, as it
has the prothorax entirely dark except for a slight trace of
testaceous on each side of the base; two others before me*
have the base of the prothorax decidedly reddish.
A male also has the prothorax reddish at the base; its
head is largely and deeply excavated between the eyes and
in front. Seen from behind it appears to be largely
excavated + with a thin, acute (almost spinose) median
tubercle, and a large obtuse one close to each eye. Seen
from in front the excavation appears to be very decidedly
quadrisinuate posteriorly and supplied with three small
conical tubercles in front.
The head of the female is more distinctly impressed
than is usual in that sex.
Hab. W. AusTRALIA: King George’s Sound, Albany, t
Karridale.
* One of these was unfortunately described in 1898 as the male.
{ In other species in which the head is fully as much or almost
as largely excavated as in this, the head when seen from behind
does not appear to be excavated at all, owing to the tubercles,
Albany and King George’s Sound are not necessarily the same;
as Mr. Masters labelled all his captures both from the port itself
220 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
HELCOGASTER VARIUS, Lea, J. ¢., 1895, p. 245.
var. PALLIDIPENNIS, Lea, /.¢., p. 246. (Jigs. 8, 165.)
The elytra of this species are very variable in colour,
ranging from entirely pale to entirely dark. The most
common form perhaps and the one described by me as
typical is that in which the sides at the base are pale, but
the markings vary considerably in extent although the
shoulders are always pale. A variety which I propose to
name
var. NIGRIPENNIS, 0. var.,
is perhaps almost as common; in this form the elytra are
entirely dark. The variety in which the elytra are entirely
pale I have seen only from Tamworth.
The various forms are all variable in size, are not sexual
and freely pair with each other.
The species is abundantly represented in many parts of
New South Wales, and there are many other species
closely resembling both the typical form and the varieties,
but as the head of the male is very peculiarly sculptured
and quite constant in all the varieties (except to a slight
extent in the depth of the excavations), I have considered
it advisable to replace the original description of the head
by a fuller one as follows :—
¢. Head transverse, with distinct punctures at base; largely
excavated between the eyes, the excavation trisinuate posteriorly
(the hind margins almost level with an imaginary line connecting
the base of the eyes) ; median sinus smaller than the others, in
front of it a small conical tubercle which is behind a rather shallow
frontal excavation, on each side of this a small excavation connected
with the posterior one by a curved line. Eyes large but not especi-
ally prominent. Seen from behind the head appears to be supplied
with five small tubercles—three of equal size median and conical,
and a larger and obtuse one close toeach eye. There are really six
excavations on the head, three being larger than the others, but they
are all more or less connected with each other and are all often
and for some considerable distance inland as K. G. Sound ;
similarly Geraldton (there is also a Geraldton in Queensland) is not
necessarily the same as Champion Bay, as Mr. Duboulay gave
Champion Bay as the locality for insects that were collected many
miles inland from that port. In the earlier days of Western
Australia practically everything from that State was labelled “Swan
River.”
= Se eee
= en
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 221
slightly obscured by pubescence. The extreme base of the head is
transversely strigose, but this portion is usually concealed.
Q. Head less transverse and with smaller eyes, not excavated and
with distinct punctures, basal third regularly convex, apical two-
thirds flattened, with a feeble median longitudinal elevation in
front.
It will be well for future entomologists before describing
new species of the genus to try to identify this species;
the sculpture of the head of the male is very distinct but
the colours are very variable and each of its colour varieties
is exactly or almost exactly represented in other species. It
is widely distributed in New South Wales, and fully half
of the specimens of the genus taken by myself or sent to
me for examination belonged to it. The characteristic
appearance of the male head is best seen from behind, the
five tubercles being quite conspicuous and apparently
(though really not so) in an even line. The head of the
female, however, is much as in many other species.
Hab. N.S. WaAuEs: Sydney, Galston, Little Bay, Mount
Victoria, Jenolan, Queanbeyan, Clifton, Tamworth, Forest
Reefs; Victoria: Mordialloc, Melbourne.
HELCOGASTER CARINATICEPS, Lea (Car phurus), l. ¢., p. 248.
I was deceived by the sculpture of the head of the type
of this species and noted it as a male Carphurus ; its front
tarsi are simple, however, and it is really a female
Helcogaster. I do not know its male, but the tricarinate
should render the female easy of recognition.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Sydney.
CANALICULATUS, Lea, P. L.S., N.S.W., 1895, p. 239.
N.S. WALEs.
MARGINICOLLIS, Lea, /.c., p. 240. (Hig. 166.)
N.S. Waxes: Galston, Kurrajong, Blue Mountains.
CONCAVICEPS, Lea, /. ¢., p. 24:2.
N. S. Wates: Galston, National Park, Mount
Victoria.
MAJOR, Lea, l.¢., p. 243.
N. W. AUSTRALIA.
FUSCITARSIS, Lea, /.¢., p. 244.
N. S. WALES.
222 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
HELCOGASTER OBLIQUICEPS, ND. sp.
6. Black ; head (except at base), basal half of antennae and parts
of tibiae and tarsi testaceous ; base of prothorax not quite as dark as
the rest of its surface. :
Head comparatively large, with small punctures at base, obliquely
flattened and with coarse punctures between eyes. Antennae
stout, rather short, the joints feebly serrate. Prothorax elongate,
strongly transversely impressed at base. Hlytra impunctate. Basal
joint of front tarsi rounded and with a black inner margin.
Length to apex of elytra 13, of abdomen 2+ mm.
Hab. N.S. WAutEs: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd).
Differs from the males of the other species having the
prothorax black by its flattened non-excavated head and
by the colours and punctures of same.
HELCOGASTER NIGER, n. sp. (L729. 9.)
¢. Black ; knees and parts of five basal joints of antennae obscure
testaceous.
Head large, deeply and largely excavated between eyes, the
excavation trisinuate posteriorly, front with a large concave tubercle ;
base and sides transversely strigose and with a few scattered punctures.
Antennae long, passing apex of elytra, none of the joints transverse.
Prothorax feebly transverse, base strongly transversely impressed.
Elytra almost impunetate. Basal joint of front tarsi about half
their total length, rounded and with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 2, of abdomen 3 mm.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA (type in Macleay Museum).
From the above the cephalic excavations are not unlike
those of the males of varius, but seen from behind the
head appears very different; and its sculpture is very
different to all the others having the prothorax black.
The large frontal tubercle from some directions appears to
have its concavity opening behind into the deep median
excavation, so that this then appears to be formed of four
divisions of which the two lateral are larger than the two
median. The lateral ones from some directions appear to
be trilobed, so that the head then appears to have six instead
of four irregular foveae. The elytra from some directions
appear to be supplied with small wrinkled punctures, but
these are never distinctly visible, and perhaps are really
due to irregular contraction.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 223
HELCOGASTER ATER, 0. sp.
¢. Black ; apical half of head, antennae (the apical half more or
less infuscate), knees and front tibiae testaceous.
Head rather large, densely and rather strongly punctate and
transversely strigose at base ; largely excavated between eyes, the
excavations consisting of two large foveae, each of which is open in
front and closed behind, the two separated by an elevated ridge.
Antennae rather thin, extending almost to apex of elytra. Pro-
thorax elongate, strongly transversely impressed at base. Elytra
impunctate. Basal joint of front tarsi short and stout but with a
black inner rim.
Length to apex 13, of abdomen 2} mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Donnybrook (A. MZ. Lea).
The large cephalic excavations of the male render this
species very distinct.
HELCOGASTER INCISICOLLIS, n. sp. (fig. 96.)
¢@. Black; three basal joints of antennae testaceous; knees and
part of front tibiae and tarsi very obscure testaceous,
Head with a transverse ridge between eyes, the ridge impressed
in middle ; each side of base with a large fovea or excavation, each
side of middle of apex with a small rounded fovea. Antennae
long and thin, passing apex of elytra. Prothorax longer than
wide, produced and deeply notched in front, the produced
apices slightly upturned; strongly transversely impressed at
base. Hlytra impunctate. Legs longer and thinner than usual.
Basal joint of front tarsi not quite half their total length, rounded
and with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 13, of abdomen 24 mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River.
The distinctly notched apex of prothorax (probably
confined to the male) renders this species remarkably dis-
tinct, its antennae also are larger than in any other species
here recorded. The clothing of the head somewhat
obscures its sculpture, but this is of a very unusual nature,
as the largest excavations are basal instead of median.
Seen from behind the head appears to be supplied with
five small subconical equidistant tubercles; but of these
two are really the points of the produced apices of the
prothorax.
224 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
HELCOGASTER BASIRUFUS, 2. sp.
gd. Black ; apical half of head, prothorax (a large transverse
subapical blotch black and prosternum tipped in front with black),
front tibiae, parts of front femora and tarsi, and two basal joints
of antennae reddish-flavous; apex of antennae, four hind knees
and parts of middle tarsi obscure testaceous.
Head subelongate; with distinct scattered punctures and with
longitudinal and oblique excavations and elevations at the middle
phase. Antennae extending to middle legs. Prothorax slightly
longer than wide, apex very feebly lilobed and base feebly trans-
versely impressed. Elytra with a few scattered and indistinct
punctures. Basal joint of front tars¢ less than half their total
length, but rather strongly inflated, rounded, and with a black
inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 3, of abdomen 5 mm.
Hab. W. AuSTRALIA : Geraldton (A. If. Lea).
The colour of the prothorax is somewhat after the style
of parallelus (the black patch does not quite extend to the
extreme apex or sides, however), but the sculpture of the
head is totally different, both from that species and from
any other here recorded. In the middle of the head is a
longitudinal carina about one third of its total length,
between this and each eye is a narrow curved carina
and close to each eye another but less distinct one, the
spaces between being more or less deeply excavated ; of
the excavations the largest ones are the lateral; each of
these runs to a point at the front end of each eye, but
posteriorly widens out so that the two become united ;
marking the position of their junction is a small impres-
sion connecting them with the median ones. Seen from
behind the head appears to have three small median sub-
conical tubercles. The two basal joints of antennae are
distinctly paler than the following ones, the three next
being very dark, the succeeding joints then gradually
become paler but the apical joint is darker than the basal
ones. In one of the two specimens before me the front
tibiae are slightly infuscate in middle.
HELCOGASTER PUNCTIPENNIS, 0. Sp.
6. Flavous; apical half of elytra purplish-black, six apical
joints of antennae and tip of abdomen black; metasternum more
or less infuscate.
aie <a ee
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 225
Head with scattered punctures and at base transversely strigose ;
concave but not largely excavated between eyes; in front witha
large tubercle. Antennae rather long and thin, but not extending
to apex of elytra. Prothorax longer than wide, base considerably
narrower than apex and shallowly transversely impressed ; a few
small punctures at the sides in front. lytra long; densely covered
with rather large, sharply defined punctures. Basal joint of front
tarsi about half their total length and with a dark inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 23, of abdomen 3? mm.
Q. Differs in being larger; head with more distinct punctures,
without tubercle and absolutely bifoveate in front; and the front
tarsi simple.
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (types in Macleay Museum).
Placed in Helcogaster on account of the concave head
and long antennae, but the strongly punctured elytra
(which alone readily distinguishes it from all recorded
species of Helcogaster) would seem to imply that it
belongs to Carphurus). The apical tubercle on the head of
the male from above appears to be obtuse, ovate, and with
a large median puncture; from the sides it appears as a
narrow abrupt ridge, and from behind as a small acute
tubercle.
HELCOGASTER TUBERCULIFRONS, n. sp. (Fg. 10.)
¢. Reddish-flavous. Seven terminal joints of antennae, apical
three-fifths of elytra and two apical segments of abdomen black ;
metasternum and two apical joints of tarsi infuscate.
Head with small punctures and at base transversely strigose ;
feebly impressed or flattened between eyes and on each side in
front ; with a large trilobed tubercle. Antennae rather long and
thin, but not passing hind coxae. Prothorax slightly longer than
wide, towards base with a large shallow impression, base distinctly
narrower than apex. Hlytra elongate ; almost impunctate. Basal
joint of front tarsi with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 2}, of abdomen 3} mm.
Hab. N.S. WauEs: Illawarra (ZZ. J. Carter).
From above the cephalic tubercle appears to be trilobed,
the frontal lobe with the apex almost between antennae,
the hinder lobes almost exactly midway between the eyes,
the hinder lobes are connected with the frontal one but
not with each other; from behind the head appears to
have a small bilobed median tubercle, from the sides a
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) Q
226 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
narrow median abruptly terminated ridge. In colour it
resembles apicalis, rhyticephalus and punctipennis, from the
latter distinguished by the almost impunctate elytra and
from all three by the differently sculptured head.
HELCOGASTER RHYTICEPHALUS, 0. Sp.
gd. Flavous or reddish-flavous ; a subtriangular basal spot on
head, apical third (or fourth) of elytra, scutellum, metasternum,
abdomen (all the segments more or less red at apex and sides) coxae,
base of femora, two apical joints of tarsi and seven terminal joints of
antennae black or blackish.
Head with scattered punctures, at base transversely strigose ;
largely excavated between eyes, the excavation bisinuate posteriorly,
the two lobes separated by a projecting median tubercle, middle near
apex with a large concave tubercle. Antennae thin, almost extend-
ing to hind legs. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, moderately
strongly impressed at base. Elytra almost impunctate. Basal joint
of front tarsi comparatively short, with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 21, of abdomen 4 mm.
Q. Differs in being larger, the head with more numerous and
evenly distributed punctures, with a flattened space infront, which
is marked at the sides and posteriorly by a curved impression ; the
eyes are smaller, placed nearer the front and the front tarsi are
simple.
Hab. N.S. Waves (Macleay Museum): Sydney (Z. J.
Carter), Bulli (A. JL. Lea).
The very largely and peculiarly excavated head of the
male very readily distinguishes it from all those species
having somewhat similar colours. The excavation occupies
the entire space between the eyes, and about one half of
the length of the head; the frontal tubercle is unusually
large and posteriorly is continued as a process which over-
hangs the excavation and almost meets the median
projecting tubercle, the latter is rendered more distinct by
being tipped with black and with black pubescence.
From behind the head appears to be composed of three
large lobes, the median being composed of the two tubercles
and the lateral bounded externally by the eyes. The dark
parts of tle femora vary in extent being sometimes notice-
able at the extreme base only, whilst at other times they
leave bui little more than the knees reddish. The
abdomen might be regarded as red with each of the
segments clouded with black. The dark apical portion of
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 227
the elytra varies in extent and although usually is not
always sharply defined.
HELCOGASTER SULCICEPS, n. sp.
¢. Flavous ; scutellum, elytra (shoulders and part of the sides
behind them excepted), metasternum, abdomen and from six to
eight terminal joints of antennae black or blackish ; apical joints of
tarsi slightly infuscate.
_Head with three longitudinal impressions between eyes and at
base ; with a distinct median tubercle. Antennae scarcely passing
middle coxae, some of the joints feebly transverse. Prothorax about
as long as the width at apex, which is considerably wider than base ;
strongly impressed at base. Hlytra impunctate. Basal joint of
front tarsi comparatively short, with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 2, of abdomen 3 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES (type in Macleay Museum).
Almost in the exact middle of the head is a raised
tubercle, seen from the sides this appears as a flattened
ridge, but which is produced acutely backwards ; immedi-
ately behind the tubercle is a comparatively shallow
impression which is continuous to the base, its sides
bounded by obtuse ridges ; between each of these and the
eye is a deep, curved, wide impression, which is continued
to just in front of the eye. From behind the head appears
flat, with a distinctly elevated median tubercle, which is
flat topped and slightly produced on each side. In some
lights and from certain directions the head appears to have
five impressions instead of three, but this appearance is
deceptive. The pale markings at the sides occupy about
one-third of the length of the elytra, but although very
distinct at the shoulders are not sharply defined behind.
The elytra are much as in some of the varieties of varius,
but the head and legs are differently coloured and the
sculpture of the head is very different to that of any other
species here recorded. C. /aesifrons (which is possibly a
Helcogaster) may be allied but its head is differently
sculptured and its abdomen has the terminal segments
pale.
HELCOGASTER SIMPLICICEPS, n. sp.
¢. Reddish-flavous ; scutellum, elytra (a large patch on each
shoulder excepted), metasternum, abdomen, parts of four hind coxae,
Q2
228 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
and apical half of antennae black ; intermediate joints of the latter
and apical joints of tarsi more or less infuscate.
Head without excavations; slightly flattened and with very
distinct punctures between eyes. Antennae thin, almost extending
to hind coxae. Prothoraz elongate, strongly impressed at base.
Elytra almost impunctate. Basal of joint tarsi moderately long,
slightly rounded and with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 13, of abdomen 3 mm.
Hab. N. S. Waxes: Gosford (4. JZ. Lea), Kurrajong
(Macleay Museum).
The simple head of the male (in shape much as that of
obliquiceps) readily distinguishes it from most species of the
genus ; the elytra are coloured much as in some of the
varieties of varius. The colours much resemble those of
the preceding species except that a greater space in each
shoulder is pale, but in that species the head is largely
excavated.
A specimen (evidently the female) differs from the two
males before me in having the head smaller, more convex
and with smaller and sparser punctures; its elytra also
have their basal marking larger and continuous across the
suture.
HELCOGASTER BILOBUS, n. sp.
d¢. Black ; apical half of upper and the entire lower surface of
head, prothorax, shoulders and a short space behind them, knees
(largely), base of tarsi, and basal joints of antennae, flavous or
reddish-flavous.
Head distinctly and almost regularly punctate, base transversely
strigose, concave but not largely excavated between eyes and without
frontal tubercle. Antennae long and thin, almost extending to
hind coxae. Prothorax moderately elongate, strongly impressed at
base. Elytra with sparse and very indistinct punctures. Basal
joint of front tarsi comparatively small but with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 25, of abdomen 4 mm.
Q. Differs in being larger, the head more convex, with a scarcely
traceable median impression the eyes smaller, more to the front and
the front tarsi simple.
Hab. N. 8. Waters: Blue Mountains (ZL. W. Ferguson),
Mount Victoria, National Park (A. Jf. Lew); VIcTORIA :
S. Wandin, Monbulk (— Jarvis).
The head of the male is not so simple as in simpliciceps
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 229
and obliquiceps but is much less excavated than usual, the
concave portion has a trisinuate outline posteriorly ; seen
from behind it appears to be in two distinct lobes and no
tubercles appear (nor in fact are there any such). The
strigosities are more distinct at the sides than elsewhere.
Although at first sight apparently a variety of varius the
shape of the head of the male is so totally different as to
render the two species easily separable.
HELCOGASTER MACULICEPS, n. sp. (fg. 11.)
¢. Flavous or reddish-flavous ; a spot in middle of base of head,
scutellum, elytra (except at base and the sides to beyond the middle),
metasternum, abdomen (to a variable extent) and apical two-thirds
of antennae, black or blackish.
Head with basal half distinctly punctate and (especially at the
sides) transversely strigose ; ‘largely excavated between eyes, the
excavation trisinuate posteriorly, the median sinus deeper and wider
than the lateral ; middle of excavation with a small obtuse tubercle,
front with a large concave tubercle. Antennae long, but not very
thin, almost touching hind coxae. Prothorax longer than wide,
rather widely and shallowly impressed towards base. Hlytra almost
impunctate. Basal joint of front tarsi about one-third of their total
length, with an inner black rim.
Length to apex of elytra 23, of abdomen 44 mm.
. Differs in having the head less transverse, the eyes smaller and
more frontal in position, a semicircular impression in front, the
antennae shorter and thinner, the prothorax shorter and the front
tarsi simple.
Hab. N.S. WALES: National Park, Bulli (A. I. Lea).
The black spot on the head is slightly variable in size,
but apart from this is quite constant and distinct in both
sexes, so that the female is more distinct than usual in
the species and varieties having similarly coloured elytra.
The legs (except for a slight infuscation of the tarsi) are
frequently almost entirely pale, but often have the femora
(to a variable extent) dark at the base, and occasionally
the tibiae are infuscate in the middle. In the female the
head often has a black patch on its lower surface. The
abdomen varies from being almost entirely dark to dark
only along the middle, and both upper and lower surfaces
are variable. In colour of elytra it is much like the
typical form of varius, but (apart from colour of head and
230 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Levision of the
legs) the excavation of the head of male with a suddenly
elevated tubercle in its middle; and its median posterior
sinus very wide, and the lateral ones indistinct ; seen from
both behind and the sides also it appears very different.
The head is nearer to that of fuscitarsis than any here
recorded, but is not the same, and with the elytra, is
differently coloured ; the prothorax also is decidedly longer.
Seen from behind the head appears concave in the middle,
but on raising the point of view the median tubercle
(which is flat-topped) appears, at a slightly higher eleva-
tion a small tubercle appears on each ridge of it; these
being really the tips of the frontal tubercle, which from in
front is seen to be of semilunar shape.
HELCOGASTER FOVEICORNIS, n. sp. (Jigs. 78, 79.)
¢. Reddish-flavous ; basal half of upper surface of head, meta-
sternum, parts of antennae, of tarsi, and of four hind tibiae, more or
less infuscate ; elytra and abdomen deep black.
Head wider than usual ; very indistinctly punctate ; moderately
convex, with a feeble longitudinal impression in middle and a feeble
one on each side of apex. Antennae long, 1st joint (except at base)
very stout, its outer apex foveate, 2nd much smaller than Ist, very
narrow at base and then suddenly inflated on one side, 3rd and 4th
comparatively stout, the others gradually decreasing in width. Pro-
thorax as long as the width at apex, apex considerably wider than
base ; with a strong basal impression. Hlytra impunctate. Basal
joint of front tarsi about half their total length, with the inner
margin strongly rounded and black rimmed.
Length to apex of elytra 2, of abdomen 3 mm.
Hab. N.S. WaueEs: National Park (A. IZ. Lea).
Readily distinguished from all the species here recorded
by the basal joints of antennae, which in appearance much
resemble those of the males of certain species of Lazus.
There are four males before me, of these one has the
apical half of the antennae almost black, in another the
apical third is moderately infuscate, whilst in the two
others the apical joints are but little darker than the others.
In two of the specimens the basal joint has a dark spot.
The scutellum is pale, an unusual feature in a species
having the elytra entirely dark.
HELCOGASTER INSULARIS, n. sp.
d. Deep black, elytra with a slight bluish or greenish gloss ;
+
. -
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 231
prothorax reddish ; parts of three basal joints of antennae and of
mandibles obscure testaceous.
Head densely punctate, at base and sides transversely, in front
longitudinally strigose ; largely excavated between eyes the excava-
tion irregularly bilobed, with posteriorly a bi-sinuate outline, and
an acute projecting median tubercle. Antennae extending to apex
of elytra, more strongly serrate than usual. Prothorax not much
longer than wide, strongly impressed at base. Hlytra with shallow,
rugose, indistinct punctures. Basal joint of front farsi strongly
rounded and about half their total length.
Length to apex of elytra 3, of abdomen 5 mm.
9. Differs in being larger ; the head longer, with a shallow (but
for the sex rather deep) impression between the eyes, the impression
very irregular in front, the antennae shorter and thinner, with the
serrations less strongly pronounced ; prothorax slightly transverse
elytra larger and the front tarsi simple.
Hab. TASMANIA (Aug. Simson): Frankford, Huon River,
Stonor, Mount Wellington (A. MZ. Lea), Hobart (H. J.
Carter).
In the male the hind edge of the cephalic excavation is
not emarginate in the middle but has a strong projecting
lobe, a character at once distinguishing it from most of the
species here recorded. In concaviceps the excavation is
slightly lobed in the middle but the lobe scarcely interferes
with the general sweep of the excavation, and the head
when seen from behind appears concave, whilst in the pre-
sent species it appears convex; concaviceps is also a shorter
and wider species, with shorter and less serrate antennae and
legs not entirely black. The excavation is very irregular,
and from some directions its posterior margin appears to
be quadrisinuate, this appearance being due to a feeble
elevation between the tubercles and each eye; the frontal
tubercle is so concave as to be practically absent, but its
sides are marked by acute ridges which slightly converge
posteriorly ; between the tips of these ridges is an acutely
raised carina. Seen from the sides the head appears to
have a conicle tubercle, which is deeply cleft in the middle.
From behind, as the point of view is raised, one, three, or
five small and obtuse elevations appear. The elytra are
rather densely punctate, but the punctures are nowhere
sharply defined, and in fact are so rugose that they can
scarcely be regarded as true punctures at all. The front
tibiae are cccasionally obscurely diluted with testaceous.
232 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
The impressions on the head of the female are slightly
variable and on some specimens appear as a shallow im- *
pression on each side between the eyes, with several smaller
ones or small obsolete foveae in front.
This and all the following species so strongly resemble
each other in colour of prothorax, elytra and abdomen,
and generally of head, antennae and legs, that practically
the only reliable feature on which to differentiate them is
the sculpture of the head of the male. The previously
described fuscitarsis, brachypterus and carinaticeps and one
form of varius are also similarly coloured, whilst con-
caviceps is somewhat similar and major might be regarded
as just outside of the group. I have females of many
other series belonging to the group, and probably of some
of those of which only the males are now described.
HELCOGASTER T-TUBERCULATUS, n. sp. (Fig. 12.)
¢. Black ; elytra with a slight bluish or greenish gloss; apical
half of upper and the whole lower surface of head, prothorax, and
three basal joints of antennae reddish-flavous, knees and 3rd and
4th joints of antennae obscure testaceous.
Head distinctly punctate, base transversely strigose; largely
excavated between eyes, the excavation posteriorly trisinuate ; in
middle of excavation a suddenly raised flat-topped tubercle, on each
side in front of this to the apex a narrow acute ridge. Antennae
not extending to hind legs. Prothorax longer than wide, shallowly
impressed at base. Hlytra almost impunctate. Basal joint of front
tarsi moderately long, rounded and with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 3}, of abdomen 55 mm.
Hab. N. 8. WAuEs: Jenolan (A. JL. Lea).
Seen from behind with five elevations on the head as in
varius, but the median one of different shape, being narrow
at its base and at the top widened so as to somewhat
resemble the letter T, it is also decidedly elevated above
the others. /wscitarsis (which from some directions appears
to have the head similarly sculptured) when seen from
behind appears to have but one tuberele on the head, and
in addition has the legs paler and the prothorax shorter.
The excavations are closed posteriorly but open in front ;
the frontal tubercle (except for the ridges marking its
sides) is entirely absent. There are two males before me.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 238
HELCOGASTER TROPICUS, 0. sp.
¢. Colour as in the preceding species except that sie less of
the base of the head is black, that its under surface is somewhat
obscure, and that more of the four front tibiae are diluted with
testaceous. The head is somewhat similarly sculptured but the
median sinus is much wider the median elevation shorter (so as
not to appear elevated above the rest when the head is viewed
from behind) and obtusely conical, the frontal tubercle present
(but still very concave), and its sides marked by subtubercular
elevations instead of ridges. The antennae are somewhat thinner
and the front tarsi are stouter.
Length to apex of elytra 3, of abdomen 5 mm,
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Cairns (type in Macleay Museum).
Seen from behind the head appears to have a small
tubercle close to each eye and an obtuse median one, on
making the range of view more oblique the median tubercle
appears to divide into three—a rounded one, on each side
of which is a small subconical one. The median sinus of
the head occupies about two-thirds of the space between
the eyes, whilst in the preceding species it occupies only
about half the space. There are two males before me.
HELCOGASTER NIGRICEPS, n. sp.
¢. Deep black, elytra with a bluish gloss; prothorax and two
basal joints of antennae reddish-flavous ; parts of coxae and tro-
chanters, base of front femora, and the extreme sides of basal
segments of abdomen obscure reddish-brown.
Head densely punctate, the sides transversely strigose ; largely
and deeply excavated between eyes, in middle with a small sub-
conical tubercle. Antennae not very long, just passing middle coxae.
Prothorax scarcely longer than wide, sides strongly rounded, base
feebly impressed. lytra more dilated towards apex than usual ;
with small but moderately distinct punctures. Basal joint of front
tarsi about half their total length, rounded, and with a deep black
inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 23, of abdomen 33 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Nowra (type in Macleay Museum).
The entirely dark head distinguishes from 7-tuberculatus,
tropicus, and the others having the cephalic impression
trisinuate posteriorly; the median elevation is shaped
somewhat as in Z-tuberculatus but is below instead of
234 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
above the general level, whilst the outline of the body
resembles that of concaviceps. The excavation is nowhere
open, and its whole outline is quadrisinuate. The median
frontal sinus is narrower than the posterior one, in con-
sequence the lateral ones are more apical than basal ; the
median basal sinus in fact is so wide that the ‘base might
be quite fairly regarded as unisinuate. From behind from
one point of view there appear to be three small tubercles
below the level of the non-excavated portion. From the
sides there appears to be a small tubercle close to each
eye. The elytral punctures are small, not very dense, and
many of them are rugose, but from certain directions a
few of them are sufficiently clear.
HELCOGASTER DECIPIENS, n. sp.
3. Deep black, elytra with a slight greenish gloss ; a subtriangu-
lar apical portion of head, prothorax, and two basal joints of antennae
reddish-flavous ; extreme base of tibiae testaceous.
Head with rather small punctures in places ; base and sides more
distinctly strigose than usual ; largely excavated between eyes, the
excavation trisinuate posteriorly; frontal tubercle large and concave,
its sides in front thickened and subtuberculate, its base in middle
marked by an acute conical tubercle. Antennae (and especially the
apical joint) stouter than usual, terminated half-way between middle
and hind coxae. Prothorax about as long as wide, apex very feebly
impressed. Hlytra almost impunctate. Basal joint of front tarsi
not very large, but strongly rounded,
Length to apex of elytra 3, of abdomen 5 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA : Swansea (A. IZ. Lea).
The cephalic excavations, though large, are rather smaller
than usual. The median sinus wide and without a pro-
jecting median lobe, elytra smoother and front of head
pale readily distinguishes it from insularis (the common
Tasmanian Species) to which in colour and general appear-
ance it bears a striking resemblance. The width alone
of the median sinus at once distinguishes it from varius,
although when viewed from behind the head appears to
have five tubercles, but of these the median one is ina
ditferent position. From the others having the base of
the excavation trisinuate it can be distinguished by the
median tubercle (which is very distinct from the sides) not
rising from its own base but forming part of the frontal
elevation. In the unique specimen before me the extreme
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodernidae. 235
sides of the elytra are almost white, but I attach no
importance to this.
HELCOGASTER STRIGICEPS, n. sp.
6. Deep black; elytra with a slight bluish gloss; prothorax
reddish-flavous ; four basal joints of antennae (wholly or in part)
and extreme base of tibiae, testaceous.
Head with less prominent eyes than usual; densely strigose both
obliquely and longitudinally ; irregularly excavated on apical half.
Antennae rather short, scarcely passing middle coxae. Prothorax
slightly transverse, not impressed at base. Hlytra very feebly punc-
tate. Basal joint of front tarsi rather small, but strongly rounded
and with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 24, of abdomen 4 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Mount Victoria (A. IM. Lea).
The cephalic excavations are very different to those of
any species here recorded; they are not all more or less
connected as is usually the case, but there are two com-
paratively small foveae forming a median excavation, the
two combined occupying about half of the width between
eyes, but only about one-fourth of the length of head;
between them and each eye is a rather shallow, curved
groove, completely margined all round (except at the
extreme front) and the two separated in front by a rather
wide median elevation the hind edge of which divides
the median excavation into the two fovea. Seen from
behind the head appears to have three slight, rounded,
distant spaces, scarcely elevated above the general level ;
whilst from the sides it appears to be flattened. The
strigosities of the head are denser than usual, and, instead
of being transverse, are longitudinal at the base.
A specimen which is possibly the female (it was beaten
from the same bush as the male) has the head feebly im-
pressed in front, transversely strigose at the base, prothorax
transversely impressed at the base and front tarsi simple.
In colours and general appearance it exactly resembles the
male but as its antennae are distinctly longer I am some-
what doubtful as to the two specimens being really
correctly mated.
HELCOGASTER HELMSI, n. sp. (Jigs. 13, 14.)
6. Deep black, elytra with a decided bluish or greenish gloss ;
prothorax and three basal joints of antennae reddish-flavous.
236 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Head rather densely and irregularly punctate ; concave but not
deeply excavated between eyes ; with a large frontal tubercle, which
in front has two small tubercles and behind a rather larger and
acute one, Antennae terminated half-way between middle and hind
coxae. Prothorax about as long as wide, base transversely impressed.
Elytra with minute, scattered punctures. Basal joint of front tarsi
rather large and rounded.
Length to apex of elytra 3, of abdomen 5 mm.
2. Differs in having the head longer, with the eyes smaller and
more to the front, convex between eyes, with an obtuse simple
tubercle in the same position as the male ; prothorax slightly trans-
verse front tarsi simple.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Mount Kosciusko, 5,700-6,000 feet
(R. Helms).
There are eight specimens before me, but only one of
these is a male. Its head is rather roughly sculptured
but nowhere deeply excavated or foveate ; in front there
is a large almost pear-shaped tubercle, which from certain
directions appears to be simple, but there are really
three smaller conical tubercles on it and these can be seen
quite distinctly when the head is viewed from behind or
from the sides. There are remains of the trisinuate out-
line that is so distinct in many species, but this sinuous
appearance is caused more by two very obtuse elevations
than by the excavations.
HELCOGASTER PULCHRIPES, 0. sp.
¢. Black, elytra with or without a slight bluish or greenish gloss,
head (basal half of upper surface excepted) prothorax, four front
femora and tibiae, and base of hind tibiae reddish-flavous; apical
half of antennae more or less infuscate.
Head wider than usual; rather distinctly punctate and at the
sides feebly strigose ; a rather shallow impression on each side in
front. Antennae not passing middle coxae. Prothorax slightly
transverse, feebly impressed at base. lytra densely and minutely
punctate. Basal joint of front tarsi not quite half their length,
strongly rounded and with a black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 24, of abdomen 4 mm.
2. Differs in having the head slightly longer, the frontal impres-
sions very shallow, the eyes slightly smaller and more to the front
and the front tarsi simple.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Geraldton (A. MZ. Lea).
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 237
The feebly sculptured head of the male is much as in
many females of the genus, and in fact but little different
from its own female, but the basal joint of the front tarsi is
unmistakably masculine. Of the other species having the
head almost simple and the prothorax pale foveicornis has
the basal joint of antennae strongly inflated, and simplici-
ceps has the basal joint of front tarsi much smaller and the
head legs and elytra differently coloured. The elytral punc-
tures are somewhat rugose but sufficiently distinct, they are,
however, very much smaller than in punctipennis, but, with
that exception, are more distinct than in any other species
here recorded. In the female the front femora have some-
times half their base dark, whilst the middle femora are
almost entirely dark, but in the males the four front
femora are usually entirely pale, although they are occa-
sionally tipped at the base with black. 1n both cases the
amount of flavous at the base of the hind tibiae is variable
in extent. In the female the lower surface of the head is
occasionally blackish.
HELCOGASTER SPINICOLLIS, n. sp. (F%g. 97.)
6. Black ; prothorax, shoulders, two basal joints of antennae,
front knees and middle femora red or flavous.
Head large, transverse, deeply excavated. Antennae compara-
tively short and stout, many of the joints transverse. Prothorax
transverse, sides rounded, base truncate, apex rather largely bilobed,
with short acute projection from between the lobes. Elytra almost
impunctate. Basal joint of front tarsi about half their total length
and with black inner rim. ‘
Length to apex of elytra 14, of abdomen 2} mm.
Hab. N.S. WauEs: Bulli (A. M. Lea).
In the type the shoulders are much paler than the
prothorax, but I attach no importance to this. The head
is deeply excavated on its basal half, the excavation being
feebly bilobed posteriorly and irregular in front; across the
middle of the excavation is an isolated carina. Seen from
the front the middle of the front of the head appears to
consist of a slightly concave, heart-shaped and rather
coarsely punctured space; but the whole sculpture of the
head is somewhat obscured by its clothing. It is at once
distinguished from all the other known species by the
apex of its prothorax.
238 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
HELCOGASTER PUNCTILOBUS, n. sp.
¢. Flavous, in places reddish ; apical two-thirds of elytra and
extreme tip of abdomen, black ; apical two-thirds of antennae and
metasternum infuscate.
Head transverse, not largely excavated but divided into two large
feebly convex lobes, each of which is densely and rather coarsely
punctured, the space between depressed, shining and impunctate.
Antennae long and thin. Prothorax rather feebly transverse ; apex
wider than base. lytra rather long, each separately rounded at
apex, almost impunctate. Basal joint of front tarsi about half their
total length, with a rather wide black inner rim.
Length to apex of elytra 2, of abdomen 3 mm.
Q. Differs in haviug the head smooth, almost impunctate and less
transverse, with smaller eyes and simple tarsi.
Hab. N.S. WaEs: National Park, Bulli (A. I Lea).
In three females the metasternum is darker than in
the male and the abdomen varies—in one being almost
entirely black, in another only the two apical segments are
dark, whilst in the third it is slightly infuscate below (ex-
cept for the two apical segments) and almost entirely dark
above. In the male the prothorax is strongly ridged (not
carinate) along the middle, probably naturally so, but
possibly owing to irregular contraction.
In appearance the species is close to tuberculifrons and
the following, but the sculpture of the head of the male is
very different. In the table* it would have been placed
next to bilobus, from which it is at once distinguished by
its colour; the sculpture of the head, however, is also
different.
HELCOGASTER BACCHANALIS, n. Sp.
¢. Flavous; base of head and apical two-thirds of elytra black,
metasternum, apex of abdomen and apical half of antennae infuscate. °
Head transverse, largely excavated between the eyes, these larger
than usual. Antennae long and rather thin. Prothorax transverse,
apex much wider than base. lytra rather long and dilated pos-
teriorly ; with small, indistinct, rugulose punctures. Basal joint of
front tarsi less than half their total length and with a black inner
rim.
* This and the following species were described after the table
was prepared.
ee
— = ee eee
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidaec. 239
Length to apex of elytra 24, of abdomen 4 mm.
Q. Differs in having the head with only two feeble impressions
in front, and a greater portion of its area black.
Hab. N.S. Waxes: Richmond River (A. Jf, Lea).
The two specimens before me were previously identified
by me as the Carphurus apicalis of Macleay, with the de-
scription of which they closely agree, but the head of the
male is very differently sculptured from that of the male of
this species.* The impressions on the head of the male of
this species are trilobed posteriorly, the lateral channels are
longer, but not quite so wide as the median one, the hind
ends of all are level, but the front end of the median one
is almost exactly level with the middle of each eye, and is
there obscurely connected with the lateral ones; in tha
middle of its front portion is a short suddenly elevated
carina (this from some directions causes the head to appear
as if it had four longitudinal channels instead of only three),
the carina appearing as a prolongation of a frontal raised
space, the whole being shaped like a flask, of which the
carina is the neck, the resemblance to a flask being most
distinct from the back and from the sides obliquely. Seen
from the sides, the head appears to have a longitudinal
ridge, interrupted at its middle.
In the table it would have been placed next to fuscitar-
sis, but the head is differently sculptured and the elytra
differently coloured.
SUBFAMILY MELYRIDES.
Genus DasyrTes,} Payk., Faun. Suec., II, p. 156; Lacord.,
Gen. Coleop., IV, p. 400.
This genus is of world-wide distribution, but hitherto
only four species belonging to it have been recorded from
Australia, probably on account of the small size and obscure
colours of most of the species. I do not know any foreign
members of the genus, but the Australian species readily
fall into two sections (or perhaps genera).
1. Of comparatively large size, flat bodied, with long
hair and with the prosternum foveate.
2. Of very small size, rather strongly convex and densely
* See comments under apicalis.
{ For full synonymy of this genus see Lacordaire.
240 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
and finely pubescent; frequently also with a metallic gloss,
prosternum not foveate.
To the first section belongs the species I have redescribed
as fuscipennis, and in my opmion it belongs to a different
genus to all the other species here noted (with the possible
exception of nigricans) and which belong to the second
section.
The pubescence of the members of the second section
appears to be easily abraded, the antennae usually extend
(when drawn backwards over the prothorax) to or slightly
beyond the scutellum and in most of these species the in-
dividual joints are shaped much as they are in squiresensis.
The abdomen of the species of this section also often
appears to have the hinder edges of the segments serrated,
but this appearance is really due to the pubescence being
matted together.
The species, with the exception of nigricans, which is
commented on below, may be tabulated as follows :—
A. Prothorax with long setose hair . . fuscipennis, Hope.
AA. Prothorax pubescent.
B. Elytra with semi-upright hairs in ad-
dition to pubescence.
a. Elytra with numerous subgranu-
lar elevations . 3 ; . granulipennis, 0. sp.
aa. Elytra with punctures only . sqwiresensis, Blackb.
BB. Elytra pubescent only.
C. Prothorax with comparatively
coarse punctures.
b. Punctures all sharply defined sobrinus, n. sp.
bb. Punctures more or less
rugose. 2 , 5
CC. Prothorax (at least in middle)
with small or very small punc-
tures.
D. Femora partly pale. . bowrgeoisi, n. sp.
DD. Femora entirely dark.
E. Prothorax feebly trans-
versely impressed near
base.
c. Impression continuous australiae, n. sp.
cc. Impression interrupted
in middle ; . evanidus, n. sp.
EE. Prothorax not so impressed.
abundans, n. sp.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 241
F. Prothorax as wide as
elytra . : - amplicollis, n. sp.
FF. Prothorax narrower
than elytra
G. Pubescence dense
comparatively
log and al-
most pure
white . . helmsi, Blackb.
GG. Pubescence
sparsey,
shorter, and
darker.
H. Prothoracicand
elytral punc-
tures very
small . - corticariordes, n. sp.
HH. These punc-
tures small
but consider-
ably larger
than in corti-
carioides . wiburdi, nu. sp.
DASYTES FUSCIPENNIS, Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845,
p. 105.
Dark reddish or piceous, brown, sometimes almost black ; append-
ages usually paler. Upper surface densely clothed with long
blackish hair or setae, denser and shorter on elytra than elsewhere,
tibiae densely setose, the rest of the legs and the under surface
rather sparsely pubescent.
Head transverse, somewhat flattened ; with large shallow punc-
tures, moderately dense between eyes, absent elsewhere. Antennae
extending to scutellum; Ist joint large, 2nd longer than 3rd, 4th-
8th small and globular, 9th-10th larger and globular ; 11th pyri-
form. Eyes large, rather coarsely faceted. Prothorax strongly trans-
verse, sides and base margined; with large shallow punctures.
Scutellwm strongly transverse ; with distinct punctures. Elytra not
much wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex ; with close
set rows (often subgeminate in appearance) of rather small, but
distinct punctures.
Length 33-65 mm.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) R
242 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Hab. QUEENSLAND: Brisbane, Dawson River; N. S.
WALES: Forest Reefs, Jenolan, Tamworth, Sydney, Gal-
ston, Como, Windsor; Victoria: Benalla, Melbourne ;
TASMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington, Launceston; S.
AUSTRALIA: Adelaide, Port Lincoln; W. AUSTRALIA:
Swan River, Albany, King George’s Sound, Mount
Barker.
Frequently the sides of the prothorax are paler than its
dise ; the elytra are sometimes paler than the prothorax,
but are often fully as dark; the appendages are usually
paler than the head, the prosternum is nearly always paler
than the abdomen and the abdomen than the metaster-
num ; but specimens of an almost entirely uniform shade
of colour (except that the appendages are slightly paler)
are by no means uncommon. The prothorax often has a
smooth impunctate median line, or this lme may be even
subcariniform; in well-kept specimens the long hair
usually meets over it. On the prosternum between each
coxae and the apical angle is a large fovea, at the bottom
of which is a roughly circular flat space (this may be an
enormously developed spiracle), there is nothing exactly
like it on any other beetle known to me, although there is an
approach to it in Zelephorus and some of the species having
exsertile vesicles. The first joint of all the tarsi is dis-
tinctly shorter than the second when seen from below, and
from above is often quite invisible; the claws are long,
thin and simple except for a slight basal swelling.
The insect to my thinking certainly belongs to a different
genus to all the species (except nigricans) which follow ;
but as Dasytes is a world-wide genus and may include
similar forms I have not felt called upon to propose a new
genus for its reception.
The original description of fuscipennis (as also of nigrt-
cans described at the same time) consists of exactly twelve
words, and is certainly insufficient for the positive identi-
fication of any species of the genus. I have described the
above species as /uscipennis, however, as it is so named in
several Australian museums, and a specimen of it has been
sent tome as such by the Rev. T. Blackburn. The species
is variable and probably the most widely distributed of all
the Australian Malacodermidae; it may be taken under
the bark of various species of Eucalyptus and often at
lights at night-time.
a
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 243
DASYTES NIGRICANS, Hope, /.¢., p. 105.
The original description of this species is quite useless ;
it may quite possibly have been founded upon one of the
varieties of the above species,but without examination of the
type, or of a specimen that had been compared with the
type, I would not care to accept the name for any species,
even from Adelaide.
Hab. S. AusTRALIA: Adelaide.
DASYTES SQUIRESENSIS, Blackb., T. R.8., S.A., 1892, p. 38.
I have aco-type of this species. Its elytra when viewed
from the sides are seen to be covered with numerous short,
semi-erect hairs in addition to the pubescence, and its tro-
chanters (in addition to other parts of the legs) are red.
The hind angles of its prothorax are strongly rounded.
In the species a variable number of joints of the antennae
are pale, but the first is always of a deep glossy black, and
in striking contrast to the bright red second joint.
Hab. S. AUSTRALIA: Mount Squires; W. AUSTRALIA:
Geraldton.
DASYTES HELMSI, Blackb., /. c., p. 38.
The original description of this species is very brief, and
although sufficient to prevent it from being confounded
with the preceding, is too short for its positive identifica-
tion. Mr. Blackburn, however, has been good enough to
give me a specimen (the only one I have seen) of it. This
specimen is very densely clothed with almost snowy-white
pubescence, the elytra are without semi-upright hairs and
are very indistinctly punctate, more on account of the
small size of the punctures themselves than through being
partially concealed by the clothing, towards the base they
are fairly distinct, however. The prothorax is without
depressions, is feebly rounded at the base and its entire
base is closely applied to the elytra and is of almost
exactly their width at base, although distinctly narrower
than across their middle.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA: Elder Expedition.*
* Exact locality not given.
244 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
DASYTES ABUNDANS, n. sp.
Black or blackish-brown, with a dark greenish gloss, more pro-
nounced on the elytra than elsewhere ; basal half of antennae, knees,
tibiae tarsi and trochanters more or less obscurely diluted with red.
Densely clothed with whitish pubescence.
Head transverse ; with dense and moderately distinct punctures.
Antennae extending to scutellum. Prothorax transverse, convex
throughout, sides strongly rounded; with dense and rather large but
somewhat rugose punctures, smaller in middle than elsewhere ; with
a feeble median line. Elytya not closely applied to prothorax ; with
dense but rather small punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly ;
suture very feebly raised on posterior two-thirds.
Length 13-23 mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Garden and Rottnest Islands,
Swan River, Pinjarrah, Geraldton (A. IZ. Lea).
The reddish parts of the legs are much paler in some
specimens than in others, but although varying in degree
never seem to vary in extent; the antennae, however, are
sometimes entirely dark; even on the elytra the greenish
gloss is never very bright. On specimens in perfect pre-
servation are to be seen two long hairs on each side of the
prothorax and one on each side of the base of the head;
but they all appear to be easily abraded, or at least
plastered down so as to be indistinguishable. The pro-
thoracic punctures, though strong are by no means sharply
defined. In general appearance it is like squiresensis, but
is smaller, the prothorax with coarser punctures and the
elytra pubescent only. It is an abundant species.
DASYTES BOURGEOISI, N. sp.
Black, with an olive-green gloss ; 2nd—4th joints of antennae and
parts of the legs reddish. Moderately densely clothed with pale
yellow pubescence.
Head strongly transverse, with scarcely visible punctures, antennae
just passing scutellum. Prothorax twice as wide as long, convex
throughout, sides and base strongly rounded ; punctures small and
indistinct. Hlytra closely applied to prothorax ; with dense and
rather small punctures, but of almost equal size throughout ; suture
feebly raised on the posterior two-thirds.
Length 23-3} mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington, common
on flowers (4A. M. Lea).
—_s- hr
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 245
The elytra are much less densely clothed than in the
majority of the species, and to the naked eye appear to be
rather highly polished ; the clothing is much as in the pre-
ceding species, but is sparser and rather darker and there
are no lateral hairs. The elytral punctures are about the
same size as those on the elytra of that species, but the
prothoracic ones are much smaller and the prothorax itself
is much wider. The tibiae, tarsi and trochanters are
always reddish, and usually the four front femora as well ;
the deep black basal joint and the antennae is much as in
squiresensis, to which in size and general appearance it
approximates, but the clothing of the elytra at once
distinguishes the two species.
I was under the impression that this species possibly
belonged to Dasytiscus, and sent a specimen to M. Bourgeois
for his opinion, he replied as follows: “ As to the Dasytides
these are not to my thinking Dasytiscus; they do not
show any denticulations at the side of the prothorax and
the tarsi are not the same.” His figure of D. transcaspicus,*
however, will give a good general idea as to the appearance
of this insect.
DASYTES AUSTRALIAE, 0. sp.
Black, with a bronzy or bronzy-green gloss ; parts of the legs
piceous-brown or not. Densely clothed with white pubescence.
Head with small indistinct punctures. Antennae rather thin ;
passing scutellum for about one-third of their length. Prothorax
about twice as wide as long, sides strongly rounded, widely and
shallowly impressed at base; densely and minutely punctate.
Elytra closely applied to prothorax ; with dense almost uniform
and rather small punctures, suture nowhere raised.
Length 23-3 mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River (A. JL. Lea).
In many respects close to helmsi, but the prothorax of
different shape at the base and the clothing much sparser,
ete. Its very fine prothoracic punctures readily distinguish
it from abundans. Sometimes the tarsi and four front legs
are not quite so dark as the rest of the insect, but they are
never distinctly reddish; the antennae are of uniform
darkness throughout. The species is very abundant about
the Swan River.
* Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr., 1885, Pl. V, fig. 1.
246 Mr, Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
Three specimens sent to me from Birchip in Victoria
by Mr. J. C. Goudie, differ in being longer and stouter, but
as I can find no other distinguishing features I prefer to
regard them as representing a variety rather than a distinct
species.
DASYTES GRANULIPENNIS, n. sp.
Dark metallic bluish-green or greenish-blue ; under surface and
appendages black. Rather densely clothed with whitish pubescence ;
the elytra in addition with long more or less upright brownish
hairs.
Head with small indistinct punctures; a shallow but distinct
impression on each side in front. Antennae thin, passing scutellum
for fully one-third of their length. Prothorax scarcely twice as
wide as long; sides strongly rounded, gently convex throughout ;
with small punctures on sides becoming very small on disc. Elytra
closely applied to prothorax ; densely punctate, punctures small
but of almost ‘equal size throughout; with irregular series of small,
shining, sub-granular elevations.
Length 2}-3 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA (J. &. Norman), Hobart, Kempton
(A. M. Lea).
A narrow species which can be readily identified by the
clothing and subgranular appearance of its elytra.
DASYTES SOBRINUS, 0. sp.
Reddish-brown, head prothorax and scutellum darker, appendages
paler. Densely clothed with very short pubescence ; each side of
prothorax usually with two long hairs.
Head with clearly defined and comparatively large punctures ;
with a large shallow impression in front. Antennae thin ; just
passing seutellum. Prothorax not much wider than long, sides not
very strongly rounded; with a feebly impressed median line ;
rather coarsely punctate. Hlytra closely applied to prothorax,
somewhat flattened, suture nowhere raised; punctures at base rather
large (but smaller than on prothorax), becoming small posteriorly,
Length 13-} mm.
Hab. W. AusTRALIA: Pinjarrah (A. IZ. Lea).
The elytra are darkest at the base, the colour gradually
decreasing until at the apex they are only about as dark
as the legs; the metasternum is darker than the rest of
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 247
the under surface; the femora are usually infuscate in the
middle. The general colour is similar to that of many of
the Ptinidae. In appearance it is somewhat like abundans,
but is much smaller, the prothorax with coarser punctures
and elytra of thinner texture (in abundans the elytra are
always rigid, but in this species they become distorted
after death).
DASYTES EVANIDUS, 0. sp.
Blackish ; elytra very little paler; knees, tibiae and tarsi dull
reddish-brown. Rather densely clothed with short pubescence.
Head with dense indistinct punctures; a large shallow impression
in front. Antennae rather thin, just passing scutellam. Prothorax
not much wider than long; sides moderately rounded, towards base
feebly impressed, the impression not continuous across middle; disc
with small punctures, becoming larger (but not very large) on sides.
Elytra closely applied to prothorax, with dense small punctures,
becoming smaller posteriorly; suture narrowly raised in posterior
half.
Length 1} mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Pinjarrah (A. MW. Lea).
The antennae are either entirely dark or with the sub-
basal joints slightly paler than the others; the elytra are
but little paler than the prothorax and at a glance appear
to be equally as dark. The species is close to the preced-
ing but smaller (it is the smallest of the genus known to
me), prothorax with smaller punctures and elytra more
convex, etc.
DASYTES WIBURDI, n. sp.
Deep black, the upper surface with a slight greenish or coppery
gloss. Densely clothed with whitish pubescence.
Head with dense and fairly distinct punctures. Antennae stout,
just extending to scutellum. Prothorax almost twice as wide as
long, gently convex throughout, sides strongly rounded, densely and
minutely punctate the punctures larger on sides than disc, Elytra
closely applied to prothorax, widest about the middle, suture
narrowly raised on posterior half; densely punctate, towards base
punctures larger than on prothorax, but becoming smaller pos-
teriorly.
Length 17-2 mm.
Hab. N.S. WALES: Jenolan (J. C, Wiburd).
248 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
The pubescence is much like that of helmsi, but is
distinctly shorter and not of the almost snowy whiteness
of that species. In appearance it is close to the following
species, but is slightly larger and with more distinct
punctures on both prothorax and elytra; in shape it is
intermediate between that species and abundans.
DASYTES CORTICARIOIDES, n. sp.
Black; the elytra sometimes not quite so dark. Densely clothed
with short, whitish pubescence.
Head minutely punctate ; gently convex. Antennae just passing
scutellum. Prothorax twice as wide as long, sides strongly rounded,
gently convex throughout; densely and minutely punctate. Elytra
rubovate, closely applied to prothorax, suture narrowly raised on
posterior two-thirds ; densely and minute punctate, at base punctures
rather larger than on prothorax.
Length 13-1? mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Rottnest Island, Darling Ranges,
Swan River; N.S. WAtEs: Sydney (A. ML Lea).
Of the short robust form of helms, but much smaller,
pubescence sparser and darker, etc. The elytra are often
quite as dark as the rest of the body, but frequently are of
a very dark brown only. Except as to its colour it is
not unlike many species of Corticaria. I cannot find any
distinguishing features between the eastern and western
forms.
DASYTES AMPLICOLLIS, n. sp.
Black, the upper surface with a slight greenish gloss. Densely
clothed with short whitish pubescence.
Head indistinctly punctate, gently convex. Antennae short, not
extending to scutellum. Prothorax scarcely twice as wide as long ;
strongly convex; sides strongly rounded ; with minute punctures in
middle, becoming clearly defined and comparatively large on sides.
Elytra rather closely applied to prothorax, but nowhere wider than
the greatest width of that segment ; with dense and rather minute
punctures; suture scarcely visibly raised posteriorly.
Length 1} mm.
Hab. W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River (A. M. Lea).
Of the size and somewhat after the build of the pre-
ceding species, but the prothorax considerably larger in
proportion to the elytra and with larger punctures,
especially at the sides,
ee a eT
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 249
SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.
_ Lycus (CHARACTUS) AUSTRALIS, Boisd., Voy. Astr., IT, p.
119; Dej., Cat., 3 ed., p. 112; Wat., Trans. Ent. Soe.
Lond., 1877, p. 74; Masters (Calopteron), Cat. Col.
Aust., No. 3364.
“Supra croceus; thorace macula media nigra ; elytris
subparallelis sulcatis ; subtus antennisque nigris.”
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
Of the species here recorded this description fits
Metriorrhynchus nigripes, lateralis, marginicollis, irregularis
and Trichalus ampliatus; without additional particulars
therefore it would be dangerous to identify any species as
australis,
Lycus OCHRACEUS, Dalm., Sch. Syn. Ins., App., p. 31;
Boisd., Voy. Astr. II, p. 122; Wat., Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 85; Masters (Metriorrhynchus),
Cat., Sp. No. 3354.
“Subtus ater, supra ochraceus ; thorace disco nigro;
elytris stratis, reticulato-punctatis.
“ Long 6 lin.
“ Elytra ad scutellum infuscata.”
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
There are about a dozen species before me, any one of
which might be ochraceus, as they all agree with the above
. description.
PYROCOELIA BICOLOR, Fabr. (Lampyris), Syst. El., II, p.
100 (1801); Boisd., Voy. Astr., II, p. 129 (1835) ;
Mots. (Cratomorphus Mots.), Etud. Ent., p. 34 (1858) ;
Gorham, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1880), p. 91; E.
Oliv., Notes Leyd. Mus., VIII, p. 199 (1886) ; Olliff,
P.L.S., N.S.W. (1889), p. 646.
“Supra testacea, subtus atra, akdominis segmentis
duobus penultimis striga abbreviata, albissima.”
Hab. N.S. WALES?
This description may have been drawn up from a pallid
specimen of Luciola flavicollis, or from a species of
Atyphella,
250 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Revision of the
CANTHARIS AUSTRALIS, Boisd., Voy. Astr., IT, p. 183; Dej.,
Cat., 3 ed., p. 120; Masters (Telephorus), Cat., Sp. No.
3379.
“Minuta, nigra, thorace croceo; subtus nigra, pedibus
thoraceque luteis.”
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
This may be a Telephorus, but it is more likely to be a
FTeteromastix, or even a Hypattalus; but it is, however,
quite certain that it would be absurd to attach the name
to any species without additional particulars to the above,
HELIoTIS * HOPEI, Cast., Hist. Nat., I, p. 257.
As in the description of this insect no indications are
given as to its shape, and as I have not seen the generic
description, I am not even able to refer it to its subfamily.
The genus is not mentioned by Lacordaire, although long
antecedent to his work.
Hab, W. AUSTRALIA: Swan River.
OEDEMERIDAE.
AGASMA SEMICRUDUM, Newm., Zool., App. exvi-cxvil ;
Masters, Cat. Col. Aust., No. 3444,
I have not seen the original description of this genus
and species, but Lacordaire has reproduced + the generic
description amongst other genera unknown to him. In
many Australian collections a species, which is quite
common on the northern rivers of New South Wales,{ is
standing under this name ; and correctly so as it transpires.
This species, however, belongs to the Oedemeridae; not
having seen the specific description, and being doubtful as
to the correctness of the name, I sent a specimen of the
species to Mr. G. C. Champion, asking him to have it com-
pared with the type§; this he has kindly done and has
* Silb., Rev., IV, 1836, p. 18.
+ Gen. Coleop., IV, p. 414.
+ The type was from the Richmond or Clarence River.
§ In the British Museum.
Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. 251
written me as follows: “ You are quite right about the
Agasma ; it is of course an Oedemerid, though Newman
calls it pentamerous.* The genus in the British Museum
is correctly placed. Ido not suppose Lacordaire knew it,
except from description.”
* The tarsi are quite plainly 5-5-4.
EXPLANATION OF PLaTEs JI—VI.
[See Haplanation facing the Prats. |
( 258 )
IV. Studies of the Blattidae. By R. SHELForD, M.A.,
F.LS.
[Read February 3rd, 1909. ]
PuatEs VIJ—IX.
X. A REVISION OF THE OLD-WORLD BLATTINAE BELONG-
ING TO THE POLYZOSTERIA GROUP.
A stupy of the collection of Blattidae recently made in
West Australia by Drs. Michaelsen and Hartmeyer soon
convinced me that a thorough revision of the Australian
Blattinae was an urgent necessity. Tepper has described
numbers of species in the Transactions of the Royal
Society of South Australia, but the identification of his
species has always been attended with considerable diffi-
culty since this worker’s views on classification are rather
peculiar and his descriptions are not supplemented with
figures. Kaurby, in his Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera
vol. i, has made a laudable endeavour to reduce the
Tepperian species and genera into something like order,
but as he had neither time nor opportunity to consult any
types but those of Walker, he has not succeeded in de-
creasing the confusion. Guessing at the generic identity of
species involves all sorts of risks, and consequently Mr.
Kirby’semendation of Tepper’s genera has resulted in several
serious errors. To take one example:—he sinks Temnelytra,
Tepp.,as a synonym of Zonioploca, Stal, though the two
genera are totally distinct, and includes in the revised
genus species belonging to no less than five genera. The
straightening-out of the terrible tangle into which this
group of cockroaches had been twisted has been attended
with very great difficulty, for I have been unable to
borrow types from the South Australian Museum and
Mr. Tepper has not responded to appeals for the compari-
son with his types of specimens sent to him from the
Hope collection. Fortunately Professor Baldwin Spencer
and Mr. W. W. Froggatt most kindly came to the rescue ;
the former has sent me all the Tepperian types in the
Melbourne Museum, and the latter has presented or lent
to the Hope Museum specimens determined by Mr.
Tepper himself. With these valuable aids, for which I
cannot be too grateful, I have been able to determine
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART Il. (MAY)
254 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
with accuracy the great majority of genera and species
described by Mr. Tepper; in addition the types of Walker
in the British Museum have been examined. Dr. Th.
Kuhlgatz, late of the Berlin Museum, has sent me draw-
ings of Erichson’s types and has compared specimens sent
to him. Dr. K. Holdhaus of Vienna has lent me some of
Brunner’s types and Dr. Y. Sjostedt of Stockholm all the
types of Stal. I trust that the net result of the consider-
able correspondence and hard work expended on this
memoir is a satisfactory classification which will bear the
test of time and enable other workers to identify the
species of the group without great difficulty.
The Blattinae can be divided into two chief sections
according to the structure of the posterior tarsi; the first
section, which may be styled the Polyzosteria-group, has the
posterior metatarsus usually shorter than the succeeding
joints and usually unarmed beneath,* the succeeding
joimts are entirely unarmed and with large pulvilli; the
second section or Blatta-group has the posterior metatarsus
longer than the succeeding joints and armed beneath, the
second and third joints are also armed and their pulvilli
are apical (PI. III, f. 40). A revision of the second section
I hope to undertake on some future occasion. The
Polyzosteria-group can be subdivided into an Old-World
group and a New-World group, but the character on
which this subdivision is based—the relative distances
apart of the eyes and the antennal sockets—is so subtle
that I doubt its practical importance and I temporarily
regard the New-World group as distinct from the Old-
World group for convenience sake only> In the Old World,
Australia is undoubtedly the head-quarters of the Polyzo-
steria-group, nearly all the apterous species are confined to
that continent and the islands immediately surrounding
it; but one or two, and notably Cutilia nitida, Br., have a
much wider range, extending into the Oriental region and
Polynesian islands. The occurrence of an allied species at
Bombay is very singular and an error in locality is
suggested. As might be expected the winged species
genus Methana) have a wider range than is characteristic
of the wingless forms, but even these do not extend to the
Asiatic mainland. The group in Africa is represented by
the single monotypic genus Paramethana. The geogra-
phical distribution of these cockroaches would appear to
* Qutilia is an exception.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 255
favour the view that they constitute a somewhat primitive
group, for Australia is universally regarded as the last
refuge of animal forms that have disappeared from the
less isolated quarters of the globe. But I do not think
that the Blattinae as a whole can be considered as other
than the most highly evolved group of cockroaches, since
the structure of the genital valves in the female sex is
certainly a peculiar modification and not a primitive
character, whilst the male genitalia are more complex
than in many other subfamilies. Whether the Blatta-
group is more primitive than the Polyzosteria-group, is open
to argument, but I am inclined to think that it is not.
Structurally the Polyzosteriae offer valuable diagnostic
characters, especially in the male sex, so that the separation
of the species is not attended with the difficulties that con-
front one when dealing with such homogeneous genera as
Epilampra, Blabera, Gyna, etc. ; but the allocation of the
females of some genera to their respective males is not
easy and the descriptions of new species from females
alone ought to be avoided in future.
Bionomically these insects are very interesting: some
are brightly coloured, e.g. Huzosteria mitchell, and the
shining black species of Platyzosteria must also be very
conspicuous. Many of the species have a disgusting odour,
and one species of Cosmozosteria identified by Mr. J. J.
Walker as C. lateralis extrudes from the apex of the
abdomen when irritated a red vesicle and emits an odour
so pungent that Mr. Walker was deterred from capturing
specimens. Mr, Froggatt tells me that all the species
expose themselves freely and are frequently found basking
on the tops of fence-posts. The egg-capsules of a few
species are known, and are typically Blattine in form.
KEY TO GENERA.
1. Ocelli usually absent. Tegminal rudi-
ments absent. Abdominal tergites with
well-marked stigmatic dots. Supra-
anal lamina ( 9 ) more or less bilobate.
Cerci blunt and flattened, generally
not extending beyond the supra-anal
lamina.
2. Tibial spinesin tworows. . . . . Polyzosteria, Burm.
2’. Tibial spines in three rows . . . . Huzosteria, nov.
256 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
1’. Ocelli present. Tegmina present, rudi-
mentary orabsent. Abdominal tergites
rarely with stigmatic dots. Supra-anal
lamina (?) not bilobate. Cerci longer,
apex usually acuminate.
2. Wings absent or rudimentary. Teg-
mina rudimentary or absent.
3. Tegmina absent or represented by
squamiform lobes.
4. Posterior angles of the 5th and 6th
abdominal tergites backwardly
produced.*
’ 5. Posterior metatarsus short, not
spined beneath or with only a
few spines ; its pulvillus usu-
ally large, and occupying at
least half of the joint.
6. Lateral margins of pronotum
not incrassated. Thoracic
tergites more or less smooth
and nitid.
7. Supra-anal lamina (¢) not
produced to form an acute
spine :
7’. Supra-anal satis (dh)
produced to form an
acute spine .
6’. Lateral margins of pranventh
incrassated. Thoracic ter-
gites punctate or tuber-
culate . :
5’. Posterior metatarsus londet,
spined beneath, its pulvillus
not occupying one half of
the joint Aeiees
. Posterior angles of the sth ha
6th ddgairiel tergites not back-
wardly produced, or if produced
the abdominal tergites are
scabrous, Tegmina entirely
absent.
Platyzosteria, Br.
Leptozosteria, Tepp.
Zonioploca, Stal.
Cutilia, Stal.
* Outilia sedilloti, Bol. (¢), is an exception.
CO
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 257
5. Posterior angles of 7th abdo-
minal tergite backwardly
produced ; abdomen above
scabrous. . . Cosmozosteria, Stal.
. Posterior angles a 7th iad
minal tergite not backwardly
produced; abdomen above
smooth, nitid.
6. Lateral margins of pronotum
not incrassated. . . . . Amnamesia, Tepp.
6’. Lateral margins of pronotum
IBeTASSateML eu, le ¥3 Desmozosteria, Shelf.
3’. Tegmina quadrate, as long as the
pronotum.
4, Wings absent . . . . . . . Temnelytra, Tepp.
4’. Wingsrudimentary . . . . Scabina, nov.
2’. Tegmina and wings well dev aie ped
3. Pronotum anteriorly parabolic, sides
deflexed 2 . Movile ls. «ee Methena, Stak
3’. Pronotum discoidal, sides not
deflexed .'i50 2)! 2 et lino dy | Paramethana,| Shelf.
°
Genus 1. PoLyZosTERIA, Burm.
- Polyzosteria, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. ii, p. 482 (1838) ;
Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 203 (1865).
Chalcolampra, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat.,
Geneve, xvi, p. 132 (1863) (preoccupied in Coleoptera).
Characters. Ocelli absent. Antennae shorter than the body.
Pronotum anteriorly somewhat cucullate, margins not reflected,
posteriorly truncate. Tegmina and wings entirely absent. Posterior
angles of the 7th abdominal tergite strongly produced backwards,
angles of the preceding tergites not, or scarcely, produced, angles of
the 9th tergite sometimes lobiform (cf. fig. 1). Stigmatie dots on
abdominal tergites well-marked. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrate,
angles acute, (2) sub-bilobate, cucullate. Sub-genital lamina (¢)
sub-quadrate, styles short, obtuse. Cerci short, flattened, blunt at
apex. Tibiae robust, almost quadrangular in section, spines on
outer aspect in 2 rows. Posterior metatarsus very short, unarmed
beneath, its pulvillus occupying the greater part of the joint.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Dorsal surface margined or spotted with
ochreous yellow.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) S
258 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
2. Legs aeneous.
3. Body above without tubercles,
4, Pronotum with 2-4 deep punc-
tureson the disc . . . . . P. limbata, Burm.
4’. Pronotum without these punc-
fures & . . » P. tridicolor, Tepp.
3’. Body above with cabonlee 2/0 . | P.bagoti, Tepp.
ON Legs testaceous or castaneous.
3. Pronotum not tuberculate.
4, Posterior margin of pronotum not
ochreous-yellow . . . P. cuprea, Sauss.
4’. Posterior margin of Saat
ochreous-yellow . . . . . PP. impressa, Tepp.
. Pronotum tuberculate. . . . P. obscwroviridis, Tepp.
Ws Te surface unicolorous (except os
margins of supra-anal lamina and
cerci).
2. Large species with dense sericeous pile. P. pubescens, Tepp.
2’. Smaller species, sericeous pile absent
or very sparse.
3. Dorsal surface tuberculate. . . . P. oculata, Tepp.
3’. Dorsal surface not tuberculate.
4. Colour dull bronze . . . . . P. invisa, Walk.
4’. Colour metallic green . . . . P. viridissima, sp. n.
The above key must be regarded as merely provisional,
for I have not been able to see all the species described by
Tepper, and from the descriptions alone of these it is not
possible to determine their generic position with exactitude.
1. P. limbata, Burm.
Polyzosteria limbata, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 11, p.
483 (1838). :
Polyzosteria aenea, Burmeister, t. ¢., p. 483 (1838).
Polyzosieria purpurascens, F ischer, Orth. Eur., p. 93
(1853).
Polyzosieria pulchella, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xvi, p.
308 (1864).
Polyzosteria nitens, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 155 (1868).
2 Polyzosteria frenchii, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xvill, p. 178 (1894).
The species is well known and does not require re-
description. It is very variable, as can be guessed from
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 259
the synonymy. A study of a long series convinces me
that aenea is merely a colour variety of limbata ; in typical
limbata the colour is blackish and the yellow lateral
margins of the pronotum are broad, whereas in typical
aenea the colour is greenish-bronze and the pronotum is
very narrowly flavo-marginate, but I have seen several
intermediate specimens. The two examples of P. nitens in
the British Museum look as if they had been varnished,
but they show no characters whereby they can be separ-
ated from typical limbata. The only specimen of P.
frenchit that I have seen is in the Melbourne Museum, it
was determined by Mr. Tepper himself and is certainly the
same as P. limbata. I have not seen the type.
NEw South WALEs; VicToRIA; SOUTH and WEST
AUSTRALIA; TASMANIA.
2. P. wridicolor, Tepp.
Polyzosteria wridicolor, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Aus-
tralia, xvii, p. 73 (1893).
Known to me only by the description.
SoutH AUSTRALIA, Gawler range. (Adelaide Mus.,
type. )
3. P. bagoti, Tepp.
Polyzosteria bagoti, Tepper, t.c., p. 79 (1893).
Known to me only by the description. It appears to be
distinguished by the dorsal surface furnished with “irregu-
lar low tubercles.” As it is only 14-16°5 mm. in length,
it is probably the larva of some previously described
species.
SourH AUSTRALIA, Port Augusta. (Adelaide Mus,
type.)
4, P. cwprea, Sauss.
Polyzosterva cuprea, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Sc. Phys.
Nat. Geneve, xvii, p. 133, PL. TJ, f. 2 (1864).
Polyzosteria maculata, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 206 (1865).
A well-known species.
SoutH and WEst AUSTRALIA.
s2
260 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae
5. P. impressa, Tepp.
Polyzosteria impressa, Tepper [in] Horn Exped. Centr.
Australia, 11, p. 361 (1896).
Known to me only from the description which I repro-
duce herewith.
“®. Metallic blackish glaucous ; fore- and hind-margin of prono-
tum and the hind-margins of all the other segments narrowly yellow.
Face, antennae, legs (except ochreous coxae) and ventral segments of
abdomen, brownish-red. Vertex of head dull metallic green, punc-
tate; fore margin of clypeus whitish. Pronotum hooded, lateral
margin broad, reflexed, impressed cribriform, rugulose, hind-angles
moderately rounded; discal area limited by a semicircular inter-
rupted impression, in front a low elevation succeeded by an inversely
curved depression, and on each side of the middle an elongated pit ;
hind-margin concave. Meso- and meta-notum with similar sculpture
and transverse impressions ; hind-angles of former distinctly produced,
hind-margin straight ; of latter, hind-angles not produced, hind-mar-
gin very sinuous. Abdomen short, very slightly rugulose, margin
of last two segments finely crenulate and hind-angles produced ; Ist
ventral segment and coxae bordered pale. Supra-anal lamina very
flat and short, rotundate, entire, rugulose. Cerci very short, acumi-
nate, pale yellow.
Total length 28 mm. ; pronotum 8 mm. x 18 mm.”
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.
6. P. obscuroviridis, Tepp.
Polyzosteria obscuroviridis, 'Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Aus-
tralia, xvii, p. 73 (1893).
Unknown to me; it is distinguished by the pronotum,
“studded with irregular rows of large raised tubercles”
and by the bicolorous legs.
‘SouTtH AUSTRALIA, Gawler range. (Adelaide Mus.,
type.)
7. P. pubescens, Tepp. (Plate VII, fig. 1).
Polyzosteria pubescens, Tepper, t.c.,p. 75 (1893) ; Frog-
gatt, Australian Insects, p. 19, fig. 6 (1907).
Fuscous, with a greenish tinge, all the tergites very narrowly
bordered posteriorly with testaceous. Dorsal surface with a dense
a i ok ain
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 261
grey sericeous pile more or less worn along the middle line. Body
subtectiform. Dorsal surface scabrous. Frons concave and rugosely
punctate. Antennae ochreous. Pronotum anteriorly cucullate,
anterior margin sub-sinuate. Body beneath ochreous outwardly
margined with castaneous, apex of the abdomen castaneous. Cerci
ochreous. |Supra-anal lamina, ( ¢ ) sub-quadrate, (2 ) produced, cucul-
late, apex emarginate. 9th abdominal tergite backwardly produced
at its outer angles to form two blunt processes, outwardly margined
with ochreous. Coxae testaceous with a castaneous stripe, femora,
tibiae and tarsi castaneous with a metallic tinge. Femora beneath
and tibial spines testaceous. Femoral spines very small.
Length (4) 30-34 mm., (?) 40-44 mm. ; pronotum 10-11°5 mm.
x 20-25 mm.
West AUSTRALIA (Oxford Mus.; Hamburg Mus. ;
Melbourne Mus.; Adelaide Mus., type).
8. P. oculata, Tepp.
Polyrosteria (sic) oculata, Tepper, t. c., p. 75 (1898).
Dull bronze above with irregular rows of flattened tubercles.
Stigmatic dots very prominent. Laterally with faint indications of a
sericeous pile. Cerci and supra-anal lamina edged with ochreous.
Head rugose, frons not concave. Antennae castaneous at base,
remainder fuscous. Underside of thoracic tergites orange, Abdo-
men beneath castaneous with metallic sheen, the underside of the
lateral margins of the 7th abdominal tergite brilliant metallic
green. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrate, posteriorly widely emar-
ginate, (9) produced, broad, deeply emarginate. Sub-genital lamina
(¢) sub-quadrate ; styles stout, incurved, their apices acuminate.
Posterior angles of 7th abdominal tergite very strongly produced
backwards, angles of 9th tergite as in P. pubescens. Coxae margined
with ochreous ; femora castaneous, tibiae dark metallic green, spines
ochreous tipped with rufous.
Length (g¢ and ?) 31 mm. ; pronotum 9°3 mm. x 19mm.
SoutH Avustratia; Victoria (Oxford Mus.; Mel-
bourne Mus., f type; Adelaide Mus., 2 type).
9. P. invisa, Walk.
Polyzosteria invisa, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p.
162 (1868).
Ovate and depressed. Dark purplish above ; finely rugose-punc-
tate, not tuberculate. Posterior margin of supra-anal lamina,
262 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
margins of cerci, margins of coxae and apices of femora, ochreous
yellow. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) with posterior angles very acute, all
the margins concave, ( ) sub-bilobate, scarcely cucullate. Posterior
angles of 7th abdominal tergite less strongly produced than in the
preceding species. Coxee, femora and apex of abdomen beneath
castaneous. Genital styles incurved, short, obtuse. Tibiae above
shining blue, beneath piceous, spines testaceous tipped with fuscous.
Total length (¢) 28 mm.,(?)20 mm.; pronotum 9-9°5 mm. x 17-
19 mm.
“ AUSTRALIA” (British Mus., type ; Oxford Mus.).
The form of the supra-anal lamina of the 7 is charac-
teristic.
10. P. viridissima, sp. 0.
?. Dark aeneous-green, margins of the coxae, outer apical angles
of the coxae, cerci beneath and outer margins above, extreme apices
of femora beneath, testaceous. Antennae, mouth-parts and genital
valves piceous. Dorsal surface finely punctate. Abdominal stigmata
distinct. Supra-anal lamina cucullate, apex not emarginate, not
exceeded by the cerci which are flattened, blunt and with the articu-
lation obscure. Tibial spines castaneous.
Length 26°5 mm,; pronotum 8 mm. x 15:2 mm.
New Soutu Wates, Mt. Kosciusko (W. W. Froggatt),
(British Mus., type).
The species is much more convex than P. invisa and the
shade of the supra-anal lamina is different ; it may possibly
be conspecific with P. ividicolor, but it is certainly differ-
ently coloured.
Genus 2. EUZOSTERIA, nov.
Polyzosteria, auctorum (partim).
Characters. Similar to Polyzosteria but the spines on outer
aspect of tibiae triseriately arranged. Margins of pronotum more
or less reflected. Ocelli occasionally present. Supra-anal lamina,
(¢) with less acute angles, () more rounded, less bilobate.
Type of the genus—Z. subverrucosa, White.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Margins of pronotum strongly reflexed.
{ E. subverrucosa, White
2. Tibiae testaceous :
LE. subreflexa, Tepp.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 263
2’. Tibiae metallic blue or green . . . JF. nobilis, Br.
1’. Margins of pronotum not or scarcely
reflexed.
2. Lateral margins of pronotum broadly
testaceous, disc aeneous . . . . EH. patula, Walk.
2’. Pronotum castaneous or greenish with
4 oblique testaceous stripes. . . H. mitchellii, Angas.
1. HE: subverrucosa, White.
Blatia subverrucosa, White [in] Grey, Journ. Exped.
Australia, ii, p. 467 (1841).
Polyzosteria refieca, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 208 (1865).
Polyzosterva femoralis, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 156 (1868).
Polyzosteria figurata, Walker, op. cit., p. 157 (1868).
A common and well-known species ; jigurata is merely
a larval form.
SouTH and WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
2. E. subrefleca, Tepp.
Polyzosteria subreflexa, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. usta,
xix, p. 158 (1895).
The diagnosis does not show how this species differs
from the preceding.
SoutH AUSTRALIA, Ooldea (Adelaide Mus., type).
3. E. nobilis, Br.
Polyzosteria nobilis, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 209 (1865).
Polyzosteria subnobilis, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Aus-
tralia, xvii, p. 81 (1893).
Tepper failed to recognise Brunner’s species, his descrip-
tion of subnobilis corresponds exactly with nobilis; the
smooth spaces that he describes on the abdominal tergites
are hidden in contracted examples.
SoutH AustTRALIA, Adelaide, Kangaroo Is.; West
AUSTRALIA, Swan River (Vienna Mus., type; British
Mus.; Oxford Mus.; Adelaide Mus., type of swbnobilis).
264 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
4, E. patula, Walk. (PI. VII, fig. 2.)
Polyzosteria patula, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus
p. 157 (1868).
Broadly elliptical. Above dark aeneous-green, posterior margins
of thoracic tergites narrowly testaceous interrupted by maculae of
the ground colour, posterior margins of abdominal tergites with
flavo-testaceous maculae. Dorsal surface finely rugose. Head aeneous,
coarsely rugose; mouth-parts flavo-testaceous; antennae castaneous
at base, remainder rufous. Pronotum with lateral margins slightly
incrassated and elevated, lateraliy broadly testaceous, posterior angles
slightly produced. Supra-anal lamina, ( g) subquadrangular, lateral
margins serrate, (2) rugose, trigonal, apex not emarginate. Cerci
very short, not exceeding the lamina, testaceous. Posterior angles
of 7th abdominal tergite scarcely produced, 8th abdominal tergites
with spiracles visible at their external angles; external angles of
9th tergite produced as blunt processes. Beneath testaceous. Legs
testaceous, with upper aspect of femora and tibiae brilliant metallic
green.
Length (¢) 30 mm., (2) 33 mm., pronotum (¢) 10 mm. x
20 mm., (¢) 11°5 mm. x 22 mm.
This is a somewhat aberrant species and appears to be
intermediate between Luzosteria and Anamesia.
SoutH AusTRALIA, Northern Territory (British Mus.,
type; Adelaide Mus.); WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Towranna
plains (Oxford Mus.).
5. EH. mitchellu, Angas.
Blatta mitchellii, Angas, 8. Australia Ilustr. Pl. XLVITI,
fig. 1 (1847).
Polyzosteria mitchellii, Saussure, Mém. Sci. Phys. Nat.
Geneve, xxiii, p. 106 (1873); Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S.
Australia, xvii, p. 78 (1893); Froggatt, Australian
Insects, p. 19, fig. 5 (1907).
Tepper describes the colours of fresh specimens, which
are very brilliant. In the female the pronotum anteriorly
is parabolic, whereas in the male it is widely arched and
subsinuate, the measurements show the difference in form
very clearly (¢ 10 mm. x 21 mm., ¢ 11 mm. x 21 mm.);
this sexual dimorphism in the form of the pronotum is
unusual.
VicTORIA; S. AUSTRALIA; WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 265
Genus 3. PLATYZOSTERIA, Br.
Platyzosteria, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv. Syst. Blatt.,
p. 204 (1865).
Melanozosteria, Stal, Bih. Svensk, Akad. ii (13), p. 18,
(1874). .
Syntomaptera, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia, xvii,
p. 106 (1893).
Drymaplaneta, Tepper, t. c., p. 109 (1893).
Characters. Ocelli absent. Antennae shorter than the body.
Body depressed. Vertex of head not covered by pronotum, Pro-
notum not cucullate, its margins not reflected. Rudiments of tegmina
present as squamiform lobes or absent. Wings absent. Posterior
angles of all the abdominal tergites produced, those of the distal
tergites strongly produced and spiniform. Supra-anal lamina
variable in shape but never sub-bilobate in 9. Genital styles long,
slender, acuminate. Cerci frequently exceeding the supra-anal
lamina, apex acuminate. Tibiae moderately spined, spines on outer
aspect triseriately arranged. Posterior metatarsus very short, not
spined beneath or with only a few spines, its pulvillus covering the
greater part of the joint beneath.
Type of the genus—P. melanaria, Erichs.
Melanozosteria, Stal, is founded on a species of Platy-
zosteria erroneously identified as nitida, Br. Syntomaptera,
Tepp., includes six species of Platyzosteria which the author
quite incorrectly regards as allied to Periplaneta; Kirby
for no obvious reason selects scabriuscula, Tepp., as the type
of the genus (Syn. Cat. Orth., i, p. 129, 1904). Dryma-
planeta, Tepp., is based on variable and larval characters
and cannot possibly stand.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Uniform piceous or castaneous (cf.,
however, P. bicolor, Kirby).
2. Tegminal rudiments absent.
3. Dorsal surface not or only faintly
scabrous.
4, Thoracic tergites not trans-
versely seriate-punctate.
5. Vertex of head not orange
rufous,
266 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
6. Supra-anal lamina, (¢)
sub-quadrate or trigonal,
apex emarginate, (9)
triangular, not or scarcely
exceeding the cerci.
7. Large species (exceeding
25 MM) Ch By
7’. Smaller species.
8, Supra-anal lamina ( ¢ )
with three or more
spines on either side
before the apex.
9, Supra-anal lamina,
(g) scarcely em-
arginate at apex,
(?) shorter than
its breadth at
base 5
9’, Supra-anal lamina,
(g) deeply em-
arginate at apex,
(2) longer than
its breadth at base.
8’. Supra-anal lamina
(¢) not spined .
6’. Supra-anal lamina, (2)
triangular,( 9 )triangular
and considerably exceed-
ing the cerci.
7. Lateral margins of 7th
abdominal tergite
serrate or denticulate.
8. These margins denti-
culate 5
8’, These margins serrate.
9. Lateral margins of
6th abdominal ter-
gite serrate .
9’. Lateral margins of
6th abdominal ter-
gite not serrate
7’. Lateral margins of 7th
abdominal tergite not
serrate.
P. grandis, Sauss,
P. melanaria, Er.
P. analis, Sauss.
1P. pseudatrata, Tepp.
P. aterrima, Er.
P. ferox, sp. n.
P. armata, Tepp.
P. rufofusca, Tepp.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
8. Lateral margins of
supra-anal lamina
(¢) serrate or mi-
nutely denticulate.
9. Posterior angle of
9th abdominal ter-
gite bispinous
9’. Posterior angle of
9th abdominal ter-
gite not bispinous,
8’. Lateral margins of
supra-anal lamina
(3) not serrate nor
denticulate.
9. Large species (ex-
ceeding 30 mm.).
9’. Small species
5’. Vertex of head orange-rufous
4’. Thoracic tergites transversely
seriate-punctate . .
3’. Dorsal surface distinctly eect
4. Lateral margin of 7th abdominal
tergite not serrate
4’, Lateral margin of 7th aideradal
tergite serrate.
5. Larger (27-31 mm.), antenne
fuscous, lateral margins of
thorax not ack than
dise :
5’. Smaller (19-23 mm. Ds anten-
nae rufous, lateral margins
of thorax paler than dise
2’. Tegminal rudiments present.
3. Tegminal rudiments on _ their
inner side only half separated
from the mesonotum.
4, Coxae margined with testaceous.
5. Lateral margins of 7th ab-
dominal tergite not serrate.
5’. Lateral margins of 7th ab-
dominal tergite serrate .
4’, Coxae not margined with
testaceous.
5 Legs bright rufous .
P. bifida, Sauss.
P. atrata, Er.
P. invisa, Walk.
P. consobrina, Sauss.
P. ruficeps, Shelf.
P. punctata, Br.
P. variolosa, Bol.
P. scabra, Br.
P. scabrella, Tepp.
P. coxalis, Walk.
P. biglumis, Sauss.
P. rufipes, sp. n.
267
268 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
5’, Legs piceous or dark cas-
taneous.
6. Small species (less than
16 mm.).
7. 7th abdominal _ tergite
with posterior margin
subsinuate i
7’. 7th abdominal tergite
with posterior margin
not subsinuate
6’. Larger species nil
3. Tegminal rudiments on their
inner side completely separated
from the mesonotum.
4, An orange spot on each side of
the 7th abdominal tergite .
4’, No orange spots on the 7th
abdominal tergite.
5. Apex of tegminal rudiments
obliquely truncate
5’. Apex of tegminal rudiments
tapering.
6. Coxae bordered with flavo-
testaceous,
7. Castaneous, robust species
7’. Piceous, narrower and
smaller. fi aah
6’. Coxae unicolorous.
7. Meso- and meta-notum
minutely scabrous .
7’. Meso- and meta-notum
smooth, nitid, with
shallow punctures.
8. Small species (14 mm.)
8’. Larger species.
9. Castaneous
9.’ Piceous.
10. Metanotum with
two deeply im-
pressed points .
10’. Metanotum with-
out these points.
11. Posterior mar-
gin of 7th ab-
P. biloba, Sauss.
P. perplexa, sp. n.
P. cwriosa, Shelf.
P. bicolor, Kirby.
P. novae-seelandiae, Br.
P. castanea, Br.
P. obscura, Tepp.
P. scabriuseula, Tepp.
P. rufoterminata, Br.
P. pseudocastanea, Tepp.
P. ceratodi, Krauss.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 269
dominal ter-
gite not den-
tate.
12. Legspiceous. P. glabra, Walk.
12’. Legs _cas-
taneous . PP. conjuncta, Shelf.
11’, Posterior mar-
gin of 7th ab-
dominal ter-
gite dentate . P. morosa, Shelf.
Species incertae sedis . . . . . LP. provisionalis, Tepp.
1’. Not uniform piceous or Eee
2, Castaneous or piceous with lateral
flavo-testaceous or white borders,
abdomen not transversely banded.
3. Tegminal rudiments absent.
4. Pale lateral borders not extend-
ing beyond 2nd abdominal
tergites, or if extending so far
much narrowed.
5. Small species (15 mm.) . . P. inclusa, Walk.
5’. Larger species.
6. Disc of pronotum not varie-
gated with paler colour . P. albomarginata, Br.
6’. Disc of pronotum varie-
gated with paler colour.
7. Coxae and femora castan-
eous ; supra-anal lamina
(¢) with two large spines
ab apex ..,/. P. brunnea, Tepp.
7’. Coxae and eat ae
aceous, supra-anal lamina
(3d) without large spines
atapex . . P. variegata, Shelf.
. Pale lateral borders extandint
at least to 5th Hsu
tergite.
5. Terminal abdominal sternites
not armed with spines . . P. obscwripes, Tepp.
5’. Terminal abdominal sternites
armed with spines . . . P. spenceri, sp. n.
3’. Tegminal rudiments present.
4, Pale lateral borders not ex-
tending on to abdomen or
270
represented on abdomen by a
series of spots.
5. Pale lateral borders not ex-
tending inward to posterior
margin of pronotum.
6. Sub-genital lamina (¢)
with a spine at base of
genital styles :
6’. Sub-genital lamina (dS)
without such spine.
7. Posterior tibiae of ¢ ex-
panded and flattened .
7’. Posterior tibize of ¢ not
expanded and flattened.
5’. Pale lateral border extending
inward to posterior margin
of pronotum
. Pale lateral borders eetenante
on to abdomen.
5. Pale lateral borders not ex-
tending beyond 5th ab-
dominal tergite
. Pale lateral orders aba
ing to 7th abdominal tergite.
Species incertae sedis
2’. Ferruginous or transversely banded.
3. Tegminal rudiments absent.
4, Posterior angles of 9th ab-
dominal tergite rounded .
4’, Posterior angles of 9th ab-
dominal tergite spiniform
3’. Tegminal rudiments present .
Species incertae sedis
1. P. grandis, Sauss.
hafelsaplnspilacha = la!
nol peta
Mr. R. Shelfora’s Studies of the Blattidae.
. soror, Br.
. semivitta, Walk.
communis, 'Tepp.
. subbifasciata, Tepp.
. litwrata, Sauss.
. circumducta, Walk.
. 6-guttata, Walk.
. balteata, Tepp.
. Latizona, Tepp.
. coolgardiensis, Tepp.
. aposematica, sp. N.
. hartmeyeri, Shelf.
. zebra, Tepp.
Polyzosteria melanaria, var. grandis, Saussure, Mém.
Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Geneve, xxiii, p. 110 (1878).
This is a distinct species; though the form of the supra-
anal lamina (2) is almost the same as in melanaria, the
margins of the abdominal tergites are more scabrous, the
EE EEE a,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 271
stigmatic dots are more prominent, the coxae are not
bordered with testaceous, and the size is much larger.
VicroriA, Melbourne (Geneva Mus., type), Western
districts (Adelaide Mus.); 8. AUSTRALIA, Adelaide (Oxford
Mus). -
2. P. melanaria, Er. (Pl. VII, figs. 3a, 30, 4.)
Periplaneta melanaria, Erichson, Arch. Naturg., viii,
p. 247 (1842.)
There has been some confusion over this and the follow-
ing species. Jam much indebted to Dr. Th. Kuhlgatz
for comparing specimens with Erichson’s type in the
Berlin Museum; the following is a description of the
species :—
Piceous, nitid, impunctate. Body depressed and rather narrow.
Antero-lateral margins of pronotum very slightly incrassated.
Antennae piceous in basal third, remainder rufo-castaneous. Teg-
minal rudiments absent. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) trigonal with
3-4 pairs of lateral spines, apex slightly emarginate and more or
less rufo-fimbriate, (Q) triangular, cucullate, broader at base than
its length, apex emarginate, the notch being rounded, margins
dentate. Sub-genital lamina (¢) quadrate, posteriorly widely
emarginate, a minute spine at the base of the genital styles which
are slender and acuminate. Cerci longer than the supra-anal Jamina
in g, of equal length in 9. Coxe bordered with testaceous,
Tibiae and tarsi dark castaneous or piceous.
Length (¢ types) 25-30°5 mm., (? types) 28-28°5 mm. ; pro-
notum 7 mm. x 10 mm.
TASMANIA (Berlin Mus., types; Oxford Mus.). |
3. P. analis, Sauss.
Polyzosteria analis, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xvi, p.
306 (1864).
Polyzosteria melanaria, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 210 (1865).
Periplaneta invisa, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 137 (1868) (¢ only).
Periplaneta ruficornis, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit.
Mus. V. Suppl. Blatt., p. 38 (1871).
This is the mainland representative of melanaria and
it may be necessary eventually to merge it in that species.
272 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
It differs in the following details which, though small,
appear to be constant :—
Supra-anal lamina, (¢) with apex rather deeply though narrowly
notched, the spines scarcely projecting but curved round close to
the lateral margins, (? ) longer than breadth at base, apical emargin-
ation V-shaped, the apex of the V filled up by membranous
tissue. Cerci shorter, tibiae and tarsi brighter castaneous.
New Soutu WatsEs (Oxford Mus.); Tarangower (Vienna
Mus.); | VicrortA, Narre Warren (Melbourne Mus.) ;
WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Swan River (British Mus.); “Bom-
BAY ” (British Mus. type of rw/ficornis).
The type of analis appears to be lost; ruficornis is
absolutely identical with specimens in the Melbourne
Museum which differ only from Oxford Museum examples _
in the castaneous margins to the thoracic tergites, castaneous
abdominal disc and brighter castaneous tibiae and tarsi;
these are mere colour varieties structurally identical with
uniformly piceous specimens. The locality Bombay is
probably erroneous or the unique specimen was an accidental
importation from Australia. If it is eventually proved that
analis, Sauss., is strictly conspecific with melanaria, Er.,
then ruficor nis, Walk., must be applied to this species.
4. P. pscudatrata, Tepp.
Platyzosteria pscudatrata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8.
Australia, xvii, p. 86 (1893).
Known to me only from the description, which applies
equally well to P. melanaria and P. analis.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA (Adelaide Mus., type).
5. P. aterrima, Er. (Pl. VII, figs. 5 and 6.)
Periplaneta aterrima, Erichson, Arch. Naturg., viii,
p. 248 (1842).
Periplaneta glabra, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia,
xvi, p. 107 (1893).
Syntomaptera teppert, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7),
xu, p. 374 (1908).
Specimens of Syntomaptera glabra determined by Tepper
in the Melbourne Museum are indistinguishable from
P. atervima, Ey. I am again indebted to Dr. Kuhlgatz for
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidace. 273
help.in determining this species and for sketches (repro-
duced here) of Erichson’s types. The species may be
re-described as follows :—
Piceous, nitid, impunctate, rather depressed. Antennae rufous,
except a few basal joints which are piceous. Tegminal rudiments
absent. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) sub-quadrate, exceeded by the cerci
and sub-genital lamina, posterior margin scarcely emarginate, angles
not rounded, fimbriate, margins not serrate, (Q) trigonal, rather
shorter than cerci, apex very slightly emarginate, margins serrate.
Sub-genital lamina (¢) scabrous, quadrate. Coxae unicolorous, legs
piceous.
Length (type ¢) 12 mm., (type @) 16 mm.; pronotum 4 mm.
x 6mm.
TASMANIA (Berlin Mus., types; Oxford Mus.; Vienna
Mus.); NEw SourH WALES, Sydney (W. W. Froggatt);
VicroriA (Melbourne Mus.) ; SourH AustrALtiA, Northern
territory (Adelaide Mus. ).
oF. feror, sp. o., (PI. Vil; figs, 7a, 70.)
¢. Piceous, nitid, impunctate, laterally finely scabrous. Lateral
margins of thoracic tergites slightly incrassated. Tegminal rudi-
ments absent. Angles of abdominal tergites 5-9 produced as acute
spines, lateral margins of tergites 6 and 7 strongly denticulate.
Supra-anal lamina sharply triangular, apex terminating in two
spines, margins serrate. Cerci short, acuminate. 6th and 7th
sternites with a complete row of spines on their posterior margins,
these spines on the 4th and 5th sternites confined to the lateral
parts of the posterior margins. All the sternites finely tuberculate
laterally. Sub-genital lamina quadrate, scabrous, genital styles
stout, spiniform, exceeding the cerci in length. Legs unicolorous,
piceous.
Total length 33 mm.; pronotum 8 mm. x 12 mm.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA (Spencer-Gillen Hapedition), (Mel-
-bourne Mus., type; Oxford Mus.).
7. P. armata, Tepp. (PI. VIL, figs. 8, 9.)
Platyzosteria armata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia,
xvii, p. 84 (1893).
Dark castaneous, nitid, minutely punctate, laterally finely scabrous.
Antennae rufous, except for castaneous basal joint. Pronotum with
impressions and inconspicuous rugosites. No tegminal rudiments.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART II. (MAY) 4)
274 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studzes of the Blattidae.
Angles of abdominal tergites 6-8 produced as blunt spines. Lateral
margins of tergites 6 and 7 denticulate-serrate. Supra-anal famina,
(4) sharply triangular terminating in two spines, each with a small
spine at its base and a smaller one further back, (2) triangular,
apex deeply cleft, lateral margins with 7 teeth. Sub-genital lamina
(¢) quadrate. Posterior margin faintly emarginate, scabrous,
genital styles stout, acuminate, slightly incurved. Disc of abdomen
beneath piceous, scabrous. Coxae and femora rufo-castaneous, tibiae
castaneous.
Total length (¢) 35 mm.,(?) 36mm. ; pronotum 95mm. x 16mm.
West AUSTRALIA, Fraser Range (Adelaide Mus., types) ;
Mt. Robinson, Coolgardie (Michaelsen and Hartmeyer),
(Hamburg Mus.; Oxford Mus.).
8. P. rufofusca, 'Tepp.
Platyzosteria rufofusca, Tepper, t.c., p. 84 (1893).
Unknown to me, except from the description. The
form of the supra-anal lamina in the ? appears to dis-
tinguish it from the preceding species.
SoutH AusTRALIA, Gilbert River (Adelaide Mus., type).
9. P. bifida, Sauss. (PI. VII, fig. 10.)
Polyzosteria bifida, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Sci. Phys.
Nat. Geneve, xxiii, p. 110, Pl. X, f. 37 (1873).
The species resembles P. invisa, Walk., but is readily
distinguished by the form of the supra-anal and sub-genital
laminae in the male, the angle of the 9th tergite moreover
is bispinous, a character not met with in other species of
the genus.
(QUEENSLAND (Geneva Mus., type).
There is one example in the Oxford Museum from the
Burr collection labelled “ Brazil,” the locality is evidently
incorrectly given.
10. P. atrata, Er. (Pl. VIII, fig. 14.)
Periplaneta atrata, Erichson, Arch. Naturg., viii, p.
248 (1842).
Dr. Kuhlgatz has favoured me with a drawing of
the supra-anal lamina of the ¢ type; it is triangular,
emarginate at the apex and serrated laterally, it is conse-
quently very like the supra-anal lamina of P. melanaria 9.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 275
The types measure 22-23 mm. in length. Specimens
from Melbourne and W. Australia have the thoracic
tergites margined with rufo-castaneous and the tibiae
partly rufo-castaneous but otherwise appear to be the
same as the typical form.
TASMANIA (Berlin Mus., types); NEw SoutTH WALES,
Tarangower (Vienna Mus.) ; Vicrorta, Melbourne (Mel-
bourne Mus.) ; WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Boorabbin (Jichael-
sen and Hartmeyer), (Hamburg Mus. ; Oxford Mus.).
11. P. invisa, Walk. (Pl. VIII, figs. 15, 16.)
Periplaneta invisa, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p.
137 (1868), (2 only).
Piceous, nitid, impunctate, margins of segments rather scabrous.
Antennae in basal third piceous, remainder rufo-castaneous. No
tegminal rudiments. Abdominal stigmatic dots very distinct.
Supra-anal lamina, (¢) triangular, apex deeply notched, a short
spine on either side of the notch, (2) triangular, longer than in P.
melanaria, cucullate, apex deeply emarginate, lateral margins 4-den-
tate. Cerci longer than supra-anal lamina in ¢@, shorter in 9.
Subgenital lamina (¢) quadrangular, scabrous without a spine at
base of styles,
Length (¢) 33°5mm., (2?) 31mm.; pronotum 8 mm. x 1?-13 mm.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Swan River (Oxford Mus., g
type; British Mus., 2 type); New SourH WALES, Gosford
(W. W. Froggatt) (Oxford Mus.).
12. P. consobrina, Sauss.
Polyzosteria consobrina, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xvi, p.
306 (1864),
The identity of this species is very uncertain and the
type appears to be lost ; 1 may be merely a larval form of
invisa or identical with atrata, the latter appears to be
more likely.
“ AUSTRALIA.”
13. P. ruficeps, Shelf.
Platyzosteria ruficeps, Shelford, [in] Fauna Siidwest
Austral., ii, Lief. 9, Blattidae, p. 134, Pl. XIII, fig. 3
(1909).
WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Moora (Michaelsen and Hart-
meyer), (Hamburg Mus., type).
i 2
276 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
14. P. punctata, Br. (Pl. VI, fig. 11, Pl. VIII, figs. 17a, 170.)
Polyzosteria punctata, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 211 (1865).
The nearest ally of this species is perhaps aterrima, Er.,
but punctata is narrower. The seriately arranged shallow
punctures on the thoracic tergites are distinctive; the
supra-anal lamina is scabrous and the lateral margins of
the 7th abdominal tergite are slightly serrate.
New SoutH WALES, Sydney (Vienna Mus., type).
15. P. variolosa, Bol. (PI. VII, fig. 13.)
Polyzosteria variolosa, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. ent. France
(6) 11, p. 460 (1882).
In the female the supra-anal lamina is_ produced,
cucullate, posteriorly widely emarginate, with acute angles,
lateral margins entire.
New CareponiA, Noumea (Bolivar); itm DES Pins
(Oxford Mus.).
16. P. scabra, Br.
Polyzosteria scabra, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 213 (1865).
Polyzosteria tarsalis, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p.
162 (1868).
New SoutH WAtzgEs, Sydney (Vienna Mus., type of
scabra), Port Hacking (W. W. Froggatt), (Oxford Mus.) ;
“ AUSTRALIA” (British Mus., type of tarsalis).
17. P. scabrella, Tepp.
Platyzosteria scabrella, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia,
xvi, p. 88 (1893).
This should be readily recognisable from the descrip-
tion; it can be distinguished from the preceding species
by its smaller size, the rufous antennae and by the wide
emargination of the sub-genital lamina of the ¢. The
supra-anal lamina of the ¢ is subquadrate with rounded
angles, there are three short teeth on either side near the
apex.
SoutH AUSTRALIA, various localities (Adelaide Mus.,
types); New SoutH WALES, Gunnedah (W. W. Froggatt),
(Oxford Mus.).
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 277
18. P. coxalis, Walk.
Polyzosteria coxalis, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit.
Mus. V. Suppl. Blatt., p. 35 (1871).
g. Above rufo-castaneous, abdominal tergites with lateral piceous
blotches increasing in size distally. Below piceous with dise of
abdomen castaneous. Head rufo-castaneous. Thorax smooth, nitid ;
abdominal tergites somewhat scabrous. Tegminal rudiments semi-
articulated. Lateral angles of 8th tergite not spinously produced
but lobiform as in Oosmozosteria and yellow. Supra-anal lamina
quadrate, posteriorly widely emarginate, posterior angles slightly
produced, lateral margins serrate. Cerci scarcely exceeding the
lamina. Sub-genital lamina quadrate, a minute spine at base of
genital styles. Coxae bordered with yellow, femora rufous, tibiae
castaneous.
Length 20 mm. ; pronotum 6 mm. x 9 mm,
Bompsay (British Mus., type).
19. P. liglumis, Sauss.
Polyzosteria biglumis, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xvi, p.
305 (1864),
Polyzosteria subaptera, Brunner von Wattenwy]l,
Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 212 (1865).
A very variable species both in colour, which ranges
from piceous to castaneous, and in size. It can be
distinguished by the semi-articulated tegmina, scabrous
distal tergites and coxae margined with testaceous.
New SoutH WALES (Oxford Mus.), Sydney (Stockholm
Mus.); VicrortA, Melbourne (Geneva Mus. type of
biglumis); SoutH AUSTRALIA, Adelaide (Vienna Mus.,
types of subaptera).
The examples in the Stockholm Museum are much
larger than the type, the tegminal rudiments are slightly
more articulated and the angles of the 8th abdominal
tergites are yellow. The Oxford Museum specimens are
intermediate between this form and the typical form.
20. P. perplexa, sp. n.
¢. Allied to P. biglwmis, Sauss., but differing in the smaller size,
rufous antennae, unicolorous coxae and in the almost entire absence
of denticulations from the supra-anal lamina. The lateral margins
of the 7th abdominal tergite are not serrate.
Length 13 mm, ; pronotum 4 mm. x 5°8 mm,
TASMANIA (Oxford Mus., type).
278 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
This may be merely a local variety of the preceding
species and I only regard it provisionally as distinct.
21. P. rufipes, sp. n.
Piceous, nitid. A few minute punctures on the thoracic tergites,
distal abdominal tergites minutely scabrous, especially in the 9.
Pro- and meso-notum laterally bordered with rufo-castaneous. Head
piceous, antennae rufo-castaneous. Tegminal rudiments semi-
articulated. Lateral margins of 7th abdominal tergite not serrate.
Supra-anal lamina, (¢) trigonal, apex truncate, scarcely emarginate,
lateral margins minutely serrate. Cerci exceeding the supra-anal
lamina in both sexes. Sub-genital lamina (¢) subquadrate, a spine
at the base of each genital style equal to half the length of the
style. Coxae not bordered with testaceous, piceous, femora, tibiae
and tarsi rufous. Posterior metatarsi rather longer than usual in this
genus and armed beneath with a few spines.
Length 11-12°5 mm. ; pronotum 4mm. x 6 mm.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA (Oxford Mus., types f and 9).
22. P. biloba, Sauss.
Polyzosteria biloba, Saussure, Mém., Soc. Sci. Phys.
Nat. Geneve, xx, p. 258, Pl. ITI, f. 20 (1869).
Known to me from the description only.
AMBOINA (Geneva Mus., type).
23. P. curiosa, Shelf.
Platyzosteria curiosa, Shelford, [in] Fauna Siidwest
Austral., 11, Lief. 9, Blattidae, p. 135, Pl. XIII, figs.
135-12, (1909).
A very remarkable species. A specimen in the Oxford
Museum I refer with some doubt to this species, since
the legs are rufo-castaneous in colour and the cerci are
shorter than the supra-anal lamina.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Northam (Michaelsen and Hart-
meyer), (Hamburg Mus., type); “ New HoLttanp” (Oxford
Mus.).
24, P. bicolor, Kirby.
Melanozosteria bicolor, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)
xu, p. 373 (1903).
A well-marked species.
TorRES Straits, Cornwallis Island (British Mus., type ;
Oxford Mus., co-type).
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 279
25. P. novae-seelandiae, Br. (Pl. VII, fig. 12.)
Polyzosteria novae-seelandiae, Brunner von Wattenwyl,
Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 218 (1865).
Periplaneta fortipes, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit Mus.,
p. 137 (1868).
This can readily be recognised by the obliquely truncate
and strongly punctate tegmina.
New ZEALAND (Vienna Mus., type of novae-seelandiae ;
British Mus., type of fortipes ; Oxford Mus.).
Two or three species are included in the British Museum
collection under the heading /ortipes and the type is not
indicated; I follow Kirby in regarding the species as
synonymous with novae-seelandiae because Walker's
New Zealand specimens are undoubtedly identical with
Brunner’s types. It is not often that the dreary pages of
Walker’s Catalogues contain any notes of bionomical
interest but in his list of specimens of fortipes one is
recorded as having been found under the bark of trees
devouring bugs. ‘The observation is of interest because
it lends some support to the truth of the statement which
has been made, though with some scepticism, that the
detestable pest, Periplaneta americana, devours the
loathsome bed bug.
26. P. castanea, Br. (PI. VIII, figs. 18a, 180.)
Polyzosteria castanea, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 214 (1865).
Platyzosteria avocaensis, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8.
Australia, xvii, p. 88 (1893).
Platyzosteria exaspera, Tepper, op. cit.+xviil, p. 182
(1894).
I have seen examples of avocaensis and exaspera deter-
mined by Mr. Tepper himself; the former is the female
of the latter and both are synonymous with castanea, the
type of which I have also seen.
P. castanea shows distinct affinities with Cosmozosteria,
the angles of the abdominal tergites except the 7th being
scarcely produced. The cerci are very short in this species.
New SoutH WALES, Tarangower, Sydney (Vienna
Mus., types of castanea ; Stockholm Mus. (Godeffroy) ; Ox-
ford Mus. (W. W. Froggatt)), Avoca (Adelaide Mus., type
of avocaensis); VICTORIA (Adelaide Mus., type of exaspera),
280 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
27. P. obscura, Tepp. (PI. VIII, fig. 19.)
Periplaneta obscura, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xvil, p. 107 (1893).
With some doubt I refer two ff in the Hamburg and
Oxford Museums to this species.
Piceous, nitid, impunctate except for a few faint punctures on the
distal tergites. Antennae fuscous. Tegminal rudiments present,
not quite completely articulated. Supra-anal lamina trigonal, apex
truncate, rather deeply emarginate, lateral margins entire, faintly
concave, exceeded by cerci. Sub-genital lamina quadrate, posterior
margin concave, no spine at base of styles. Coxae narrowly bordered
with testaceous. Legs piceous.
Length 20°1 mm. ; pronotum 5‘1 mm. x 8 mm.
Souta AustRAtLiA, Northern Territory (Adelaide Mus.,
type); Wersr AUSTRALIA, Fremantle (Michaelsen and
Hartmeyer), (Hamburg Mus.; Oxford Mus.).
The species which was originally described from a @
only cannot be recognised with any real certainty.
28. P. scabriuscula, Tepp. (Pl. VIII, fig. 20.)
Periplaneta scabriuscula, Tepper, op. cit., p. 108 (1893).
Piceous, nitid, dorsal surface with minute acute tubercles most
marked on the middle abdominal tergites. Tegminal rudiments pre-
sent and completely articulated. Posterior margin of 7th abdominal
tergite sinuate, its posterior angles not very strongly. produced.
Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrate, lateral margins entire, posterior
margin concave, rufo-fimbriate, (9) triangular, cucullate, apex
truncate, emarginate, lateral margins entire. Cerci exceeding the
supra-anal lamina in both sexes. Sub-genital lamina (¢) quadrate.
Coxae not bordered with testaceous ; legs castaneous.
Length 12-17 mm. ; pronotum 4°5 mm. x 7-7°5 mm.
SoutH AUSTRALIA, various localities (Adelaide Mus,
types); West AUSTRALIA (Hamburg Mus. and Oxford
Mus. (Michaelsen and Hartmeyer)).
29. P. rufoterminata, Br. (Pl. IX, fig. 30.)
Polyzosteria rufoterminata, Brunner von Wattenwyl,
Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 219 (1865).
Described from a § only. It is characterised by the rows
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 281
.of shallow punctures on the dorsal surface, the rufo-
castaneous tegminal rudiments, the supra-anal lamina
with entire margins and non-emarginate apex.
“New HoLianD” (Vienna Mus., type).
30. P. pseudocastanea, Tepp.
Platyzosteria spseudocastanea, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc.
S. Australia, xvii, p. 89 (1893).
Known to me only from the description; it appears to
differ from castanea, Br., by the unicolorous coxae, and
the scabrous supra-anal lamina (¢) with dentate lateral
margins and emarginate apex.
S. AUSTRALIA, Tanunda, Ardrossan (Adelaide Mus.,
type).
31. P. ceratodi, Kr.
Polyzosteria ceratodi, Krauss, Denkschr. med.-nat.
Ges. Jena, vill, p. 751 (1908).
Known to me only from the description.
(QUEENSLAND, Burnett (Semon) (Jena University Mus.,
type).
32. P. glabra, Walk.
Periplaneta glabra, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p
139 (1868).
d. Piceous, nitid, impunctate, rather broad. Tegminal rudiments
present and completely articulated. Supra-anal lamina quadrate,
depressed in middle, lateral margins entire, posteriorly widely
emarginate, exceeded by the cerci. Sub-genital lamina widely
emarginate, a short blunt spine at the base of the long genital styles.
Posterior margin of 7th abdominal tergite not dentate. Coxae not
bordered with testaceous.
Length 20 mm.; pronotum 7 mm. x 10°9 mm.
“ AUSTRALIA ” (British Mus., type).
This species in its general facies closely resembles
Cutilia nitida, Br., but can readily be distinguished from
that by its tarsal structure.
282 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae,
33. P. conjuncta, Shelf. *
Platyzosteria conjuncta, Shelford, [in] Fauna Siidwest
Austral. ui, Lief. 9, Blattidae, p. 1386 (1909).
This can be distinguished from the preceding by the
spines at the posterior angles of the supra-anal lamina
(2), from obscura by the form of the sub-genital lamina
(f), and from scabriuscula by the absence of scabrous
points on the dorsal surface.
West AUSTRALIA, Collie (Michaelsen and Hartmeyer),
(Hamburg Mus., types).
34, P. morosa, Shelf. (Pl. VIII, fig. 21.)
Platyzosteria morosa, Shelford, op. cit., p. 136 (1909).
Distinguished from the preceding by the form of the
supra-anal lamina (f) ; the species varies considerably in
size.
SoutH AvuSsTRALIA (Oxford Mus. types); WEST
Austratia, 8. Albany, Lion Mill, Mundaring Weir
(Michaelsen and Hartmeyer), (Hamburg Mus.).
35. P. provisionalis, Tepp.
Periplaneta sprovisionalis, Tepper, Tr. R. Soe. 8.
Australia, xvii, p. 108 (1893).
This species cannot be recognised from the description ;
some specimens in the Melbourne Museum, identified by
Mr. Tepper as provisionalis, are young larvae that cannot
be referred with any certainty to this or to any other
species of the genus.
South AustRALIA, Mount Bryan East (Adelaide Mus.,
type).
36. P. inclusa, Walk.
Periplaneta inclusa, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p.
140 (1868).
Platyzosteria inclusa, Shelford, [in] Fauna Siidwest
Austral, ii, Lief, 9, Blattidae, p. 137, Pl. XIII, fig. 4
(1909).
Piceous above, sometimes variegated with castaneous on the disc
of the thorax, nitid, impunctate. Thorax margined laterally with
testaceo-hyaline. Head and legs rufous. Antennae rufo-castaneous.
No tegminal rudiments. Posterior angles of abdominal tergites
:
‘
.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 283
scarcely produced backwards in g¢. Supra-anal lamina, (2%) sub-.
quadrate, apex widely emarginate, lateral margins entire, (?)
cucullate, triangular, apex emarginate, lateral margins entire,
exceeded by the cerci. Sub-genital lamina (¢) with posterior
margin slightly produced.
Total length (¢) 148 mm., (?) 16 mm. ; pronotum 4-48 mm. x
5-5°8 mm.
West AUSTRALIA, various localities (British Mus., type ;
Oxford Mus.; Hamburg Mus. (Michaelsen and Hart-
meyer)).
37. P. albomarginata, Br. (Pl. VIII, fig. 22.)
Polyzosteria albomarginata, Brunner von Wattenwy]l,
Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 212 (1865).
Brunner’s description is drawn up from a larval
specimen, the following is a description of the adult
male :—
Piceous, nitid, impunctate. Antennae rufescent except at base.
Thoracic tergites faintly carinate, laterally bordered with flavo-
testaceous, the borders being outwardly margined rather broadly
with piceous. Tegminal rudiments absent. Lateral margin of 7th
abdominal tergite finely serrate. Supra-anal lamina triangular,
apex incised, lateral margins serrate. Cerci equal in length to the
lamina. Sub-genital lamina quadrate, scabrous, styles stout. Legs
rufo-castaneous.
Length 34 mm.; pronotum 9 mm. x 13°8 mm.
NEw SoutH WateEs, Sydney (Vienna Mus., type) ;
West AusTRALIA, Coolgardie (Hamburg Mus.), Kalgoorlie
(coll. Froggatt.)
38. P. brunnea, Tepp.
Platyzosteria albomarginata, var. brunnea, Tepper, Tr.
R. Soc. 8. Australia, xvii, p. 86 (1893).
This appears to be quite distinct from the preceding,
but I have seen no examples.
S. AUSTRALIA, Gilbert River, Kangaroo Is.; CENTRAL
AUSTRALIA, Barrow range (Adelaide Mus., types).
39. P. variegata, Shelf.
Platyzosteria variegata, Shelford, [in] Fauna Siidwest
Austral., 11, Lief. 9, Blattidae, p. 137, Pl. XIII, fic. 14
(1909).
284 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
Distinguished from the two preceding species, its nearest
allies, by the form of the supra-anal lamina (2).
WEsT AUSTRALIA, Boyanup (J/ichaelsen and Harimeyer),
(Hamburg Mus., type).
40. P. obscuripes, Tepp. (Pl. VIII, fig. 23.)
Drymaplaneta obscuripes, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S.
Australia, xvii, p. 112 (18983),
I have seen no mature examples of this, and strongly
suspect it of being the larva of one of the three
preceding species. The larval condition of the 2 sub-
genital valves is employed by Tepper as one of the
diagnostic characters of his genus Drymaplaneta !
SoutH AUSTRALIA, West coast; Wrsr AUSTRALIA,
Fraser range (Adelaide Mus., types), Swan river (Oxford
Mus.).
41. P. spencert, sp. 0.
¢. Piceous, nitid, impunctate. Disc of abdomen beneath rufo-
castaneous. Margined all round continuously with flavo-testaceous,
outlined outwardly with piceous; the supra-anal lamina and cerci
piceous or castaneous. Tegminal rudimentsabsent. Posterior angles
of all the abdominal tergites very acutely produced, especially the
8th. Lateral margins of 6th tergite serrate, of 7th denticulate.
Supra-anal lamina acutely triangular, terminating in a pair of
diverging spines, lateral margins denticulate. Cerci not exceeding
the supra-anal lamina. Terminal sternites laterally finely tuber-
culate. Posterior margin of 6th abdominal sternite strongly
denticulate, posterior margins of the two preceding sternites laterally
with smaller denticles. Sub-genital lamina small, sub-quadrate,
styles very stout, incurved, equal to the cerci. Coxae narrowly
bordered with testaceous. Legs piceous.
Length 28 mm.; pronotum 7 mm. x 10 mm.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA (Spencer-Gillen expedition), (Mel-
bourne Mus., type; Oxford Mus., co-type).
42. P. soror, Br. (Pl. VIII, figs. 24a, 240.)
Polyzosteria soror, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 219 (1865).
Periplaneta semicincta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 140 (1868).
This is the insular form of the next species ; it can be
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 285
distinguished by its smaller size, more convex shape, the
outer border of the flavo-testaceous thoracic margins not
distinctly margined with castaneous, the genital styles
with a spine at their base and by the supra-anal lamina
(?) being less emarginate at the apex. ‘The species varies
in size, New Caledonian exampies being the smallest,
Bornean examples the largest.
AMBOINA (Vienna Mus., type of soror); CERAM (British
Mus.); Navicator’s Is. (Brit. Mus., type of semicincta) ;
New CALEDONIA (Oxford Mus.); New HEBRIDES (Mel-
bourne Mus.); Tonca (Stockholm Mus.) ; BoRrNEo
(Oxford Mus.) ; Formosa (British Mus.).
43. P. communis, Tepp. (PI. VIII, figs. 25a, 250.)
Drymaplaneta communis, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S.
Australia, xvi, p. 110 (1898).
Methana antipodum, Branesik, Jahresh. Ver. Trencsin.
Com. xix—xx, p. 58, Pl. I, fig. 4 (1897).
QUEENSLAND (Oxford Mus.); SourH AUSTRALIA,
various localities (Adelaide Mus., type of communis ; Oxford
Mus., type of antipodum); Wrst AUSTRALIA, Swan River
(Oxford Mus.).
44, P. semivitta, Walk. (Pl. VIII, figs. 26a to 26f)
Periplaneta semivitta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p- 143 (1868).
Piceous or dark castaneous above, nitid, impunctate. Thoracic
tergites laterally bordered with clear flavo-testaceous, outwardly
narrowly margined with castaneous. Head testaceous, a castaneous
band on vertex and a castaneous blotch on frons, antennae rufo-
castaneous. Maxillary palpi(¢) with 1st and 2nd joint swollen.
Labrum sub-bilobate. Tegminal rudiments present, subtruncate
at apex. Ist abdominal tergite (¢) with a circular gland-opening
fringed with rufous setae.* Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrate, angles
acute but not produced, posterior margin slightly emarginate, lateral
margins entire, (@ ) cucullate, triangular, apex deeply notched. Sub-
genital lamina (¢) trapezoidal, produced, apex widely emarginate,
styles placed sub-laterally. Cerci surpassing the supra-anal lamina
in both sexes. Coxae testaceous, blotched with castaneous. Femora
rufo-castaneous, anterior pair paler; tibiae castaneous. Posterior
tibiae (¢) very stout, flattened and expanded.
Total length (¢)24, (9) 25 mm. ; pronotum 7mm. x 9 mm.
* This is frequently hidden under the metanotum.
286 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Swan River (British Mus., type);
SoutH AUSTRALIA, various localities (Michaelsen and
Harimeyer), (Hamburg Mus.; Oxford Mus.).
This is a somewhat anomalous form as shown by the
curious secondary sexual characters of the male.
45, P. sub-bifasciata, Tepp.
Drymaplaneta sub-bifaserata, Tepper, Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.
Australia, xvii, p. 112 (1898).
Evidently described from a larva. There is an adult
2 in bad condition and without label in the Oxford
Museum; in this the lateral yellow border of the thoracic
tergites is interrupted at the mesonotum by the tegminal
rudiments, which are piceous. The species is readily recog-
nisable by the production, along the hind-margins of the
pro- and meta-notum, of the lateral yellow border.
SourH AusrraLiA, Northern territory (Adelaide Mus.,
type).
46. P. liturata, Sauss.
Polyzosteria liturata, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Sci. Phys.
Nat. Geneve, xxiii, p. 108, Pl. X, fig. 36 (1873).
Known to me only from the description.
New Georaia (Geneva Mus., type).
47, P. circumducta, Walk.
Periplaneta cireumducta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit.
Mus., p. 143 (1868).
Drymaplaneta submarginata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soe. 8.
Australia, xvii, p. 111 (1898).
Closely allied to P. soror, Br., but the flavo-testaceous border runs
completely round the body including the anterior margin of the
pronotum and so much as is visible of the 8th abdominal tergite.
Supra-anal lamina (¢) quadrate, margins entire, posteriorly not
emarginate. A small spine at base of styles.
? Loc. (British Mus., type of circwmducta); SOUTH
AUSTRALIA, Kangaroo Is., Mount Lofty range (Adelaide
Mus., type of submarginata).
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 287
48. P. sexguttata, Walk.
Periplaneta sexquttata, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 141 (1868).
This is a very young larva.
“ AUSTRALIA ” (British Mus., type).
49. P. balteata, Tepp.
Platyzosteria balteata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia,
xvii, p. 91 (1893).
I have been quite unable to recognise this and the next
species ; their generic position is problematical.
50. P. latizona, Tepp.
Platyzosteria latizona, t.c., p. 92 (1893).
SoutH AUSTRALIA, Mount Bryan East (Adelaide Mus.,
type).
51. P. coolgardiensis, Tepp. (Pl. VIII, fig. 27.)
Platyzosterva coolgardiensis, Tepper, op. cit., xix, p. 159
(1894).
3. Rufo-testaceous, impunctate, opaque. Disc of thoracic tergites,
a band on each abdominal tergite, disc of abdomen beneath, tibiae
and tarsi castaneous or rufo-castaneous, Tégminal rudiments absent.
Posterior angles of abdominal tergites 2-5 scarcely produced, of terg-
ites 6-7 strongly produced, of tergite 9 sub-lobiform. Lateral margins
of 6th and 7th abdominal tergites finely serrate. Supra-anal lamina
triangular terminating in two slender spines, barely exceeding the
cerci in length. Subgenital lamina trapezoidal, posteriorly very
slightly emarginate, styles stout, acuminate. Posterior metatarsi not
spined beneath ; its pulvillus apical.
Length 24 mm.; pronotum 6 mm. x 10 mm.
West AusTRALIA, Coolgardie (Adelaide Mus., type),
Kalgoorlie (W. W. Froggatt), (Oxford Mus.).
The above description is drawn up from a specimen
determined by Mr. Tepper and kindly presented to the
Oxford Museum by Mr. Froggatt. The species is an
anomalous one, but seems to fit sufficiently into the genus
Platyzosteria.
288 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
52. P. aposematica, sp. n. (Pl. IX, fig. 29.)
2. Pale ferruginous above, disc of pro- and mesonotum, posterior
margins of abdominal tergites, 9th tergite, supra-anal lamina and
cerci, piceous. Abdomen beneath piceous with the disc castaneous ;
legs castaneous. Tegminal rudiments absent. Lateral margins of
6th and 7th abdominal tergites serrate, posterior angles strongly
produced. Posterior angles of 9th tergite spiniform. Supra-anal
lamina triangular, apex notched, lateral margins denticulate. Cerci
of equal length with the lamina. Ultimate and penultimate sternites
laterally scabrous, posterior margins laterally finely dentate.
Length 40 mm. ; pronotum 9°6 mm. x 13 mm.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA (Spencer-Gillen Expedition), (Mel-
bourne Mus., type).
It is rather remarkable that the three Central Australian
species described here should show the same tendency to
spinosity of the terminal abdominal segments.
53. P. hartmeyert, Shelf.
Platyzosteria hartmeyert, Shelford [in] Fauna Siidwest
Austral., ii, Lief. 9, Blattidae, p. 188 (1909).
West AvstTRALIA, Boorabbin (Hamburg Mus., type).
54, P. zebra, Tepp.
Polyzosteria zebra, 'Tepper [in] Horn Exped. Centr.
Australia, i, p. 362 (1896).
Iam unable to determine the correct systematic posi-
tion of this species; the original description is quoted
herewith :—
“ @. Yellow, banded with piceous, stout. Vertex, a band between
and below the antennae, base of clypeus, and a longitudinal stripe
reddish-piceous. Antennae and palpi reddish. Pronotum scarcely
hooded, not much reflexed laterally, almost smooth, shining, disc
indistinctly impressed with very faint dark spots; hind angles
subacute ; hind margin concave. Meso- and metanotum similar,
each side with small shallow pits, a dark band rather broad in the
middle and convex behind, short; hind margin of metanotum
slightly and angularly produced in the middle. Abdomen almost
smooth, except a few scattered pits, dark basal band narrow, not
extending to lateral margin, posterior angles rectangular or shortly
produced as a small tooth. Legs bicolorous ; coxae pale testaceous,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 289
anterior border, base and a short stripe in the middle reddish-
brown ; femora with inner side pale testaceous, remainder reddish ;
tibiae and tarsi reddish-piceous ; arolia large. Abdomen ventrally
pale yellowish, each segment with a narrow dark basal band extend-
ing to lateral margin. Cerci as long as lamina, slender, pale yellow,
terminating in a short spine.
«Total length 35 mm. ; pronotum 9 mm. x 19 mm.”
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.
Genus 4. LEprozosTertia, Tepp.
Leptozosteria, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia, xvii, p. 96
(1893).
Characters. “Body very flat and thin, elongate. Integument
soft. Supra-anal lamina of male triangular, terminating in an acute
apical spine. Colour pale with dark bands.”
The only species of this genus which I have seen is
L. secunda, Tepp., and that is undoubtedly conspecific
with Cutilia triangulata, Br. (q.v.). The only important
character in Tepper’s generic diagnosis is the form of the
male supra-anal lamina, and as there are many objections
to founding new genera on male secondary sexual characters
alone, I expect that it will eventually be necessary to sink
Leptozosteria as a synonym of Platyzosteria or of Cutilia.
1. L. prima, Tepp.
Leptozosteria prima, Tepper, t.c., p. 96 (1893).
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA, Cordilho Downs (Adelaide Mus.,
type).
Genus 5. CurTira, Stal.
Cutilia, Stal, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiv (10), p. 36
(1877). :
Characters. Closely allied to Platyzosteria, Br., but the posterior
metatarsus long and biseriately spined beneath, its pulvillus apical ;
remaining tarsal joints unarmed beneath, their pulvilli occupying
the entire joints. Tegminal rudiments present. In all but one
species the posterior angles of the distal abdominal tergites strongly
produced backwards. Supra-anal lamina ( ¢) quadrate.
Type of the genus—C. nitida, Br.
Stal founded the genus on C. tartarea, Stal, which is
synonymous with C. nitida, Br. The genus is a link
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART I. (MAY) U
290 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
between the Polyzosteria-group and the Slatta-group, on
account of the tarsal structure (PI. IX, fig. 400).
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Piceous or castaneous.
2. Piceous. Legs piceous. Broad convex
species at Geet auc tie te
2’. Castaneous. Legs testaceous, Narrow,
sub-depressed species . . . . . . OC. melanesiae, sp. n.
1’. Testaceous or ferruginous.
2. Dise of pronotum with three fuscous
markings arranged ina triangle. . . OC. triangulata, Br.
2’. Pronotum with more or less distinct
fuscous lateral vittae.
3. Species exceeding 13 mm. in length.
4. Posterior angles of distal abdominal
C. nitida, Br.
tergites (¢) produced. . . . . C. heydeniana, Sauss.
4’. Posterior angles of distal abdominal
tergites (4) not produced . . . C. sedilloti, Bol.
3’. Species not exceeding 13 mm. in
Fength ec ee cd Seite seh) com ee, Diaz, anette
1. C. niteda, Br.
Polyzosteria nitida, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 214 (1865).
Periplaneta wolita, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 1389 (1868). :
Cutilia tartarea, Stal, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiv
(10), p. 36 (1877).
? Blatta atervima, Escholtz, Entomographien, p. 89
(1822).
This species, which is very variable in size, has a wide |
range outside Australia; the record of its occurrence in
Australia is doubtful. I do not know whether Escholtz’s
type is preserved and his species may not perhaps have
the slightest affinity with nitida, for the description is too
brief for it to be possible to judge of that.
Formosa (British Mus., type of polita); PHILIPPINES
(Stockholm Mus., type of ¢artarea ; British Mus.) ; BORNEO
(Oxford Mus.; Paris Mus.); TERNATE (British Mus.) ;
AMBOINA (Vienna Mus., type of nztida; Oxford Mus.); NEw
GuINEA (Oxford Mus.; Brussels Mus.; Melbourne Mus.) ;
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 291
TorrES Straits (British Mus.); NEw SoutH WALEs,
Sydney (Oxford Mus.).
2. C. melanesiae, sp. 0.
dg Above castaneous, nitid, impunctate. Head, legs and antennae
bright testaceous, A broad castaneous stripe down the middle of
the face. ‘Tibial spines castaneous. Posterior borders of thoracic
tergites slightly produced in the middle. Posterior angles of
abdominal tergites moderately produced. Supra-anal lamina tri-
gonal, margins entire, apex truncate, fimbriate, scarcely emarginate,
considerably exceeded by the cerci. Sub-genital lamina sub-
quadrate, styles moderate, a well-marked spine at the base of each.
Posterior metatarsus exceeding the succeeding joints in length.
Length 19 mm. ; pronotum 6 mm. x 8 mm.
TorRES STRAITS (British Mus., type).
Readily distinguished by the bright testaceous legs.
3. C. triangulata, Br.
Polyzosteria triangulata, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2a, xii, p. 33 (1898).
Leptozosteria secunda, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xvii, p. 183 (1894).
Polyzosteria triangulata, Krauss, Denkschr. med.-
nat. Ges. Jena, vill, p. 750, Pl. LX VII, fig. 1 (1908).
Stal in 1877 quotes this species as belonging to the
genus Cutilia but gives no description of it. Brunner in
a footnote (/.¢.) alludes to the species but does not give
a detailed diagnosis of it; if his remarks on the species
beginning—“le metatarse un peu plus long que les
autres articles réunis,” ete. ete, are reckoned as a
diagnosis then the name ¢riangulata can stand, but if not
then this name must be replaced by secwnda, Tepp. This
is a matter for priority-cranks to wrangle over, but it is
not of the least importance. As Krauss gives a good
description and figure of the species under the name
triangulata and as this name is more appropriate than
secunda I have no hesitation in adopting it.
QUEENSLAND, Rockhampton (Vienna Mus., type),
Bowen (Godeffroy) (Stockholm Mus.), Cooktown (Adelaide
Mus., type of secwnda), Endeavour river (Oxford Mus.);
Tuurspay Is. (Jena University Mus.).
U2
292 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
A, C. heydeniana, Sauss.
Periplaneta heydeniana, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xvi,
p. 317 (1864).
Polyzosteria heydeniana, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Sci.
Phys. Nat. Geneve, xx, p. 256 (1869).
Periplaneta marginifera, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit.
Mus., p. 144 (1868).
West Austratis, King George’s Sound (British Mus.,
type of marginifera; Oxford Mus.; Geneva Mus., type of
heydeniana; Paris Mus.), Albany (Hamburg Mus.).
5. C. sedilloti, Bol.
Polyzosteria sedillott, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. France
(6) i, p. 459 (1882).
In the ¢ the posterior angles of the posterior abdominal
tergites are rounded and they are not much produced
in the 2.
New ZEALAND (coll. Bolivar, type ; Oxford Mus.).
6. C. brunni, Alfk.
Platyzosteria brunni, Alfken, Abh. Ver. Bremen,
xvi, p. 142 (1901).
Known to me only from the description. It is
apparently to be distinguished by its small size, but it must
be noted that sedilloti itself varies considerably in size, a
specimen in the Oxford Museum from the North island of
New Zealand being smaller than specimens from the
South island.
CHATHAM Is. (Bremen Mus., type).
Genus 6. ZONIOPLOCA, Stal.
Zonioploca, Stil, Bih. Svensk. Akad. 11 (18), p. 13 (1874).
Knephasia, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8S. Australia, xvii,
po) 1393).
Characters. Ocelli absent. Lateral margins of pronotum
incrassated. Dorsal surface granulate, or with shallow punctures.
Tegminal rudiments absent. Posterior angles of abdominal tergites
5-7 strongly produced. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrate, angles
obtuse, lateral margins entire, (9) triangular, apex emarginate.
Sub-genital lamina (¢) trapezoidal, styles lateral. Posterior
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 293
metatarsus unarmed beneath, equal to the remaining joints in
length, its pulvillus apical.
Type of the genus—Z, alutacea, Stil.
KEY TO SPECIES.
1. Dorsal surface granulate ; smaller species.
2. Tibiae unicolorous, testaceous . . . . Z.medilinea,Tepp.
2’. Tibiae castaneous on dorsal aspect,
testaceous on ventral aspect.
3. Pro- and mesonotum with lateral
fuscous vittae, abdomen above
transversely banded with fuscous
and olivaceous . . . .. . . 4. alutacea, Stal.
3’. Pro- and mesonotum without lateral
fuscous vittae, abdomen above
unicolorous, testaceous . . . . JZ. pallida, Shelf.
1’, Dorsal surface with large shallow punc-
tures ; robust species.
2. Femora and tibiae purple . . . . . Z. eastit, Tepp.
2’. Femora and tibiae rufo-testaceous . . Z. robusta, sp. n.
1. Z. medilinea, Tepp.
Knephasia medilinea, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia,
xvu, p. 100 (1893).
Readily distinguished by the dark median line, extend-
ing from the posterior border of the pronotum to near the
apex of the abdomen.
Victoria, Lillimur; SoutH AvustTRaLia, Sedan,
Northern territory (Adelaide Mus., types); Wrst
AUSTRALIA, Mt. Robinson (Hamburg Mus.; Oxford Mus.).
2. Z. alutacea, Stal.
Zonioploca alutacea, Stil, Bih. Svensk. Akad. ii (13),
p. 13 (1874).
Platyzosteria ardrossanensis, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S.
Australia, xvii, p. 92 (1898).
Tepper’s description of ardrosswnensis corresponds
perfectly with alutacea, the type of which has been kindly
lent to me by Dr. Y. Sjostedt of Stockholm.
“ AUSTRALIA” (Stockholm Mus., type of alutacea) ;
QUEENSLAND (Oxford Mus.); SourH AUSTRALIA,
Ardrossan (Adelaide Mus., type of ardrossanensis) ; WEST
AusTRALIA, Albany (Deutsche Entom. National Museum).
294 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
3. Z. pallida, Shelf. (Plate IX, figs. 28a and 280.)
Zomoploca pallida, Shelford, [in] Fauna Siidwest
Austral. ii, Lief. 9, Blattidae, p. 1388, Pl. XIII, fig. 7
(1909).
This species varies considerably in size, in the extent of
the granulation of the dorsal surface and some examples
are paler than others.
West AUSTRALIA, various localities (Oxford Mus.,
types ; Hamburg Mus.).
4. Z. eastui, Tepp.
Ananesia castti, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xvii, p. 92 (1893).
Known to me only from the description.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA (Adelaide Mus., type).
5. Z. robusta sp. n.
9. Testaceous, nitid. Head castaneous, mouth-parts and antennae
testaceous. Dorsum with large shallow punctures, thoracic tergites
rugose laterally and with a lateral castaneous vitta, a castaneous spot
at the base of the meso- and metanotum in the middle line. The
punctures on the abdominal tergites rufo-castaneous ; margins of 6th
and 7th tergites very faintly serrate. Supra-anal lamina trigonal,
sub-cucullate, apex emarginate. Cerci not exceeding the lamina,
slender, flattened. Abdomen beneath impunctate, pale testaceous,
penultimate tergite and valves rufous. Legs rufo-testaceous.
Length 35 mm. ; pronotum 10 mm. x 16°5 mm.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA (v. Leonhardi), (Senckenberg
Mus., type).
fod
Genus 7. CosMOZOSTERIA, Stal.
Cosmozosteria, Stal, Bih. Svensk. Vet. Akad. 11 (13), p.
13 (1874).
Characters. Ocelli present. Tegminal rudiments absent. Ab-
domen broader than thorax. Posterior angles of abdominal tergites
5-6 not, or scarcely produced, of tergite 7, produced. Angles of 9th
abdominal tergite lobiform. Dorsal surface of abdomen scabrous.
Supra-anal and sub-genital laminze (¢) quadrate. Cerci short.
Posterior metatarsus very short, unarmed beneath, its pulvillus
occupying the greater part of the joint.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 295
Type of the genus—C. bicolor, Sauss.
The genus is not very well marked off from Platyzo-
sterra but the species here included in it have all a
well-marked facies which is quite distinct from that of
Platyzosterva species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Unicolorous castaneous, except the
angles of 9th abdominal tergite . OC. froggatti, sp. n.
1’. Banded, margined or spotted with
ochreous.
2. Posterior margins of thoracic ter-
gites ochreous.
3. Abdominal tergites unicolorous C. zonata, Walk.
3’. Abdominal tergites spotted
with ochreous.
4, Meso- and metanotum not
bordered laterally with
ochreous . OC. maculimarginata, Tepp.
4’. Meso- and metanotum
bordered laterally with
ochreous. . . . GC. bicolor, Sauss. var.
2’. Posterior margins of thoracic
tergites not ochreous,
3. Abdominal tergites with trans-
verse ochreous streaks,
4, Thoracic tergites with tri-
angular lateral ochreous
markings . Atta
4’. Thoracic tergites laterally
banded with ochreous . . CO. picta, Tepp.
3’, Abdominal tergites with small
lateral ochreous spots.
4, Thoracic tergites with com-
plete lateral borders of
ochreous. . . . . . . OC. bicolor, Sauss.
4’. Thoracic tergites with in-
complete lateral borders of
ochreous. . . . . . . GC. lateralis, Walk.
C. gloriosa, sp. n.
1. C. froggatts, sp. n.
¢ and ?. Uniform castaneous above, except the angles of the
9th abdominal tergite which are orange; margins of thoracic
296 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
tergites sometimes rather paler than the disc. Antennae rufescent.
Thoracic tergites smooth, impunctate. Abdominal tergites rather
scabrous. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrangular, angles spiniform,
deflexed, posterior margin straight, surpassed by sub-genital lamina
which is quadrate, posteriorly widely emarginate, angles spiniform,
with styles lateral, (9) trigonal, sub-cucullate, apex rounded not
emarginate, margins faintly crenulate. Cerci (mutilated in 4)
barely exceeding the supra-anal lamina (?). Coxae margined with
ochreous, posterior metatarsus short. ‘
Length (¢) 25 mm., (?) 27 mm.; pronotum 8 mm. x 12-
13 mm.
QUEENSLAND, Lolworth (coll. Froggatt, type ¢), Peak
Downs (Stockholm Mus., type 9).
The ? ? are paler than the male.
2. C. zonata, Walk. (Pl. IX, figs. 31, 32.)
Polyzosteria zonata, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p- 159 (1868).
Polyzosteria quadrifascia, Walker, t. c., p. 160 (1868).
Polyzosteria pectoralis, Walker, t. c., p. 160 (1868).
Platyzosteria trifasciata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soe. S.
Australia, xvil, p. 91 (1898).
Piceous (quadrifascia) or castaneous (zonata). Anterior margin
of pronotum ochreous (quadrifascia) or unicolorous with dise
(trifasciata) ; posterior margins of thoracic tergites narrowly or
broadly (zonata) ochreous. Thoracic tergites minutely punctate
with some smooth spaces. Dorsal surface of abdomen scabrous,
posterior angles of 2nd to 5th tergites not produced, of 6th slightly
produced, of 7th strongly produced, of 9th lobiform ( ¢) or spiniform
(2) and sometimes orange in colour. Lateral margins of 7th
tergite serrate, more strongly in g than in 9. Abdomen beneath
finely scabrous, lateral margins of 7th sternite (4) denticulate, of 6th
sternite (9) serrate. Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrate, posteriorly
non-emarginate and rufo-fimbriate, posterior angles produced as
strong, deflexed spines, (?) triangular, cucullate, apex emarginate,
laterally serrate. Sub-genital lamina (¢) trapezoidal, posteriorly
widely emarginate, exceeding the supra-anal lamina, posterior
angles spinously produced, styles lateral. Cerci orange or piceous
exceeding the supra-anal lamina ( ¢) but not the sub-genital lamina,
acutely pointed. Coxae margined with testaceous,
Length (¢) 21 mm., (?) 25°55 mm.; pronotum 65-7°5 mm.
x 10-13°1 mm.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 297
QUEENSLAND (British Mus., type of quadrifascia ; Ox-
ford Mus.; Melbourne Mus.); SourH AUSTRALIA, Northern
territory (British Mus., type of pectoralis; Oxford Mus. ;
Adelaide Mus., type of ¢trifasciata; Melbourne Mus.),
Port Essington (British Mus., type of zonata; Oxford
Mus).
3. C. maculimarginata, Tepp.
Platyzosteria maculimarginata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc.
S. Australia, xix, p. 160 (1895).
Known to me only from the description; it may be only
a varietal form of the preceding.
N. QUEENSLAND (Adelaide Mus., type).
4. C. bicolor, Sauss. (Pl. IX, fig. 33.)
Polyzosteria bicolor, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xvi, p.
307 (1864); Mém. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve,
xx, p. 259 (1869).
Polyzosteria ligata, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 220 (1865).
Platyzosteria subzonata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Aus-
tralia, xviii, p. 181 (1894).
This is another species that in coloration is very
variable ; the form swbhzonata has the posterior margins of
the thoracic tergites narrowly bordered with ochreous
but is otherwise indistinguishable from the type form.
Structurally the species differs from C. zonata, Walk., as
follows :—The abdomen is less scabrous, none of the
abdominal tergites or sternites are laterally serrate, the
posterior angles of the 7th abdominal tergite are scarcely
produced, the supra-anal lamina (7) has minute, non-
deflexed spines at the posterior angles, (?) with the margins
entire.
“ AUSTRALIA ” (Geneva Mus., type of bicolor) ; QUEENS-
LAND (Oxford Mus.), Port Curtis (Vienna Mus., type of
ligata), Stradbrooke Is. (coll. Froggatt); Victoria (Ade-
laide Mus. type of subzonata); New SoutuH WALES,
Darling river (Oxford Mus.; Melbourne Mus.).
5. C. gloriosa, sp. n.
Q. Dark castaneous; thoracic tergites with large triangular
flavid blotches situated near their posterior angles. Abdominal
298 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
tergites 1-7 with transverse narrow flavid streaks extending from
the outer margins inward, 3 to 4 minute brown spots in each
streak.
Dorsal surface minutely shagreened and with large punctures on
the meso-, metanotum and abdominal tergites. Posterior angles
of 6th abdominal tergite scarcely produced, of 7th strongly produced.
(Cerci and supra-anal lamina mutilated.) Ventral surface cas-
taneous, apex of valves and margins of coxae flavo-testaceous.
Length 25°2 mm.; pronotum 8*9 mm. x 14 mm.
(QUEENSLAND, Cooktown (Melbourne Mus., type).
The species is allied to C. picta, Tepp., but is I believe
quite distinct.
6. C. lateralis, Walk.
Polyzosteria lateralis, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 154 (1868).
Polyzosteria ferruginca, Walker, t. c., p. 158 (1868).
?. Rufo-castaneous, thoracic tergites minutely shagreened,
abdomen above very scabrous. Pronotum on the antero-lateral
margins only ochreous, meso- and metanotum with an ochreous spot
at the anterior angles. Abdominal tergites 2-6 with small ochreous
spots, laterally situated. Posterior angles of tergites 6-7 produced,
of 9th tergite lobiform, ochreous. Supra-anal lamina trigonal,
lateral margins serrate, apex not emarginate, exceeded by the cerci
which are tipped with ochreous. Thoracic tergites beneath testa-
ceous, outwardly margined with castaneous, abdominal sternites
1-6 with lateral ochreous spots. Coxae margined with testaceous.
Length 21 mm. ; pronotum 7'°2 mm. x 12 mm.
Hab. “ AUSTRALIA” (British Mus., types ; Oxford Mus.).
7. C. picta, Tepp.
Platyzosteria (2) picta, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xviii, p. 182 (1894).
Known to me only from the description.
(JUEENSLAND, Cooktown (Adelaide Mus., type).
Genus 8. ANAMESIA, Tepp.
Anamesia, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia, xvii, p.
69 (1893).
Pseudolampra, Tepper, t. ¢., p. 96 (1893).
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 299
Characters. Ocelli present or absent. Pronotum with margins
not reflexed nor incrassated. Tegminal rudiments absent. Dorsal
surface of abdomen not scabrous, with shallow punctures. Pos-
terior angles of none of the abdominal tergites produced, angles of
9th abdominal tergite often lobiform. Cerci short, flattened. Supra-
anal lamina, (¢) quadrate, (?) trigonal, sub-cucullate. Tibiae
with spines on outer aspect tri-seriately arranged. Posterior meta-
tarsus shorter than remaining joints, not spined beneath, its pulvillus
occupying the greater part of the joint.
Type of the genus—A. frenchii, Tepp.
The foregoing description is drawn up after an examina-
tion of A. frenchii, Tepp., A. polyzona, Walk., a new form,
anda larva of Pseudolampra punctata, 'Tepp. Mr. Froggatt
at my request very kindly sent to Mr. Tepper an example
identified by meas A. frenchii, and Mr. Tepper, having
compared the specimen with his own type, pronounces
them to be identical. P. punctata, Tepp., and P. rothet,
Tepp., are undoubtedly congeneric with /renchic and it
is not easy to understand why the genus Pseudolampra was
ever erected. The most important character of Anamesia
is the obtuse angulation of the 7th abdominal tergite ;
it is possible that all of the Tepperian species do not con-
form to this character, in which case they must be referred
to other genera. The following key is quite provisional
and too much reliance must not be placed on it.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Not unicolorous but banded or margined
with paler colour.
2. Posterior margins of abdominal tergites
ochreous.
3. Posterior margins of thoracic tergites
ochreous. . . . A, polyzona, Walk.
3’. Posterior margins of ihozee oh bie
not ochreous. . A. lambii, Tepp.
2’. Posterior margins of abdurninel tes
gites not jane
3. Bpaained bordered ici with
ochreous. . A. frenchii, Tepp.
3’, Abdomen not Batdered: iptevallyy
with ochreous . . . .. . . A. lindsayi, Tepp.
1’. More or less unicolorous.
2. Pronotum unicolorous testaceous . A. walkeri, sp. n.
2’. Pronotum with fuscous maculae.
300 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
3. Rufo-castaneous beneath . . . A. punctata, Tepp.
3. Piceous beneath . . . .. . A. rother, Tepp.
A. cirewmeincta, Walk.
Species of uncertain position . . . . .4 A. fulvornata, Tepp.
A. ornata, Tepp.
1. A. polyzona, Walk. (Pl. IX, figs. 34, 35.)
Polyzosteria polyzona, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,.
p. 159 (1868).
Anamesia polyzona, Shelford, [iv] Fauna Stidwest
Austral., ii, Lief. 9, Blattidae, Pl. XIII, f. 10 (1909).
¢. Rufo-castaneous, nitid, impunctate, terminal tergites with
shallow punctures and wrinkles. Head rufous, antennae testaceous,
ocelli indistinct. Pronotum bordered all round with ochreous,
meso- and metanotum and abdominal tergites 1-7 laterally and
posteriorly bordered with ochreous. Angles of 9th abdominal
tergite lobiform. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, castaneous at
base, apex ochreous, margins entire, apex truncate, fimbriate,
surpassed by the sub-genital lamina which is quadrate, produced,
posteriorly not emarginate, with the styles lateral. Cerci short and
flattened, exceeding the supra-anal but not the sub-genital lamina.
Abdominal sternites posteriorly narrowly margined with flavo-
testaceous. Lees flavo-testaceous, spines castaneous.
9. Similar to ¢ but head and legs rufo-castaneous, antennae
rufescent. Angles of 9th abdominal tergite more lobiform. Supra-
anal lamina trigonal, margins serrate, not exceeded by the cerci.
Length (¢) 29 mm., (2) 32mm. ; pronotum(¢)8mm. x 14mm.,
(2?) 10mm. x 18 mm.
West AUSTRALIA, Swan River (British Mus., type),
Dirk Hartog, Evadu, Fremantle (Jfichaelsen and Hart-
meyer), (Hamburg Mus.; Oxford Mus.).
2. A. lambu, Tepp.
Anamesia lambit, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xvii, p. 70 (1893).
Known to me only by the description.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA, Innaminka (Adelaide Mus,, type).
3. A. french, Tepp.
Anamesia frenchii, Tepper, t. c., p. 72 (1893).
The supra-anal lamina of the male is quadrate with
truncate, non-emarginate, fimbriate apex, the lateral
Fi
~~ ge aes
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 301
margins are minutely serrate ; in the female the lamina is
constructed as in polyzona °. The species varies in
colour; in some examples the pale border is broad and the
legs are testaceous, in others the pale border is narrow and
the legs are castaneous.
NorTH QUEENSLAND (Adelaide Mus. type); West
AUSTRALIA, Day Dawn (Michaelsen and Hartmeyer),
(Hamburg Mus.), Lawlers (coll. Froggatt).
4, A. lindsayi, Tepp.
Anamesia lindsayi, Tepper, t.c., p. 71 (1893).
Known to me only from the description.
West AustfRALiA, Fraser range (Adelaide Mus., type).
5. A. walkeri, sp. n.
dg. Unicolorous testaceous, Head, dorsal surface and abdominal
sternites finely punctate. Eyes very wide apart, equally distant with
the antennal sockets. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, margins entire,
apex truncate, non-emarginate, fimbriate, surpassed by the sub-
genital lamina which is quadrate, produced, posteriorly very slightly
emarginate, with styles from near the base. Cerci short, blunt,
exceeding both laminae.
Length 21°2 mm.; pronotum 7-1 mm. x11 mm.
New 8. WALES, Sydney (Oxford Mus., type).
This is a somewhat remarkable species, superficially
resembling very closely Zonioploca pallida mihi, but dis-
tinguished by the non-incrassated margins of the pronotum,
non-produced angles of the abdominal tergites, absence of
granules on the dorsal surface and by the unicolorous legs.
The distance of the eyes apart shows that much reliance
cannot be placed on this character for purposes of discrim-
inating between Old and New World Blattinae. I have
much pleasure in naming this interesting species after
my friend and colleague, Commander J. J. Walker, R.N.,
who presented the unique example to the Oxford Museum.
6. A. punctata, Tepp.
Pseudolampra punctata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xvii, p. 97 (1893).
West AUSTRALIA, Fraser range (Adelaide Mus., type) ;
SoutH AustRALiA, Tennant’s Creek (Deutsche Ent. Nat.
Mus.).
302 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
7. A. rothei, Tepp.
Pseudolampra rother, Tepper, t. c., p. 98 (1893).
SoutH AUSTRALIA, Sedan (Adelaide Mus., type).
8. ? A. ornata, Tepp.
Pseudolampra ornata, Tepper, t. c., p. 98 (1893).
SoutH Ausrra iA (Adelaide Mus., type).
9. ?.A. circumcincta, Walk.
Polyzosteria circumcincta, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit.
Mus. V. Suppl. Blatt., p. 36 (1871).
A young larva, possibly of A. /renchit.
AUSTRALIA (British Mus., type).
10. ?.A. fulvornata, Tepp.
Anamesia (?) fulvornata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia,
xvill, p. 177 (1894).
Mr. Tepper himself is doubtful of the systematic position
of this species.
VicroriA, Howbulan (Adelaide Mus., type).
Genus 9. DESMOZOSTERIA, Shelf.
Desmozosteria, Shelford, [22] Fauna Siidwest Austral., 11,
Lief. 9, Blattidae, p. 139 (1909).
Characters. Allied to Zonioploca, but the angles of none of the
abdominal tergites backwardly produced. Lateral margins of the
pronotum incrassated. Tegminal rudiments absent. Dorsal surface
punctate or smooth. Supra-anal lamina (¢ ) quadrate, margins entire,
(?) trigonal, cucullate. Cerci short, flattened. “Posterior metatarsus
very short, not spined beneath.
Type of the genus D. michaelsent, Shelf.
The genus stands in the same relation to Zonioploca that
Anamesia does to Cosimozosteria.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Thoracic tergites uniformly punctate . Dd grosse-pwnctata, sp. n.
1’. Thoracic tergites not uniformly punc-
tate, or smooth.
2. Thoracic tergites smooth . 5 . D. michaelseni, Shelf.
2’. Thoracie tergites laterally finely
punctate.
3. Castaneous banded with ochreous . D. cincta, sp. n.
3’, Rufescent . : : ; . WD. rufescens, Shelf.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Stwdies of the Blattidae. 3038
1. D. grosse-punctata, sp. 0.
¢@. Above piceous; lateral and posterior margins of all the tergites,
anterior margin of pronotum, bright ochreous. Thoracic tergites
deeply and closely punctate, abdominal tergites smooth. Beneath
uniformly flavo-testaceous. Vertex, antennae except the basal joints,
maxillary palpi, upper border of femora, the tibiae and _ tarsi,
piceous. Anterior and lateral margins of pronotum, lateral margins
of meso- and metanotum strongly incrassated, the posterior angles
strongly produced backwards. Supra-anal lamina faintly scabrous,
trigonal, margins entire, apex not emarginate, not exceeded by the
cerci which are ochreous above and castaneous below.
Length 235 mm. ; pronotum 7°3 mm. x 1071 mm.
Habitat unknown (Oxford Mus., type).
A very distinct species, undoubtedly Australian in origin.
2. D. michaelseni, Shelf.
Desmozosteria michaelseni, Shelford, op. cit., p. 139, PI.
XIII, fig. 9 (1909).
West AUSTRALIA, Boorabbin (Michaelsen and Hart-
meyer), (Hamburg Mus., type).
3. D. cincta, sp. n.
?. Above nitid, castaneous, posterior margins of all the tergites
and the lateral margins of the thoracic tergites ochreous ; beneath
sordid testaceous. Occiput and vertex of head castaneous ; antennae
with basal joint castaneous, remainder piceous, maxillary palpi
piceous. Lateral margins of thoracic tergites strongly incrassated,
dises finely punctate, posterior margins convex, Supra-anal lamina
sub-quadrate, angles rounded, non-emarginate, barely exceeded by
the cerci which are testaceous. Femora and tibiae rufo-castaneous
on the dorsal aspect, testaceous on the ventral aspect.
Length 26°6 mm.; pronotum 8'4 mm. x 12 mm.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA (v. Leonhardi), (Senckenberg
Mus., type).
Superficially the insect closely resembles Anamesia
polyzona, Walk.
4. D. rufescens, Shelf.
Desmozosteria rufescens, Shelford, op. cit., p. 140 (1909).
West AvustraLia, Denham (Michaelsen and Hart-
meyer), (Hamburg Mus., type; Oxford Mus.).
304 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
Genus 10. TEMNELYTRA, Tepp.
Temnelytra, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia, xvii, p. 38
(1893).
Characters. Body flattened and depressed. Antennae longer
than the body. Pronotum anteriorly parabolic, posteriorly truncate,
exposing the large scutellum. Tegmina quadrate or sub-quadrate,
extending to the Ist abdominal tergite. Wings entirely absent. 1st
abdominal tergite (¢) with scent-gland opening. Posterior angles of
distal abdominal tergites produced (7. wndiulivitta, Walk., g is an
exception), Supra-anal lamina, (¢) quadrate, margins entire, (? )
triangular, apex emarginate. Cerci longer than the lamina in both
sexes. Posterior metatarsus very short, spined beneath,
Type of the genus—7. truncata, Br.
This is a well-defined genus. The obtuse angles of the
distal abdominal tergites in 7. wndulivitia, Walk. (2), is
paralleled in the genus Cutilia by C. sedilloti, Bol. (g), also
a New Zealand species. The species abbreviata included
by Mr. Tepper in this genus is a true species of Zemno-
pteryx (sub. fam. Ph; yllodromiinae) ; I have seen the type;
which is in the Melbourne Museum.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1, Pronotum with fuscous vitte . . . TJ. undulivitta, Walk.
1’, Pronotum without fuscous vittee.
2, Tegmina quadrate . . .. . . YT. truncata, Br.
2’. Tegmina with outer angles hebetate 1. subtruncata, Tepp.
1. Z. undulivitta, Walk. (PI. IX, fig. 36.)
Periplaneta undulivitta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit.
Mus., p. 144 (1868).
¢. Rufo-testaceous. A band between the eyes and two stripes
down the face, castaneous. Antennae rufo-testaceous. Pronotum
with the dise rather darker than the margins, an undulate castaneous
vitta on each side, extending on to the tegmina, which are quadrate,
their venation obsolete. Abdomen fusco-castaneous, margins and
two spots on each side rufo-testaceous. Posterior angles of abdominal
tergite not backwardly produced, Supra-anal lamina quadrate,
posterior angles acute, posteriorly widely emarginate. Cerci very
short and blunt. Sub-genital lamina quadrate, styles as long as
cerci, lateral. Legs testaceous.
9. Similar, abdomen above testaceous with lateral castaneous spots
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 305
on tergites 2-5, tergites 6 and 7 castaneous. Supra-anal lamina tri-
angular, apex emarginate, castaneous at base, rest testaceous, Posterior
- angles of abdominal tergites backwardly produced. Cerci longer and
more acuminate.
Length (¢) 15 mm., (2) 14 mm. ; tegmina, (¢) 4 mm., (¢) 35
mm.; pronotum 5mm. x 6 mm,
New ZEALAND (British Mus., type; Vienna Mus.).
2. 7. truncata, Br. (PI. IX, figs. 37a and 370.)
Polyzosteria truncata, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 217 (1865).
Temnelytra harpuri, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia,
Xvli, p. 39 (1893).
I have seen specimens in the Melbourne Museum identi-
fied by Mr. Tepper, and there can be no doubt of the
specific identity of truncata and harpuri.
New South WALES (Vienna Mus., type of truncata),
Goulburn Range (Melbourne Mus.); VicTorta, Gippsland
(Melbourne Mus.; Oxford. Mus.); SourH AUSTRALIA,
Kangaroo Is. (Adelaide Mus., type of harpur’).
3. 7. subtruncata, Tepp.
Temnelytra subtruncata, Tepper, op. cit., xix, p. 164
(1895).
Distinguished by the darker colour and by the form of
the tegmina, which are shorter in the ? than in the 2,
scarcely extending beyond the middle of the metanotum.
Victoria, Fernshaw (Melbourne Mus., types; Oxford
Mus.).
Genus 11. SCABINA, nov.
Characters. Eyes and antennal sockets equally far apart.
Ocelli present. Antennae robust. Pronotum parabolic, posteriorly
truncate, exposing the scutellum. Tegmina quadrate, corneous, not
extending beyond the 1st abdominal tergite. Wings rudimentary,
squamiform. Posterior angles of abdominal tergites strongly pro-
duced backwards. Supra-anal lamina (¢) quadrate, entire. Cerci
exceeding the lamina. Styles long, slender. Posterior metatarsus
shorter than succeeding joint, not spineda beneath, its pulvillus apical.
Type of the genus—S. antipoda, Kirby.
The genus is very close to Hurycotis and Pelmatosilpha of
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART II. (MAY) x
306 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
the New World, but all the species of those genera that I
have been able to examine have the posterior metatarsus
spined beneath.
1. S. antipoda, Kirby.
Pelmatosilpha (2) antipoda, Kirby, Aun. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 7, xu, p. 376 (1908).
To Kirby’s description may be added :—
Tegmina with outer margins incrassate and sinuate. Wings
squamiform, scarcely exceeding the metanotum. Supra-anal lamina
with non-serrate margins, apex non-emarginate. Styles not lateral
in position.
Length 25 mm. ; tegmina 75min. ; pronotum 89mm. x 12mm.
(JUEENSLAND (British Mus., type; Oxford Mus., co-type).
Genus 12. METHANA, Stal.
Methana, Stal, Oefv. Vet. Akad, Forh. xxxiv (10), p. 36
(1877).
Wodongia, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia, xix, p. 155
(1895).
Characters. Antennae longer than body. Pronotum anteriorly
parabolic, almost covering vertex of head, posteriorly very obtusely
angled. Scutellum not exposed. Tegmina and wings fully de-
veloped, at least as long as the abdomen, generally longer. Supra-
anal lamina (¢) quadrate, margins not serrate, (?) triangular, apex
emarginate. Cerci long, acuminate. Femora heavily spined. Pos-
terior metatarsus about equal in length to remaining joints, biseri-
ately spined beneath, its pulvillus apical ; remaining joints of tarsus
with large pulvilli, not spined beneath.
Type of the genus: JZ. marginalis, Sauss.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Uniform castaneous.
2. Large species, exceeding 30 mm. in
total dength)) 710 saan a ee eee
2’. Smaller species, less than 30 mm. in
totallencth .°. 3 ., . ss \s DMbeonvera; Waa
1’. Not uniform castaneous.
2. Pronotum testaceous with fuscous vittae. M1. cwrvigera, Walk.
2’. Pronotum castaneous with flavo-testa-
ceous margins.
M. magna, sp. n.
——- err
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 307
3. Posterior margin of pronotum not
bordered with flavo-testaceous.
4, Dise of pronotum immaculate . . M. marginalis, Sauss.
4’, Dise of pronotum with two ochr-
eous maculae... . . M. soror, Sauss.
3’. Posterior margin of pronotum bor-
dered with flavo-testaceous.
4, Tegmina laterally margined with
flavo-testaceous . . . . . . M, papua, Shelf,
4’. Tegmina uniform castaneous . . M. hosei, sp. n.
Species of doubtful position . . . . . M. pallipalpis, Serv.
1. MZ. magna, sp. n.
d and 9. Castaneous, nitid. Head sordid testaceous, vertex, a
band between the antennal sockets, a W-shaped band at base of
clypeus, castaneous. Antennae with basal joint testaceous, remain-
der castaneous. Pronotum with sides deflexed, posteriorly truncate.
Tegmina and wings exceeding apex of abdomen. Supra-anal lamina
($) quadrate, fimbriate, margins entire, (? ) triangular, apex widely
emarginate. Cerci very long, acuminate. Genital styles (¢) very long
and slender. Coxae and front legs testaceous, mid femora rufo-
testaceous with castaneous lines, mid-tibiae and tarsi and hind legs
castaneous. Posterior metatarsus a trifle shorter than remaining
joints, its pulvillus large.
g and ?. Total length 40-41 mm. ; length of body, 34-35 mm. ;
of tegmina, 30-31 mm. ; pronotum 10°56 mm. x 15 mm.
BorNEO, Sarawak (Shelford) (Oxford Mus., ~ and 2
types).
The species bears a close superficial resemblance to
Periplaneta valida, Br., the type of which I have seen, but
can readily be distinguished by the structure of the tarsi.
2. M. convexa, Walk.
Periplaneta convexa, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit.
Mus., Suppl. Blatt., p. 152 (1869).
Methana rufescens, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7,
xu, p. 374 (1903).
6. Rufo-castaneous, nitid. Head .rufo-castaneous or piceous ;
mouth-parts testaceous. Tegmina and wings not extending much
beyond the apex of the abdomen, Supra-anal lamina produced,
quadrate, margins entire, apex not emarginate. Sub-genital lamina
X 2
308 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
trapezoidai, styles very long and slender. Cerci Jong and acuminate.
Legs rufo-castaneous.
Total length 23-245 mm.; length of body 19-21 mm. ; length
of tegmina, 165-19 mm. ; pronotum 7 mm. x 9 mm.
(QUEENSLAND, Moreton Bay (British Mus., type of con-
vexa); NEw SoutH WALES, Sydney, Home Bush (IV. W.
Froggatt), (British Mus., type of rwfescens; Oxford Mus.).
I have compared the types and found them identical.
Kirby gives the species identified by Brunner as pallipalpis,
Serv., as a synonym of rufescens, but in Brunner’s species
the supra-anal lamina ( Z ) is described as “ profondément
découpée,” whereas in vufescens this is not the case; this
is too important a character to be ignored.
3. I. curvigera, Walk.
Periplaneta curvigera, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 134 (1868).
QUEENSLAND, Moreton Bay (British Mus., type).
4. M. marginalis, Sauss.
Periplaneta marginalis, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xvi,
p. 319 (1864).
Periplaneta ligata, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 284 (1865).
“ AUSTRALIA ” (Paris Mus., type of marginalis); QUEENS-
LAND, Port Curtis (Vienna Mus., type of lgata); NEw
SoutH WALES, Hunter River (Oxford Mus.).
5. M. soror, Sauss.
Periplancta sorov, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xvi, p. 319
(1864),
ee biquadrata, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
134 (1868).
pe cates ta oculata, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit.
Mus., Suppl. Blatt. , p. 152 (1869).
Wodongia lunata, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. 8. Australia, xix,
p. 155 (1895).
This differs from the preceding species by the greater
distance apart of the eyes, the immaculate head and the
pale legs. The colouring of the pronotum varies a good
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 309
deal, sometimes the two maculae on the disc becoming
confluent as in lunata.
“ AUSTRALIA” (Paris Mus., type of soror; British Mus.,
type of biquadrata; Oxford Mus., type of oculata); VICTORIA,
Wodonga (Melbourne Mus., type of lunata).
6. I. papua, Shelf.
Methana papua, Shelford, Mém. Soc. ent. Belg., xv,
p. 234 (1908).
British New GuINEA, Astrolabe District (Genoa Mus.,
g type; Brussels Mus., 2 type).
7. MM. hoset, sp. n.
?. Head, body and legs piceous, front coxae and a large blotch on
the posterior coxae testaceous. Pronotum sub-quadrate, sides strongly
deflexed, bordered all round with ochreous, the border being very
broad on the postero-lateral and posterior margins, its inner margin
sinuate. Tegmina and wings uniform castaneous, extending con-
siderably beyond the apex of the abdomen. Supra-anal lamina tri-
angular, cucullate, apex triangularly emarginate. Cerci moderate.
Total length 29 mm. ; length of body 24 mm.; length of tegmina
23 mm. ; pronotum 7°9 mm. x 9 mm.
Borneo, Sarawak, Baram District (C. Hose), (Oxford
Mus., type).
8. ? MW. pallipalpis, Serv.
Kakerlac pallipalpis, Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orth.,
p- 71 (1839).
? Periplaneta pallipalpis, Brunner von Wattenwy]l,
Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 238 (1865).
As the type of this species is lost, its systematic posi-
tion is quite uncertain. Brunner states (Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, ser. 2a xiii, p. 36 (1893) that the species as iden-
tified by him belongs to the genus J/ethana.
JAVA; SUMATRA (de Haan); AUSTRALIA (Brunner).
Genus 138. PARAMETHANA, Shelf.
Paramethana, Shelford, Sjostedt’s Kilimandjaro-Meru
Exp., Blattodea, p. 31 (1907).
Characters.—Differs from Methana in the short tegmina and
wings which do not extend beyond the fifth abdominal tergite and
310 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
in the discoidal pronotum. Third antennal joint nearly three times
longer than the second.
Type of the genus—P. robusta, Shelf.
P. robusta, Shelf.
Paramnethana robusta, Shelford, 1. ¢., p. 31, Pl. I, fig. 7
(1907).
GERMAN East Arrica, Lower Meru (Stockholm Mus.,
type; Oxford Mus.).
XI. REVISION OF THE GENUS Gyna, BR., WITH A DESCRIP-
TION OF A NEW GENUS.
The genus Gyna was formed in 1865 (Brunner, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 266) for the reception of some species
of African Blattidae that previously had been placed in
Panchlora; since that date a number of species have been
added by various authors, and as many of the species
are closely allied, cryptically coloured forms, presenting
few salient features of taxonomic importance, their identi-
fication has been attended with considerable difficulty.
Fortunately I have been able to examine and compare
nearly all the types, and my grateful thanks are due to
Dr. H. Dohrn of Stettin, Dr. Y. Sjostedt of Stockholm,
Dr. F. Romer of Frankfort-a-M., Dr. K. Holdhaus of
Vienna, Dr. Giglio-Tos of Cagliari and Dr. M. Bedot of
Geneva for the loan of the valuable specimens in their
charge; without this friendly co-operation a satisfactory
revision of the genus was out of the question. I have
received for determination large collections of African
Blattidae from various continental Museums, and as all—
buat especially the West African collections—are very rich
in examples of this particular genus I am confident that I
have in my possession at present a greater amount of
material for the revision of the genus than has ever
before been gathered together. The tropics of West
Africa may be regarded as the head-quarters of the
genus, for no less than 18 out of the 23 known species
occur there; there are 4 Hast African and only 2 South
African species. In my account of the Blattidae collected
by Dr. Y. Sjostedt on his Kilimandjaro-Meru expedition
I gave my reasons for believing that the genera Z'richo-
mera, Kirby, and Avpotrogia, Kirby, were based on larval
forms of Gyna and I still see nu reason to modify that
=a
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 311
opinion. The West-African collections before me contain
quantities of examples that could be referred equally
well to either of Mr. Kirby’s genera but I have never yet
seen an adult example that could be referred to them.
The erect pubescence of Z'richomera insignata persists in
many species of Gyna, and the structural differences be-
tween Z'richomera and Apotrogia on the one hand and
Gyna on the other are such as we are thoroughly familiar
with in the larvae and adults of other genera of Blattidae.
The species of Gyna can be divided into two sections;
in one section the pronotum is smooth and nitid, rich
castaneous in colour, with ochreous margins; in the other
section the pronotum is testaceous but the disc is occu-
pied with a piceous or castaneous lyrate marking that
under the lens presents an appearance as if it had been
chiselled out of the surface of the pronotum; the form
and extent of the marking is very variable and presents
few characters of importance in classifying the species.
G. hyalina may be regarded as intermediate in character
between the two sections of the genus and G. capucina
in its pronotal colour and sculpture occupies an isolated
position. The distance apart of the eyes on the vertex
in the male is a character of some importance and full
use has been made of it in the following synoptical key.
Another character that can be employed, though with
caution, to separate species with lyrate markings on the
pronotum, is the presence or absence of a circular rufescent
macula on the discoidal field of the tegmina. The pos-
terior part of the pronotum and the tegmina in some
species (e. g. G. maculipennis and Gf. fervida) present a
peculiar mottled appearance, which is due to the irregular
deposition of opaque testaceous pigment between the two
layers of chitin, the chitin itself being quite transparent.
De Bormans (Ann. Soc. ent. Belg, xxv, p. 21, 1881)
figures the ootheca of G. caffrorwm; from his figure and
description I believe that the ootheca is merely a mem-
branous sac and that the species of this genus are vivi-
parous or ovo-viviparous like the Epilamprinae whose place
in Africa is so largely taken by the species of Gyna. Karny
(Jenaische Denkschriften, xii, p. 382, 1908) has sug-
gested that the ulnar rami of the wings in a species
described by him as Gyna stridulans have the power of
producing a rattling noise when the insect flies. He sees
a resemblance between this part of the wing in the cock-
312 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
roach and the anterior field of the wings of certain Acri-
didae and Locustidae which he has proved to produce a
rattling noise during flight with the wings alone, neither
the legs nor the tegmina taking any part in the operation
(Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1908, pp. 112-119). This rattling or
rustling noise is of course to be distinguished from the
true stridulation produced by insects at rest. The wing-
structure of Gyna stridulans (=caffrorum, Stal) is by no
means exceptional, for not only have the other species of
the genus a similar wing-venation but other genera present
similar features; it would be interesting to learn from
observations in the fieldif any Blattidae produce a rattling
noise when flying.
Genus GyNa, Br.
Gyna, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv. Syst. Blatt.,
p- 266 (1865).
Trichomera, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, xviii
p- 257 (1896).
Apetrogia, Kirby, op. cit., ser. 7, v, p. 281 (1900).
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Pronotum with anterior half casta-
neous, posterior half ochreous. Gt. capucina, Gerst.
1’. Pronotum not as above,
2. Pronotum with disc castaneous,
margins flavo-testaceous or
ochreous.
3. Tegmina flavo-marginate
throughout the greater part
of their length.
4, Eyes (¢) touching or nearly
touching on vertex of head.
5. Larger (19-20 mm. in
total length) . . . . G. seutelligera, Walk.
5’. Smaller (15 mm. in total
length)! 202) .0 (08 (oe costatis, Walk:
4’. Eyes(¢) wide apart . . . G. castanea, sp. n.
3’. Tegmina not flavo-marginate
throughout the greater. part
of their length.
4, Tegmina castaneous with 4
ochreous maculae . . . G. gloriosa, Stal.
, ok ee
ee ae ee ee ee ee
ae
ae ey ee
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 313
4. Tegmina with basal two-
fifths castaneous, _ re-
mainder testaceous. . . G. jocosa, Shelf.
2’. Pronotum testaceous or flavo-
testaceous with lyrate chiselled
markings on the disc.
3. Lyrate markings on disc
of pronotum obsolescent.
(Bright flavous species) . . G. laticosta, Walk.
3’. Lyrate markings on disc of
pronotum not obsolescent.
4. Small species (not exceeding
22 mm.).
5. Eyes nearly touching on
Vertex: Ol bead: o.5.\.° 2) - oblonga, Borg.
5’. Eyes not nearly touching
on vertex of head.
6. Frons strongly striate . G
6". Frons not strongly
striate .
4’. Larger species.
5. Antennae bifasciated with
ochreous.
6. Mediastinal field of
tegmina opaque test-
aceous . . . . . G.centurio, Dohrn.
6’. Mediastinal field con-
colorous with rest of
tegmina. . . . . G sculpturata, sp. n.
5’. Antennae not bifasciated
with ochreous.
rer as:
6. Eyes touching or nearly
touching on vertex of
head.
7. Tegmina with rufes:
cent macula’ in
centre of disc.
8. Antennae rufo-
fuscousor fuscous G. aetolu, sp. n.
8’. Antennae piceous,
nitid.
9. Distance apart of
eyes on vertex
S
~
. nigrifrons, Bol.
S
r. peringweyi, sp. n.
4
314 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies
of head greater
than thickness
of Ist antennal
joint.
10. Larger species
(30 mm. in
length) .
10. Smaller
species (22—
24 mm. in
length) .
9’. Distance apart
of eyes on vertex
of head less than
thickness of 1st
antennal joint .
7’. Tegmina immaculate.
6’. Eyes wide apart on
vertex of head.
7. Smaller species (20
mim. in length) .
8. Tegmina with rufes-
cent macula on
disc as = :
8’. Tegmina without
rufescent macula
Ol Mis0 snot 2
7’. Larger species (30
mim. in length).
8. Tegmina with rufes-
cent macula on
dise 5." :
8’. Tegmina without
rufescent macula
on disc... :
ao
6. Eyes close together on
vertex of head.
6’. Eyes wide apart on
vertex of head.
7. Tegmina without rufes-
cent macula on disc.
8. Lyrate markings of
pronotum not
fused
of the blattidae.
G. maculipennis, Schaum.
G. kazungulana, Gig.-Tos.
G. lurida, Sauss.
G. incommoda, sp. n.
Gt. fervida, Sauss.
G. aestwans, Sauss.
G. caffrorum, Stal.
G. awrivillii, Borg.
G. hyalina, sp. n.
G. incommoda, sp. Nn.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidue.
8’. Lyrate markings of
pronotum fused .
7. Tegmina with rufes-
cent macula on
disc.
8. Supra-anal lamina
short, rounded .
8’. Supra-anal lamina
produced, — sub-
quadrate, — sub-
bilobate.
9. Antenne rufo-
fuscous or
fuscous. Dis-
tance apart of
eyes equals
length of Ist
antennal joint.
10. Rufescent
macula on
dise of teg-
mina large.
10’. Rufescent
macula on
disc of teg-
mina small,
occasionally
absent .
9’. Antennae piceous,
nitid. Distance
apart of eyes
greater than
length of Ist
antennal joint.
10. Anterior part
of wings
heavily suf-
fused with a
dark casta-
neous
10’. Anterior part
of wings not
as above
Doubtful species .
G. aurivillii, Borg.
G. lurida, Sauss.
G. fervida, Sauss.
G. aetola, sp. n.
G. caffrorum, Stal.
G. maculipennis, Schaum
G. colini, Rochebr.
315
316 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
1. G. capucina, Gerst.
Gyna capucina, Gerstaecker, Mitt. Ver. Neuvor-
pomm. u. Rugen, xiv, p. 72 (1883).
Gyna maculipennis, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv.
Syst. Blatt., p. 268, Pl. VI, fig. 30 (1865).
A common and well-marked. species that occurs in most
collections from West Africa. There is a variety with
the pronotum anteriorly margined with ochreous.
KAMERUN (Greifswald Mus., type; Oxford Mus.; Berlin
Mus. ; Vienna Mus.) ; FERNANDO Po (Genoa Mus.) ; FRENCH
Conao (Genoa Mus.).
2. G. scutelligera, Walk.
Panchlora scutelligera, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p- 32 (1868).
d. Head testaceous with frons castaneous; antennae fuscous.
Eyes almost touching on vertex. Pronotum with the dise casta-
neous, broadly margined all round with flavo-testacecus, Tegmina
castaneous, outwardly margined almost to apex with flavo-testaceous.
Wings suffused with rufo-castaneous, ulnar vein with 10 rami, 7
being incomplete. Abdomen rufo-testaceous, supra-anal lamina
sub-quadrate, apex not emarginate, exceeded by the sub-genital
lamina which is small and furnished with 2 styles. Cerci moderate.
Legs rufo-testaceous.
Total length 19°5 mm.; length of body 15 mm.; length of
Dy
tegmina 17 mm.; pronotum 63 mm. x 7°5 mm.
GAMBIA (British Mus., type); PoRTUGUESE GUINEA,
Bolama (L. Fea), (Genoa Mus.).
3. G. costalis, Walk.
Panchlora costalis, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 35 (1868).
¢. Eyes nearly touching on vertex of head. Head rufo-testaceous ;
antennae testaceous at base, remainder fuscous. Pronotum margined
broadly all round with testaceous, disc castaneous at base, apex
hyaline, outer margin testaceo-hyaline. Wings hyaline, costal
margin faintly suffused with ochreous, ulnar vein with 10 rami, 7 of
which are incomplete. Abdomen and legs flavo-testaceous. Supra-
anal lamina sub-quadrate, not surpassing the sub-genital lamina,
which is small and slightly asymmetrical.
Total length 15 mm.; length of body 13 mm.; length of tegmina
12 mm.; pronotum 4 mm. x 6 mm.
|
(
;
.
‘
§
;
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. ake
“West Arrica” (British Mus., type); Toco (Berlin
Mus.).
The species is to be distinguished by the broad testa-
ceous margin running all round the pronotum and by
the apical three-fifths of the tegmina being hyaline, the
castaneous colouring of the tegmina occupies the basal
two-fifths, and is produced along the marginal field towards
the apex.
4. G. castanea, sp. 0.
dé. Differs from scutelligera and costalis by the greater distance
apart of the eyes on the vertex of the head. Head rufo-testaceous,
vertex between the eyes, which are nearly 1 mm. apart, castaneous.
Pronotum with disc castaneous, margins broadly flavo-testaceous, at
the postero-lateral angles the castaneous almost reaches the outer
border of the pronotum. Tegmina dark castaneous, flavo-marginate
almost to their apex. Wings suffused with castaneous. Abdomen
and legs as in the preceding species.
Total length, 16 mm.; length of body 14:8 mm.; length of tegmina
14 mm.; pronotum 5mm. x 6 mm.
Togo, Bismarckburg (L. Conradt), (Berlin Mus.).
5. G. gloriosa, Stal.
Blatta gloriosa, Stil, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Forh., xii,
p. 351 (1856).
Panchlora africana, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xvi,
p. 342 (1864).
Gyna africana, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat.
Geneve, xx, p. 275 (1869).
Gyna pomposa, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv. Syst.
Blatt., p. 269 (1865).
A common species ranging from Sierra Leone to the
Congo.
6. G. jocosa, Shelf.
Gyna jocosa, Shelford, Mém. Soc. ent. Belg., xv, p. 234
(1908).
ConGo FREE STATE (Brussels Mus., type; British Mus.).
7. G. laticosta, Walk.
Panchlora laticosta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p.
33 (1868).
318 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
Gyna buchholzi, Gerstaecker, Mitt. Ver. Neuvorpomm
u. Riigen, xiv, p. 72 (1883).
? Apotrogia angolensis, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
7, v, p. 281 (1900) ; Distant’s Ins. Transvaal, p. 21,
Pl fig1 (1900):
A handsome species, readily distinguished by the obso-
lescent markings on the pronotum and by its primrose-
yellow colour.
KAMERUN (Greifswald Mus., type of buchholzi; Oxford
Mus.; Berlin Mus.; coll. Bolivar); FERNANDO Po (Greifs-
wald Mus.); ANGOLA (British Mus., type of laticosta),
8. G. oblonga, Borg.
Gyna oblonga, Borg, Bih. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. HandL.,
xxvii, Afd, 4; No! 10;-p. 21) PIL fie. 1 (1902)
The form and extent of the markings on the pronotum
varies considerably ; a reliable character is presented by
the oblique fascia at the apex of the tegmina, which is
present in all the specimens of both sexes that I have seen.
KAMERUN (Stockholm Mus., type; Oxford Mus.; Berlin
Mus. ; coll. Bolivar).
9. G. nigrifrons, Bol.
Gyna nigrifrons, Bolivar, J. Sci. Lisboa (2) i, p. 77
(1889).
BENGUELLA (Lisbon Mus., type); Loanda (coll. Bolivar).
10. G. peringueyi, sp. n.
¢@. Testaceous. Eyes on vertex 1 mm. apart. Vertex and frons
not striate, Four stripes on the vertex, the vertex between the eyes,
a macula between the antennal sockets, two spots on the clypeus,
castaneous ; antennae castaneous at base, remainder fuscous. Pro-
notum faintly striate posteriorly, lyrate markings clearly defined.
Tegmina mottled with testaceous, no rufescent macula on disc, a
piceous spot between radial and mediastinal veins. Wings slightly
infuscated, ulnar vein with 11 rami, 7 being incomplete. Abdomen
testaceous mottled with castaneous ; supra-anal and sub-genital
laminae of usual shape. Legs pale testaceous, posterior metatarsi
elongate.
Total length 20 mm, ; length of body 17 mm. ; length of tegmina
18 mm. ; pronotum 5‘l mm. x 6°8 mm.
BENGUELLA (Cape Town Mus., type).
4
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 319
11. G. centurio, Dohrn.
Gyna centurio, Dohrn, Stettin Ent. Zeit., xlix, p. 129
(1888).
A very distinct species on account of the opaque testa-
ceous or flavous macula in the mediastinal field of the
tegmina.
KAMERUN (Stettin Mus., type; Oxford Mus.).
12. G. sculpturata, sp. n.
dg. Testaceous, the pigment evenly distributed. Eyes almost
touching on vertex ; a castaneous band between the ocelli. Antennae
piceous, 4-6 joints beyond the middle and 4 joints immediately
before the apex ochreous, Pronotum more strongly produced
posteriorly than usual, the process transversely striate, its apex and
border very narrowly piceous, dise with the usual lyrate marking.
Tegmina rather narrow, with variable piceous mottlings in the anal
field and at the apex, usually a piceous macula in the middle of the
disc, a line along the mediastinal vein at base and the anal vein
piceous, mediastinal area and costal margin beneath castaneous.
Wings hyaline, with the marginal field flavid, becoming castaneous
at apex, ulnar vein with 12 rami, 7 being incomplete. Abdomen
above and beneath and the legs flavo-testaceous, Supra-anal lamina
sub-bilobate, considerably exceeding the sub-genital lamina which is
small and asymmetrical, styles slender. Cerci small, 11-jointed.
@. Similar, but much larger. Tegmina unicolorous, abdomen
beneath and legs rufo-castaneous. Distance of eyes apart rather less
than length of 1st antennal joint. Supra-anal lamina bilobed, ex-
ceeding the sub-genital lamina which is ample, produced, with sinuate
margins.
6. Total length 26 mm.; length of body 19 mm.; length of
tegmina 19 mm. ; pronotum 6-2 mm, x 7°6 mm.
2. Total length 39 mm.; length of body 33 mm.; length of
tegmina 33 mm.; pronotum 12 mm. x 13 mm.
KAMERUN (Berlin Mus., # type; Deutsches Entom. Nat.
Mus. ; coll. Bolivar); BENtN (Oxford Mus., 2 type); Toco
(Berlin Mus.).
13. G. aetola, sp. n.
6. Eyes touching on vertex of head. Frons castaneous and con-
cave, vertex striate ; antennae castaneous at base, remainder fuscous.
Pronotum striate posteriorly and anteriorly, with the usual lyrate
marking on dise. Tegmina rufo-testaceous, mottled, a piceous spot
320 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
between the mediastinal and radial veins, a rufescent macula on the
disc. Wings with marginal field flavous, ulnar vein with 11 rami, 7
being incomplete. Abdomen rufo-testaceous ; supra-anal lamina
sub-quadrate, apex distinctly emarginate, sub-genital lamina of usual
shape. Legs concolorous with abdomen, posterior metatarsi moder-
ately elongate.
9. Differs only in the greater distance apart of the eyes, larger
size, sub-bilobate supra-anal lamina and ample, semi-orbicular sub-
genital lamina.
¢@. Total length 25-26 mm. ; length of body 20-22 mm. ; length of
tegmina 19-22 mm.; pronotum 6°1 mm. x 8 mm.
®. Total length 30 mm.; length of body 28 mm. ; length of
tegmina 25°5 mm.; pronotum 10 mm, x 11°8 mm.
FRENCH GUINEA, Kouroussa (Oxford Mus., f type ; Paris
Mus.); PorruGUESE GUINEA, Bolama (ZL. Fea), (Genoa
Mus.), 2 type.
This is a species that hitherto I have referred to G.
aestuans, Sauss., but on examining the type of that species
I find that it is different from the French and Portuguese
Guinea examples here described.
14. G. maculipennis, Schaum.
Panchlora maculipennis, Schaum, Ber. Akad. Berlin,
1853, p. 776; Peters, Reise Mossamb., Zool. v, p.
109; Pl. VII, fig. 1 (1862).
Gyna vetwla, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Nouv. Syst.
Blatt., p. 267 (1865).
Distinguished by the piceous antennae, the tegmina
mottled with testaceous and the contiguous eyes in the
male.
GERMAN East ArFrica (Vienna Mus., type of vetula ;
Berlin Mus.; Stockholm Mus.); MoZamMBiQuE (Berlin
Mus., type of maculipennis); RHODESIA (Oxford Mus.).
15. G. kazunqulana, Gig.-Tos.
Gyna kazungulana, Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Torino
xxii, No, 563, p. 3 (1907).
This is little more than a local race of the preceding
species, it is smaller in size but otherwise scarcely differs.
The type specimen has the pronotum heavily suffused
with castaneous, but this is not the case in an example
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
321
from Kilimandjaro which I am unable otherwise to dis-
tinguish from the type.
Upper ZAMBESI, Kazungulu (Turin Mae: type); Kali-
mandjaro (Buda-Pesth Mus.).
16. G. lurida, Sauss.
Gyna lurida,
p. 581 (1899).
The female is to be distinguished from that of maculi-
pennies by the different form of the supra-anal lamina.
ZANZIBAR (Senckenberg Mus., types; Vienna Mus.).
The last three species are so closely allied, that the
following tabulation of the differences between the males
will help towards their identification.
Saussure, Abh.
Senckenb. Ges.,
xxl
?
Supra-anal
lamina
Sub-quadrate, apex
faintly emargin-
ate
Sub- _quadrate, a apex | 5) vicinal
distinctly emar-
ginate
maculipennis. kazungulana. lurida.
Length of | 19 mm. | 15:2 mm. 15 mm.
body
Distance Equals thickness | Equals thickness | Almost touching
apart of of first antennal of first antennal |
eyes joint joint
Colour of | Rufo-castaneous Rufo-castaneous Piceous
head
Colour of | First two Joints First two joints Piceous to base
antennae castaneous, re- castaneous, re-
mininder pies mainder piceous
Frons Smooth Striate Strongly striate
above
clypeus
apex
faint] y emargin-
ate
17. G. incommoda, sp. n.
dg. Pale flavo-testaceous.
Eyes nearly touching on vertex.
part of pronotum hyaline, lyrate markings rufo-castaneous.
Antennae fuscous, castancous at base.
Frons and face rufous.
Posterior
Teg-
mina moderately broad, outer margin sinuate, uniform flavo-testa-
ceous becoming hyaline towards apex.
Wings with anterior part
suffused with flavid, ulnar vein with 14 rami, 9 being incomplete.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART II.
(MAY) %,
22 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
Margins of pronotum beneath and mediastinal area of tegmina
beneath bright rufo-castaneous. Abdomen and legs rufo-testaceous.
Supra-anal lamina sub-quadrate, apex slightly emarginate, barely
exceeded by the sub-genital lamina which is asymmetrical and
furnished with two styles.
@. Similar but rather darker in colour, distance of eyes apart
rather greater than length of Ist antennal joint. Antennae piceous,
castaneous at base. Posterior part of pronotum concolorous with
anterior part. Tegmina broader, their outer margin very sinuate.
Wings with anterior part suffused with rufo-castaneous. -
¢. Total length 22 mm.; length of body 16 mm.; length of
tegmina 20 mm. ; pronotum 6°8 mm. x 8mm.
@. Total length 28 mm.; length of body 21 mm.; length of
tegmina 25 mm.; pronotum 8°5 mm. x 10°9 mm.
SOMALILAND, Brava (Genoa Mus. types gf and );
GeRMAN E. Arrica, Lake Jipe, Katona (Budapest Mus.).
The species is perhaps.most nearly related to G. lati-
costa, Walk., but is distinguished by the well-defined
lyrate markings on the pronotum. The specimen from
Katona is rather larger than the type @, but otherwise is
identical.
18. G. fervida, Sauss.
Panchlora fervida, Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xvi, p. 341
(1864).
Panchlora lata, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p. 31
(1868).
Panchlora spurcata, Walker, op. cit., p. 34 (1868).
2 Trichomera insignata, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 6; xvi, p. 257, Pl. X11, £59896):
d¢. Testaceous. Distance apart of eyes on vertex of head equal to
length of Ist antennal joint ; frons with castaneous macula ; neither
vertex nor frons striate. Antennae rufo-fuscous, basal third rufo-
testaceous. Pronotum with clearly defined lyrate marking. Teg-
mina rather broad, mottled with testaceous, a macula on disc and a
curved fascia at apex, rufescent ; the piceous spot between radial and
mediastinal veins obsolescent or absent. Wings hyaline, the marg-
inal field flavo-testaceous, ulnar vein with 10 rami, 7 being incom-
plete. Abdomen and legs rufo-testaceous ; supra-anal lamina sub-
quadrate, apex not emarginate, barely surpassing the sub-genital
plate which is small and slightly asymmetrical. Tarsi rather short.
?. Similar, but eyes a little farther apart; tegmina broader ;
a a
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 323
anterior part of wings suffused with castaneous, ulnar vein with 11
rami; supra-anal lamina sub-bilobate ; sub-genital lamina semi-
orbicular, ample.
3. Total length 20 mm.; length of body 17 mm.; length of
tegmina 16 mm. ; pronotum 6 mm. x 8 mm.
Q. Total length 27 mm.; length of body 24 mm. ; length of
tegmina 22 mm.; pronotum 8°5 mm. x 10 mm.
SENEGAMBIA (Paris Mus., type of jervida); GAMBIA
(British Mus., type of ata); ToGo (Berlin Mus.) ; BENIN
(Oxford Mus.); GaBoon (British Mus., type of spurcata) ;
Congo Free STATE (Brussels Mus.)
19. G. aestuans, Sauss.
Panchlora aestwans, Saussure, Mém. Soc. Sci. Phys.
Nat. Geneve, xvii, p. 159, Pl. I, f. 20 (1864).
6. Differs from fervida by the smaller distance apart of the eyes,
the strongly striate vertex, the more heavily marked frons, the
piceous antennae, the concolorous tegmina without macula or fascia,
the supra-anal lamina with slightly emarginate apex.
Length of body 17°3 mm. ; length of tegmina 20 mm.; pronotum
7mm. xX 9mm.
SENEGAL (Geneva Mus., type).
20. G. caffrorum, Stal.
Panchlora caffrorum, Stal, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Forh, xiii,
p- 167 (1856).
Epilampra conspicua, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus.,
p. 67 (1868).
Panchlora seripta, Walker, op. cit., p. 183 (1868).
Gyna fervida, Bormans, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., xxv, p. 21,
PEI £ B: ssl).
Gyna ‘stridulans, Karny, Denkschr. med.-nat. Ges.
Jena, xiii, p. 382, Pl. XXI, f. 28, Pl. XXII, ff. 29-32
(1908).
To be distinguished from G. maculipennis by the eyes
being nearly 1 mm. apart in the #; the vertex is striate
and the pronotum is usually heavily marked. Dr. Karny
has kindly compared a specimen of caffrorwm with his
species and informs me that they are practically identical.
Nara (Stockholm Mus., type of caffrorum); “SouTH
324 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
Arrica” (British Mus., type of seripta ; Oxford Mus., Bor-
man’s example); LAKE N’GAMI (Castelnaw), (British Mus.,
type of conspicua ; Oxford Mus.) ; 8.W. Arrica, Amboland
(G. Schinz), (Senckenberg Mus.); GERMAN S.W. AFRICA,
Otjosondu (Berlin Mus., type of stridulans).
21. G. aurivillii, Borg.
Gyna aurivillii, Borg, Bih. Svensk. ‘Vet.-Akad.
Handl., xxviii, Afd. 4, No. 10, p.20, PI. IT, f. 5 (1902).
This is very close to the preceding species, but the eyes in the
¢ are closer together and in both sexes the tegmina have no
rufescent macula on the dise of the tegmina, there is however a
conspicuous piceous spot between the radial and mediastinal veins
which is reduced or absent in caffrorum. The fusing of the lyrate
markings on the vertex is a variable character.
¢. Total length 27 mm.; length of body 23 mm.; length of
tegmina 24 mm. ; pronotum 84 mm. x 94 mm.
KAMERUN (Stockholm Mus., type; Berlin Mus.).
22. G. hyalina, sp. n.
Q. Clear testaceo-hyaline, head and antennae, abdomen and legs
rufo-castaneous. Eyes close together on vertex (less than 1 mm.
apart). Pronotum anteriorly and posteriorly faintly striate, lyrate
markings on dise castaneous and fused together. Tegmina moder-
ately broad, immaculate, mediastinal field at base, mediastinal and
anal veins castaneous. Wings with costal margin suffused with
flavid, ulnar vein with 17 rami, 11 being incomplete. Supra-anal
lamina deeply bilobate, sub-genital lamina of the usual form,
Formula of apical spines of the femora, $, 4, +; no genicular spine
on front femora.
Total length 24 mm.; length of body 17°8 mm.*; length of
tegmina 20 mm. ; pronotum 6°9 mm. x 8 mm.
Conco FREE Strate, Iringui (Musée du Congo); Vic-
TORIA NYANZA, Bugala, Sesse Archipelayo (#. Bayon),
(Genoa Mus.).
Readily distinguished by the peculiar hyaline appear-
ance of the pronotum and tegmina; also by the approxi-
mation of the eyes, an unusual feature in the females of
this genus.
ae
TS ee en ee en
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 325
23. G. colint, Rochebr.
Gyna colint, Rochebrune, Bull. soc. philomath., ser. 7,
vii, p. 176 (1883).
The description is useless for purposes of identification,
and I cannot obtain the type.
SENEGAMBIA.
Genus PSEUDOGYNA, nov.
Allied to Gyna, Br., but differs as follows :—pronotum posteriorly
less strongly produced ; tegmina and wings not exceeding apex of
abdomen; cerci very short and obscurely articulated ; posterior
metatarsus very long, considerably exceeding the succeeding joints,
biseriately spined beneath.
The genus is intermediate between Gyna and Phena-
cusma,
P. intermedia, sp. un.
2. Head piceous, genae and mouth-parts testaceous. Eyes rather
wide apart. Pronotuin testaceous with a discoidal piceous lyrate
marking, posteriorly produced but much less so than in Gyna and
Phenacisma. Tegmina not quite extending to apex of abdomen,
castaneous, mediastinal field testaceous, venation well marked,
mediastinal vein piceous. Wings of equal length with tegmina,
anterior part semi-coriaceous, posterior part slightly reduced, ulnar
vein ramose. Abdomen mottled with testaceous and piceous ; supra-
anal lamina quadrate, apex emarginate ; sub-genital lamina semi-
orbicular, ample. Legs castaneous.
Length 25 mm. ; length of tegmina 19°5 mm. ; pronotum 7'1 mm.
x 10 mm.
N.E. Ruopesta, Hills near Fort Jameson, 4,000—5,000 ft.
(S. A. Neave), (Oxford Mus.).
In colouring the species is very like the next.
Genus PHENACISMA, Karsch.
Phenacisma semialata, sp. n. (Pl. IX, fig. 38.)
Q Allied to P. peltata, Karsch, but smaller and less convex,
tegmina coriaceous not semi-corneous, more rounded at apex, anal
vein well marked, wings larger. Head piceous, a band between the
326 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae.
eyes and the mouth-parts rufo-testaceous. Eyes rather wide apart.
Antennae piceous. Pronotum as in peltata, but discoidal lyrate mark-
ing larger. Tegmina suffused with castaneous, not extending beyond
apex ofabdomen. Wings much reduced, coriaceous, veins thickened,
ulnar vein with 12 rami, vena dividens giving off transverse venules,
posterior part of wing not folding in fan-like manner. Abdomen
testaceous, mottled with fuscous, supra-anal lamina quadrate, apex
slightly emarginate. Cerci very short, sub-genital lamina semi-
orbicular, ample. Coxae testaceous, Jegs castaneous, posteriort arsi
as in P. peltata.
Length 23 mm.; length of tegmina 19 mm.; length of wings
10 mm. ; pronotum 8 mm. X 11°2 mm.
N.E. RaopesiA, E. Loangwa district, Petauke 2,400 ft.
(S. A. Neave), (Oxford Mus.).
In P. peltata, Karsch, the wings are reduced to minute
corneous scales from which the venation has disappeared,
these scales represent only the anterior parts of the
wings; semialata in its wing-structure is a connecting
link between Pseudogyna and peltata.
The genus Gynopeltis, Gerst. (sub.-fam. Perisphaervinae)
in the male sex is very like Gyna, Br., but may be dis-
tinguished by the shortly produced, trigonal supra-anal
lamina, exceeded by the sub-genital lamina and by a
hooked lappet, which is the left posterior angle of the 8th
abdominal sternite, projecting from beneath the 7th
abdominal sternite on the left side; there is only one style
and this is minute. In Gc ~yptospilo, WIk. [ = picta, Gerst.]
the front femora have four or five spines on the anterior
margin beneath. ‘The females of the genus are entirely
apterous.
The following species appears to be new :—
Gynopeltis neavet, sp.n. (Pl. IX, fig. 39.)
¢ Testaceous; head with vertex and an irregular band between
the ocelli castaneous. Eyes ‘75mm. apart; antennae piceous. Pro-
notum with a lyrate piceous marking on the disc as in the genus
Gyna, Tegmina testaceous, rather narrow, outer margin sinuate, a
line at base of mediastinal vein and the anal vein piceous, disc
indistinctly suffused with castaneous, the part of the right tegmen
overlapped by the left, castaneous. Wings with anterior part
suffused with flavid, ulnar vein with 12 rami, 7 being incomplete.
Abdomen above rufo-testaceous, beneath testaceous. Cerci rather
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidae. 327
stout, incurved. Legs testaceous, piceous above, front femora
unarmed on anterior margin beneath.
Total length 27 mm. ; length of body 22 mm. ; length of tegmina
24 mm.; pronotum 6:2 mm. x 8mm.
N.E. Ruopesta, East Loangwa district, Petauke 2,400 ft.
(S.A. Neave), (Oxford Mus.).
EXPLANATION OF PLatTEs VII_IX.
[See Explanation facing the PLavEs.
JUNE 4, 1909.
em,
= Scag an
= r
——.
ae
i
( 329 )
V. Birds as a Factor in the Production of Mimetie
Resemblances among Butterflies. By Guy A. K.
MARSHALL, F.Z.S.
[Read March 3rd, 1909. ]
THE question whether birds do, or do not, prey upon
butterflies to any appreciable extent is one which has
from time to time engaged the attention of Entomologists
for some years past. For it has been contended that the
validity of the theories of mimicry enunciated by H. W.
Bates and Fritz Miiller, as applied to butterflies, must
largely depend upon the production of adequate evidence
to show that these insects are liable to habitual attacks
upon the part of birds. Nor is it possible to deny the
reasonableness of such a contention, as soon as we en-
deavour to reconstruct mentally the processes which must
have been at work if those theories be true.
DEFENCES OF BUTTERFLIES.
In their imago state butterflies appear to be among the
most defenceless of insects, for their comparatively large
size and diurnal habits render them more or less con-
spicuous objects when on the wing, even though their
actual colouring may be dull and obscure. They have,
however, three principal lines of defence: (1) rapid or
tortuous flight; (2) procryptic under-side coloration,
combined with the appropriate instincts for seeking con-
cealment; and (3) the possession of nauseous qualities
rendering them distasteful to a large proportion of their
enemies.
The existence of these latter qualities has now been
experimentally proved beyond the possibility of cavil, and
we are probably justified in assuming that they occur in
all species of Danainae, Ithomimae, Heliconinae, and
Acraeinae. They have also been shown to exist in certain
isolated genera of Nymphalinae, Lipteninae, Pierinae,
and Papilioninae; but there does not appear to be any
real justification for the speculative assumption that they
are of general occurrence in these and other subfamilies,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART III (SEPT.) Z
330 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Pirds as a Factor in the
Wherever undoubted distastefulness has been demon-
strated by experiment, we find that the species are
invariably characterised by a slow, sailing or laboured
flight; moreover they do not (except im a very few
instances) exhibit any procryptic coloration on the under-
surface. Thus the acquisition of unpalatability, which is
probably a more specialised form of defence, leads to a
partial or complete abandonment of the other two
methods. This is only what we should anticipate in
accordance with Wallace’s law of warning coloration.
For distastefulness loses a great part of its protective
value unless accompanied by coloration or habits which
make for conspicuousness and thus advertise the un-
pleasant qualities of the insect.
But the diminution of activity in flight can have
significance only in relation to winged enemies; that is
to say, either birds or predaceous insects. Of the latter
the only ones of general occurrence which are known to
attack butterflies are Asilid flies, wasps and dragonflies.
With regard to Asilidae, Professor Poulton has clearly
shown in his admirable paper on predaceous insects
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 363) that these flies are
apparently indiscriminate in their attacks on other in-
sects and do not appear to be deterred by any nauseous
qualities. There seems to be a certain amount of evidence
to show that the same is true of wasps, including Belt’s
record of the wasp which stocked its nest with Heliconit ;
and probably this applies to dragonflies also, though there
is very little evidence at present as to the nature of their
food (cf. Poulton, Zc. p. 399). But conspicuous colouring
and slow movements can be of no utility against enemies
which devour with equal avidity both nauseous and
normal forms; indeed, rather the reverse. It is therefore
difficult to avoid the conclusion that the modification of
flight which is so constantly correlated with unpalatability
in butterflies must have a particular significance in regard
to the attacks of birds.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIZARDS ON MIMICRY.
That certain species of lizards will in a wild state eat
butterflies is well established, and it has often been
suggested that these reptiles play a considerable part in
the production of butterfly mimicry. Yet the evidence
se ¥ Shc
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 331
in this direction does not seem to be altogether satisfactory
as it stands at present. In South Africa, at all events,
the vast majority of lizards live only on the ground or
among rocks, and personally I have never met with any
truly arboreal species. Yet itis among the tree-frequenting
butterflies that warning colours and mimicry find their
highest development; nor can I call to mind any un-
doubtedly mimetic butterfly which normally settles on
rocks or on the ground, with the exception of a few species
such as Aterica galene or Papilio echerioides, which only
frequent dense forests—localities in which ground lizards
are, so far as my Own experience goes, conspicuous by
their entire absence. Indeed, the habits of the South
African Danaines and their many mimics are such as to
render it antecedently improbable that they are normally
liable to be preyed upon by lizards. IJtis possible that the
conditions are quite different in other tropical countries,
but the question does not appear to have been investigated
from this point of view, and further observations are to
be desired,
OBJECTIONS TO THE VIEW THAT BIRDS ATTACK
BUTTERFLIES.
It is now about twelve years ago that this question was
discussed at some length at a meeting of this Society
(Proc. Ent. Soc., 1897, pp. xiii-xxvi) as the outcome of an
interesting paper by Dr. Dixey on the subject of mimetic
attraction. Judging by the views advanced during this
discussion, as well as those published by other observers, it
would appear that a considerable majority of entomologists
are of opinion that on the whole butterflies suffer but little
from the attacks of birds.
The supporters of these adverse views who are most
usually cited in criticisms directed against the theories of
mimicry are Scudder (whose experience is confined to
N. America), Packard (N. America), Pryer (Japan and
Borneo), Piepers (Java) and Skertchley (Borneo). But in
regard to Scudder it must be noted that, though he has
seen but few cases of birds pursuing butterflies in N.
America, yet he readily admits that such occurrences are
probably much more frequent in tropical countries (Butterfl.
of Eastern U.S., II, p. 1612). Similar negative evidence
has more recently been put forward by Sir George Hampson,
Z2
332 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
from India (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. xxxvili); Commander
J. J. Walker and Col. Yerbury. (/.¢ p. xxxix); J. C.
Kershaw, from 8. China (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 6);
Paul Hahnel, from Tropical 8S. America (“Iris,” 1890, pp.
310-321); while Packard has quoted the opinions of a
number of his North American correspondents to the same
effect, and has generally reviewed the whole subject ina
sense adverse to the theory of mimicry in avery able paper
entitled “ Origin of Markings of Organisms” (Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc., 1904, pp. 393-450), a paper which has been
excellently criticised in our Proceedings for 1906 (p. xxxvil)
by Eltringham.
The evidence adduced by these authors is necessarily of
a purely negative character, being always to the effect that
each of them has collected or observed butterflies for a
shorter or longer period and yet has not seen any, or at
most very few, cases of birds eating butterflies. In dealing
with the theories of mimicry most of them are content
with a purely destructive criticism, and make no attempt
to explain the mass of facts which has now. been ac-
cumulated by Professor Poulton and his correspondents.
Others, such as Hahnel, Skertchley, Eimer, etc, have
attempted to suggest alternative theories to explain these
striking phenomena. Unfortunately some of the critics
have not even taken the trouble to grasp the real nature
of the suggestions which they criticise (this is especially
true of Fritz Miiller’s views); and while they unite in
condemning the theories of mimicry on the ground that
they involve too many assumptions for which there is no
experimental evidence, it is noticeable that this criticism
applies with even greater force to their own hypotheses,
quite apart from the far graver objections which may be
raised against all of them. The vague suggestion that
mimetic resemblances are all due to the direct action of a
similar environment furnishes an excellent example of the
ill-digested and wholly inadequate conceptions which pass
current among many entomologists who have not made
themselves acquainted with the mere rudiments of the
subject. But it is not my purpose to discuss these
questions here. For in the first place, I am by no means
prepared to accept the fundamental assumption which
underlies all these alternative interpretations, namely, that
at the present time the influence of birds upon butterfly
coloration is a negligible quality; and secondly, because
OG Ee
= a“
, ot ee
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 333
the grave difficulties in the way of accepting any ex-
planation of mimetic resemblances other than Natural
Selection have already been very clearly set forth in an
admirable paper by Professor Poulton (Journ. Linn. Soe.
Zool., xxvi, pp. 558-612), which has been recently repro-
duced in his book “ Essays on Evolution,” and which it would
be well for any would-be critics of the theory of mimicry
to “read, mark, learn and inwardly digest” before putting
pen to paper.
But to revert to the question of birds, it is clear that
the above negative statements have been generally accepted
without proper consideration. When a naturalist who has
spent some time in the tropics expresses a decided opinion
to the effect that birds do not normally eat butterflies,
because he has never observed them doing so, it is in-
cumbent upon us, before accepting his evidence as having
any real scientific value, to satisfy ourselves that he has
made a systematic and thorough investigation of the
subject, and that his views are not based merely on casual
and inadequate observations. For in a matter of this
kind there is grave danger that absence of evidence may
be due simply to lack of observation. Ifa collector main-
tains that birds do not eat butterflies, we are justified in
asking him for a full list of the other insects which he has
seen captured by birds. And I venture to think that a
closer inquiry of this kind would reveal the fact that
most of the negative evidence which has been brought up
against the Selectionist interpretation of mimicry is really
of little worth. ,
SoME REASONS FOR THE PAUCITY OF EVIDENCE.
There can be no question that the published records of
birds attacking butterflies are limited in number, though
perhaps more numerous than generally supposed. Ifthen
we believe that such attacks are really of comparatively
frequent occurrence in certain regions, how are we to
account for the fact that so few observations have been
recorded ? Certain aspects of this question were dealt
with by Mr. Trimen in his Presidential Address to this
Society in 1897 (Proc. Ent. Soc., p. 1xxxix), when he said:
“JT am persuaded that . . . the dearth of evidence is due
to the neglect of well-directed and sustained observation.
Little can be gained by merely noting such cases as
334 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
happen to force themselves on the collector's attention ;
the collector must resolutely set himself to search out and
keep watch upon what really takes place. Seeing that
there is no record of any naturalist’s having seriously taken
up the investigation of this matter in the field, I think
that very much positive evidence could hardly be ex-
pected, and that what has been published goes far in the
direction of proving that birds must still be reckoned
among the principal enemies of butterflies.” We must
likewise bear in mind that ea hypothesi we may expect the
attacks of birds to be comparatively infrequent in all
those places where mimetic resemblances among butter-
flies are rare or absent. It is in the region of tropical
forests, where both birds and insects are plentiful, that
this phenomenon attains its greatest frequency and its
highest perfection ; but it is precisely in such localities
that adequate observations are most lacking. The few
entomologists who visit these favoured spots are, not
unnaturally, too much preoccupied in the task of mere
collecting to be able to devote themselves to long and
possibly tedious observations of this kind. And only
those who have actually tried it can realise how much
time and patience is requisite to obtain even small results,
unless the conditions for observation are very exceptionally
favourable. Still there can be little doubt that in suitable
localities even the busiest collector might add at least a
few crumbs to our store of knowledge if he would but keep
his eyes open for such occurrences and carefully note the
details at the time. In this connection I. may quote the
remarks of that excellent observer, Dr. Franz Doflein, of
the Munich University, who, in his interesting book on his
travels in the East, has made some valuable contribu-
tions to the present subject (“ Ostasienfabrt,” 1906, pp.
440-446). He there says: ‘“ From the observations which
I made in the jungles of Ceylon it is quite incom-
prehensible to me how naturalists who have spent years
and tens of years in the tropics can deny this fact [that
butterflies are frequently attacked by birds]. I can
only suppose that during their wanderings they pay no
special attention to such occurrences, so that when on their
return they take part in theoretical discussions, they
search their memories and their note-books in vain for
records of such observations.”
As an instance of the manner in which such facts
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 335
may be easily overlooked, I may refer to the case of the
kestrel in England. I have searched in vain through
many books on British Ornithology for any record that
this bird eats butterflies; nor is it even mentioned in
Naumann’s “ Vogel Deutschlands ” (1822), which contains
much more information of this kind than most modern
works, Yet in the “Entomologist” for 1903 (p. 68)
there is a most interesting account by Mr. Parkinson
Curtis of the behaviour of a kestrel which he observed
for some hours on the Ballard Down, near Swanage.
The bird was seen to stoop on several occasions at
something on the ground, but always rose again without
carrying off anything. Most entomologists would have
troubled themselves no further about the matter, but,
fortunately, Mr. Curtis was prompted to make a closer
investigation, and by carefully stalking the bird he found
that it was pouncing upon butterflies which it tore to
pieces on the ground. In the course of an hour he
counted about thirty-six specimens which were captured in
this manner, and the bird was observed to continue the
pursuit for at least five hours. Nor is this merely an
isolated case, for Mr. Curtis has confirmed his observation
in every succeeding summer; moreover we have the
evidence of Mr. Colthrup that he has seen the kestrel
feeding on Polyommatus corydon (see p. 352) in 1906 and
1907 on Beachy Head. It is therefore probable that
further enquiry will show this to be quite a usual habit
of the kestrel which has hitherto been overlooked; and
it seems quite conceivable that dozens of entomologists
may have collected on Beachy Head and Ballard Down
and have remained in ignorance of the destruction of
butterfly life which may have been going on in their very
presence. Again I can find no record of butterflies being
eaten by the Garden Warbler (Sylvia hortensis), with the
exception of the one published by Professor Kennel (see
p. 344), who observed a pair which fed their young almost
exclusively on butterflies all day long. It would be
unreasonable to suppose that this must be an abnormal
case; it seems far more likely that this Warbler does
often capture butterflies, but that naturalists have failed to
observe the fact, or else failed to record their observa-
tions. A final instance may be referred to, namely, the
Pigmy Falcons (Microhierax) of the East. My lamented
friend, the late Col. C. T. Bingham, who lived for many
836 Mr, G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
years in Burma, where these birds are not uncommon, only
once observed a butterfly to be seized by one of them. It
might be argued that if so admirable and skilled an
observer, in the course of a long experience, saw this
happen only on a single occasion, the pursuit of butterflies
must be an unusual habit with these birds. But for-
tunately, we have some indirect evidence on this point
which aptly illustrates how extremely misleading such an
argument may be. These hawks nest in holes in trees, the
bottom of the hole being lined with a thick pad composed
chiefly of insect remains mixed with rotten wood. Now
three different observers have found nests in which this pad
consisted largely, or even principally, of butterflies’ wings,
thus rendering it extremely probable that the Falconets do
prey upon these insects to a very considerable extent.
But if records of birds taking butterflies are scarce, it
must be borne in mind that the same thing applies to
almost all orders of insects. For example, although
Coleoptera are very largely eaten by birds, yet it must be
admitted that our knowledge of that fact is not really based
on direct observation of capture, but is derived from an
examination of the contents of birds’ stomachs ; and it is
probable that the number of authentic records of capture
would be even less in the case of beetles than in butterflies.
If it be urged that the small size of most Coleoptera renders
their recognition difficult under such conditions, let us turn
to the dragonflies, which afford a very fair parallel to butter-
flies, so far as size and habits are concerned. Here again
my examination of the literature of the subject shows that
the observed cases of capture, or even pursuit, are ex-
tremely few; and personally, during fifteen years of field
experience in South Africa I cannot recollect to have ever
seen a bird pursue a dragonfly. But I am by no means
prepared to assume from these facts that birds never, or
very rarely, attack dragonflies; rather do I believe that
this dearth of evidence is simply due, as it certainly is in
my case, to the fact that no attention has been paid to this
line of inquiry. This belief is borne out by the know-
ledge that where birds’ stomachs have been critically
examined the occurrence of dragonflies has been noted in
quite a number of cases. An exhaustive examination of the
insect remains found in the stomachs of wild birds, must,
in most cases, afford the only satisfactory testimony as
to what constitutes their normal food; but no such in-
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 337
vestigation has ever been undertaken in those tropical
regions where mimicry among butterflies is most prevalent,
and where we should therefore expect to find the greatest
destruction by birds. Moreover, this line of inquiry is un-
fortunately much less satisfactory in the case of butterflies
than in most other insects, owing to the fact that birds so
frequently snip off the wings before eating them, thus
rendering their recognition almost impossible ; and there
can be little doubt that the presence of butterflies in birds’
stomachs must have been overlooked through this cause.
Thus it is rather to ornithologists that we must look for
any material addition to our knowledge of this subject;
and an attempt to carefully identify the food brought to
their young by insectivorous birds would probably yield
much valuable information.
Enough has now been said to show that the assumption
that birds seldom attack butterflies is certainly premature ;
and for my part, I am convinced that when the subject
has been more fully and systematically investigated that
assumption will prove to be entirely unfounded.
We may now turn to the list of available records. So
far as concerns those already published, I believe it to be
fairly complete, though a certain number must inevitably
have escaped my attention. For the remainder I have
to offer my hearty thanks to the following friends and
correspondents, who have very kindly furnished me with
a number of valuable unpublished observations: Mr.
Parkinson Curtis, Professor C. B. Davenport, Dr. F. A.
Dixey, Dr. F. Doflein, Mr. C. H. B. Grant, Colonel N.
Manders, Mr. 8. A. Neave, Father O’Neil, Professor E. B.
Poulton, Mr. R. Shelford, Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton and
Professor August Weismann.
The number of Observations is unfortunately still too
small to justify any broad generalisations from the results
shown, but a few salient points may be noted.
The paucity of records in the case of Lycaenidae and
‘Hesperiidae is probably due to the comparatively small
size of these insects, which would thus render them
difficult to identify under such conditions. The great
majority of the evidence is furnished by the Nymphalinae
and Pierinae, and of these the latter subfamily is always
easily first. This is in accordance with Bates’ experience
on the Amazons. For he says: “I could not, from their
excessive scarcity, ascertain on the spot that the Leptalides
338 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
were thus picked out. I noticed, however, that other
genera of their family (Pieridae) were much persecuted ”
(Trans. Linn. Soc., xxii, 1862, p. 511). And in the same
region Paul Hahnel noted that Pierines were more
attacked by birds than any other butterflies (“ Iris,” 1890,
p. 193). These facts render it difficult to accept the view,
advocated by Dr. Dixey and Professor Poulton, that the
Pierinae probably constitute a generally unpalatable
group.
As might have been expected, the number of instances
in which birds have been observed to eat butterflies of
the dominant distasteful groups, such as Danainae or
Acraeinae, is comparatively small. Were these insects
as liable to be consumed as the Nymphalinae and Pierinae,
it seems likely, owing to their conspicuous appearance and
avoidance of concealment, that far more such cases would
have been forced upon the attention of casual observers.
Again, it may be noted that many observers have
testified to the fact that it is by no means an easy task
for a bird to capture a butterfly in full flight, this being
true even of such adepts as the Bee-Haters. My own
experience is entirely in accord with this opinion; and we
may perhaps find here an explanation why a bird may
often be seen sitting apparently impassive and uninterested
in the butterflies which are flying in the vicinity ; the lack
of interest being due to the knowledge that open pursuit
is of little avail. It seems likely that attacks will in
general be made only under specially favourable con-
ditions, such as, when the butterfly passes very close to
the bird’s perch, or when the attention of the insect is
distracted during feeding, courting, ovipositing, etc, We
are, therefore, probably justified in supposing that flight
does really afford an important protection to butterflies
against the attacks of birds. On the other hand, it has
been suggested that flight is probably of minor importance
in this connection, and that birds do not commonly pursue
butterflies simply because the vast majority of these
insects possess distasteful qualities to a greater or less
extent. This view I am quite unable to accept, for
various reasons which need not be discussed here; nor
can it be said to find support in the following records,
which indeed furnish strong evidence against it. For
several observers, including Prof. Weismann, have testified
that butterflies bred in confinement and then released
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 339
are specially liable to attack by birds on account of their
weak flight (cf. Palaearctic records, 4. g.; 10. d. and e.;
28. ¢.). The point might be decided experimentally by
releasing a large number of butterflies whose wings had
been partly cut off, then turning loose uninjured specimens
of the same species and noting any difference in the
attitude of the birds towards them. I have suggested to
several of my friends in the tropics that they should
undertake such experiments, which might, moreover,
prove extremely valuable as a means of ascertaining the
likes and dislikes of wild birds under natural conditions.
Finally, it may be interesting to note that the Indian
Bee-Eaters appear for the most part to cut off the wings of
butterflies which they capture befure eating them ; whereas
the African species, so far as I can ascertain, appear to
swallow them whole. It is not easy to understand the
reason of this discrepancy in habits in closely allied
species.
With reference to the following records it must be noted
that where authors have given long lists of insects preyed
on by certain birds, for the sake of brevity only those
parts which refer to butterflies have been cited. This is
especially the case in the Nearctic records from Gentry’s
“Life Histories of the Birds of E. Pennsylvania,” and
also in the Palaearctic records from Naumann’s “ Vogel
Deutschlands.”
RECORDS FROM THE PALAEARCTIC REGION.
1. Corvus monedula, Briss. (Jackdaw). Observed to catch
a white butterfly: The Editor, ‘‘ Country-Side,” 1903,
p. 290.
2. Sturnus vulgaris, L. (Starling). (a) “I have often seen
them chasing butterflies” (England): R. Fortune, in
Watson’s “Ornithology in Relation to Agriculture”
(1893), p. 139.—(0) A starling observed to catch a
white butterfly: The Editor, “Country-Side,” 1903,
p. 290.
3. Oriolus galbula, L. (Golden Oriole). “It then [in May]
feeds principally on woodland insects, . .. catching
cockchafers, butterflies and also large thick-bodied
moths, etc.”: Naumann, “ Vogel Deutschlands,” 11,
p. 179 (1822).
340 . Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
4, Passer domesticus, L. (Sparrow). (a) I have frequently
seen the common sparrow chase and capture such
butterflies as V. urticae and P. rapae”: T. G. B.
(Cambridge), “ Nature,” 111, 1870, p. 166.—(0) “I have
noticed . . . three sparrows for some time chase and
eventually capture a female Hpinephile ganira”: R.
Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc. L., 1897, p. xci (England).—
(c) “I have certainly observed sparrows catching
butterflies”: W. Caspari, Soc. Ent. Zurich, xvi, 1901,
p. 34 (Switzerland).—(d) A sparrow observed “ chasing
a specimen of Vanessa wrticae, at Whitstable, which
it captured”: C. W. Colthrup, “ Entomologist,” 1903,
p. 173.—(e) “I can remember having once witnessed
a sparrow chase and catch a fine specimen of Argynnis
adippe”: C. Floersheim, “ Ent. Record,” 1906, p. 36.—
(f) “In my garden at Munich a Vanessa c.-album
was pee wed? and captured by a sparrow, on the 3rd
July, 1906”: Dr. Franz Doflein (in litt.).—(g) “In
the experiments in rearing Vanessidae in Battersea
Park [London] a few summers ago . the sparrows
at once found out the difference ‘between those reared
under ies and the wild ones, and soon exterminated
them”: E. T. Daubeny, “ Nature Notes,” Oct., 1905,
p. 197: —(h) “June 7, 1906. Kensington Gardens
[London]. In the wide grassy space east of the
palace, passing down to the Serpentine, I saw a large
Vanessa (looking like V. polychloros) flymg in the
sunshine. It was pursued by a sparrow, which made
two ineffectual attempts to catch it and then desisted.
The chase was immediately taken up by another
sparrow, and pursuer and pursued disappeared from
view among the trees”: Dr. F. A. Dixey (in litt.).—
(2) At Fawley, near Southampton, on the 13th June,
1907, I myself saw a sparrow catch and eat a Pieris
rapae.—() “The sparrow, I have frequently observed,
attacks Pieris brassicae and P. rapae on the wing, but
is not very successful as arule. I can only remember
two instances of capture. I have also seen it on
three occasions attack Macroglossa stellatarwm, but in
every case unsuccessfully”: W. Parkinson Curtis (in
a letter to Prof. Poulton, dated 22, ix, 1905).—(k)
“Colonel Coussmaker remarked to me that he had
seen sparrows taking butterflies, including the
common ‘whites, far more frequently than any
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 341
other birds; probably, I imagine, because commoner
than any other birds”: C. F. M. Swynnerton (letter
dated 1, vit, 1907).—(/) “For the first time in my
life I saw this summer a sparrow pursue and catch a
Large Tortoiseshell that was flying round an elm
tree”: O. H. Latter (in a letter to Prof. Poulton,
dated 31, xii, 1902).—(m) A sparrow observed to eat
a Pieris rapae, of which it cut off the wings: L. H.
Harris, “Country-Side,” 1907, p. 140.—(n) “Small Tor-
toiseshell chased by a sparrow, which only succeeded
in taking a piece out of one wing”: J. R. Harding,
“Country-Side,” 1907, p. 209 (England),—(o) “Last
year I bred a large number of the large white buttertly,
which emerged from the pupae this year. On letting
some of the butterflies go, two of them were im-
mediately seized by house sparrows, which only ate
the body and left the four wings behind. On two
other days the same thing happened. In all, four
were killed in this way, and they were all males”:
G. Blackburn, “ Country-Side,” 1907, p. 211 (England).
—(p) “Sparrow seen to take a peacock butterfly in
full flight”: J. J. Towns, “ Country-Side,” 1907, p. 307
(England).—(g) “From interesting and numerous
letters in answer to the question whether birds eat
butterflies, I find that thirty-eight correspondents
have seen the sparrow catch and in most cases devour
common white butterflies. ... Five correspondents
have seen the sparrow eat the brimstone; two have
seen it catch, or partly eat, the meadow-brown; two
the small blue; one a large fritillary; and one a
tortoiseshell”: The Editor, “Country-Side,” 1903,
p. 290 (England).—(7r) Prof. E. Pénard of Geneva
saw a bird, probably a sparrow, persistently pursue
and at the third attempt ous a white butterfly
(probably a species of Pieris)”: Prof. E. B. Poulton,
“Essays on Evolution,” p. 282, note.
5 Acanthis cannabina, L. (Linnet). To my astonishment
a linnet (Hinfling), which was singing on a tree-top,
suddenly became silent and swooping down adroitly
captured an antiopa”: B. Slevogt, Soc. Ent. Zurich,
xvii, 1901, p. 82 (Switzerland).
6. Parus sp. (Tit). (a) “Captures with astonishing ac-
curacy the butterflies which flit about the trees”
W. Caspari, “Soc. Ent. Zurich,’ 1901, p. 34.—(0) A
342 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
tit observed to eat a white butterfly: The Editor,
“Country-Side,’ 1903, p. 290 (England).
7. Parus major, L. (Great Tit). “I have seen a great
titmouse capture the White Butterfly (Pieris rapae)
on the wing”: W. Eagle Clarke, quoted by Prof.
Poulton, “ Nature,” Ixv, p. 465 (England).
8. Motacilla sp. (Wagtail). (a) A good account of the
pursuit and final capture of a Small Tortoiseshell
(Vanessa wrticae, L.) by this bird. The observer
infers from the method used by the bird “ that it was
not a mere attack brought on by curiosity, but the
result of experience, which had taught it that the
body and not the wings was the desired tit-bit”:
H. J. Turner, “ Ent. Record,” 1904, p. 335 (England).
—(b) A wagtail observed to catch a white butterfly :
The Editor, “ Country-Side,” 1903, p. 290 (England).
9. Pratincola rubetra, L.(Whinchat). “On another even-
ing, August 16th, 1907, at Beachy Head, I watched a
pair of furze-chats picking specimens of [Polyom-
matus| corydon off grass stems and taking them to a
small tree. On going to the tree to investigate,
the two birds flew off together with a brood of young
ones. Under the tree on the ground were about
thirty or forty wings of male corydon”: C. W. Col-
thrup, “The Country-Side,” March 21, 1908, p. 267.
10. Phoenicurus phoenicurus, L. (Redstart). (a) “They
take flies, gnats, small butterflies and all sorts of
small two- and four-winged insects, partly on the
wing and partly at rest”: Naumann, “ Vog. Deut.,” ii,
p- 519.—(b) “It feeds on flies, gnats, small butter-
flies and various other kinds of small coleopterous
and other insects, caterpillars, ete.”: H. Dresser,
“ Birds of Europe,” ii, p. 281.—(c) “I have also re-
peatedly observed in my own country [Switzerland ]
how the Redstart (Rotschwanchen), which seems to
have a special liking for butterflies, would catch
‘Whites’ on the wing and take them to the nest”:
Prof. L. Kathariner, “ Biol. Centralb,” 6. xviii, 1898, p.
681.—(d) The author states that every year he was
in the habit of releasing hundreds of butterflies
(especially Vanessae) bred in temperature experi-
ments, and that the birds of the neighbourhood
would then congregate and pursue the insects, whose
flight was still weak. He notes that a pair of red-
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies, 1343
starts were especially active in their attacks. On
the other hand Arctia caja was never touched: C.
Frings, “Soc. Ent. Zurich,” 1900, p. 76 (Switzerland).
—(e) “About fifteen years ago I bred numbers of
Vanessa 10 and wrticae every summer; I released
many of the thousand specimens of butterflies that
I obtained. Every summer I began by letting the
insects fly out of the window of my work-room. But
very soon this was noticed by the birds in the garden
which surrounds the Institute, and then a redstart
used generally to station itself on a neighbouring
bush or tree and carry off most of the butterflies
which were released. I often saw the bird fly quite
close to the open window, seize a butterfly, turn quickly
round and fly away again. Then it would tear otf
the wings and one would find afterwards many wings
of V. 20 and urticae lying on the ground. . . . In dull
weather most of the butterflies did not fly away, but
remained sitting on the window-ledge. Then the
bird (Ruticilla phoenicura or tithys) would come
right up to the ledge. .. . My assistant Dr. Schleiss
once released, instead of myself, a number of wurticae
from the window. ‘The redstart appeared immedi-
ately, and in a short time he saw lying on the garden
path about thirty wings of Van. urticac” (Freiburg
in Breisgau): Prof. August Weismann (in a letter to
Prof. E. B. Poulton, dated 14, ii, 1909),
11. Accentor modularis, L. (Hedge Sparrow). “On the
May 15 [1907] I saw a hedge sparrow capture a
freshly emerged Pieris rapae $ and devour it. The
specimen was insufficiently dried to be strong on the
wing, and was captured whilst indulging in a first
unsteady flight. The occurrence took place at Broad-
stone, Dorset”: W. Parkinson Curtis (letter to Prof.
Poulton, dated 29, v, ’07).
12. Hrithacus rubecula, L. (Robin). (a) “I can certify to
the fact of robins chasing and catching large white
butterflies on the wing and swallowing them whole”:
H. Fox, “Nature,” 1xi, 1899, p. 152 (England).—() “I
saw a male robin once strike at Pyrameis atalanta,
but, on the butterfly turning, he made no further
attempt”: C. Floersheim, “Ent. Record,” 1906, p. 36.
—(c) “I had [September 1900] a number of Colias
edusa 2 sleeved in a small hand-frame with clover to
344 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the.
13.
14,
16.
17.
induce them to lay eggs, but they came to an un-
timely end. I saw a robin industriously pecking at
the muslin covering the frame, and shortly after being
disturbed he returned, started again where he had
weakened the muslin, and forcing his way in, slew
and ate all the Colias cdusa. The edusa were
visible through the muslin and were walking about
on the clover.... The same robins this spring
destroyed some female cardamines under similar
circumstances”: W. Parkinson Curtis (in a letter to
Prof. Poulton, dated 22, ix. 1905),—(d) The robin has
been seen to chase, catch or eat common white butter-
flies by five correspondents; while two have seen it
take blue butterflies: The Editor, “Country-Side,”
1903, p. 290 (England).
Turdus viscivorus, L. (Missel Thrush). Observed to
catch a white butterfly: The Editor, “ Country-Side,”
1903, p. 290.
Acrocephalus palustris, Bechst. (Marsh Reed Warbler)
“They seek many kinds of insects, such as...
small dragon flies, Phryganidae, Tineidae and small
butterflies” : Naumann, “ Vog. Deut.” iii, p. 640.
. Acrocephalus schaenobaenus, L. (Sedge Warbler). A
pair of Sedge Warblers was observed of which “ each
had a butterfly in its mouth, and with my field-glasses
I was able to identify the species as a Meadow-Brown
(EZ. janira) and a Small White (P.rapae)”: O. H. Latter,
“ Nature,” Ix, 1899, p. 520 (England). :
Sylvia hortensis, Bechst. (Garden Warbler). In 1895
at Dorpat, in Russia, Prof. Kennel observed a pair of
Garden Warblers (Grasmiicken) “ which fed their five
young all day long almost exclusively with Vanessa
urticae, and occasionally with a few Parnassius ame-
mosyne [mnemosyne] and apollo, the latter being a very
scarce species in the neighbourhood.” He subse-
quently adds that Pieris rapae was also used as food
by these birds: Prof. J. Kennel, “Biol. Centralb.,” xviii,
1898, p. 810.
Sylvia curruca, L. (Lesser White-throat). “ But they
also eat various insect-eggs, small pupae, many small
two- and four-winged insects, different species of
green plant-lice (Aphis, Linn.), small butterflies and
so forth” : Naumann, “ Vog. Deut.” u, p. 457.
18. Phylloscopus trochilus, L. (Willow Wren). Observed
Production of Mimetie Resemblances among Butterflies. 345
19:
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
to catch a white butterfly: The Editor, “ Country-
Side,” 1903, p. 290.
Regulus regulus, L.(Golden-crested Wren). The Gold-
crest (Goldhanchen) also captures butterflies which
flit about the trees: W. Caspari, “Soc. Ent. Zur.,” xvi,
p- 34.
Troglodytes troglodytes, L. (Wren). This bird was ob-
served to persistently enter a house and carry off a
considerable number of hibernating Vanessa urticae : A.
Elliott, “Aun. Scot. Nat. Hist.” 1900, p. 53 (Scotland).
Lanius minor, Gm. (Lesser Grey Shrike). (a) Its
food “consists of butterflies, various beetles, grass-
hoppers and other insects”: Naumann, “ Vog. Deut.”
u, p. 20.—(b) A Papilio podalirius, L. was found in
the stomach of one Lanius minor: E. Csiki, ‘‘ Aquila,”
xi, 1904, p. 278.
Lanius awriculatus, Mill, (Woodchat Shrike). “It
feeds on beetles, grasshoppers, butterflies, dragonflies,
and various other insects which it catches on the
wing”: Naumann, “ Vog. Deut.,” ii, p. 27.
Lanius collurio, L. (Red-backed Shrike). (a) “It also
catches with dexterity flying beetles, buttertlies, grass-
hoppers, and so forth”: Naumann, /.¢. p. 35.—(0)
“On July 2, 1896, on Patcham Railway Em-
bankment, near Brighton, I found a Pieris rapae
¢ impaled on a sharp sedge by a red-backed shrike.
It was pinned neatly through the centre of the
thorax and was running round on the pivot thus
formed when I investigated it” : W. Parkinson Curtis
(letter to Prof. Poulton, dated 22, ix, 1905).
Muscicapa grisola, L. (Spotted Flycatcher). (a) “It
feeds on flies, especially of the Linnean genera Musca
and Conops, on gadflies, gnats, crane-flies, butterflies,
small grasshoppers, small dragonflies and various
other insects”: Naumann, J. ¢. ii, p. 220.—(0)“ I have
seen the common flycatcher take butterflies more
than once. I can well remember how gracefully one
swept from the bough of a chestnut and caught a
Lasiommata aegeria in its flight”: R. C. R. Jordan,
“ Ent. Mo. Mag.,” xxiv, 1887, p. 86.—(¢) “I have seen
the common spotted flycatcher pursue a butterfly and
miss it, giving up the pursuit (H. 8. Wise)”: Lilian
Vesey, “Nature,” Ixv, 1902, p. 392.—(d) “I was chasing
a Clouded Yellow (Colias edusa, F.) . . . when, much
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART Il]. (SEPT.) AA
346 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
to my chagrin, a Spotted Flycatcher acco
grisola) darted from a fence and caught it”: A. H.
Hamm, “ Nature,” Ixy, 1902, p. 366 (England), Lag “On
July 21st [1904] we saw at Evian-les-Bains (France)
a spotted flycatcher catch a brown butterfly, almost
certainly Epinephele jurtina”: Alfred Sich, “ Entom.
Rec.,” 1904, p. 268.—(/) “After a storm a grey fly-
catcher darted at a flying white butterfly (Cabbage
White ?). At the second attack it seemed to have
damaged the butterfly’s wings, for the latter, in spite
of all its fluttering, came nearer to the ground. It was
only at the third attempt that the bird succeeded in
catching the butterfly, which it immediately swallowed
whole”: A Holscher, “Ill. Zeits. Ent.,” 1899, p. 91
(Osnabriick).—(g) “ Aug. 23, 1903. Fellows’ Garden,
Wadham College [Oxford]. Saw a flycatcher seize
and fly off with a white butterfly on the wing. After
being carried for a little distance the butterfly escaped
and was chased by the flycatcher, which made four
or five ineffectual attempts at recapture, at each of
which I distinctly heard the snap of the bird’s beak.
The chase disappeared behind trees, and I did not
see the result; my impression is that the butterfly
escaped”: Dr. F. A. Dixey (in litt.) —(h) “ Aug. 28,
1903. Grounds of Alexandra Palace, Muswell Hill,
near London. Saw a flycatcher settled with what
appeared to be a white butterfly in its beak. In a
short while I saw the wings detached and fall to the
ground, but on searching afterwards I failed to find
them. The grass was long and there was a good deal
of undergrowth”: Dr. F.’ A. Dixey (in latt.).—(a) “ A
small tortoiseshell butterfly, which had been weakened
by fluttering in a window, on being liberated was at
once pounced upon and eaten by a flycatcher”: E. T.
Daubeny, “ Nature Notes,” October 1905, p. 197.—(y)
“ This summer (1905) a pair of Flycatchers (J/uscicapa
grisola) nested in a garden belonging to a friend of
mine. I saw this bird catch, kill and eat Pieris rapae g.
One specimen cnly was attacked, and this wide
to pass close to the bird’s favourite seat”: W.
Parkinson Curtis (letter to Prof. Poulton, 22, ix, , 705).
—(k) “On July 30 [1907], as I was walking with
Col. Coussmaker [in Surrey], I saw a flycatcher (M1.
grisola) swoop low over the grass and return to its
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 347
perch with a ‘meadow-brown’ in its bill. The but-
terfly was held by the wings only, body outwards,
and the bird had hardly reached the perch when the
insect escaped and disappeared behind some foliage,
with the flycatcher again in hot pursuit”: C. F. M.
Swynnerton (in a letter dated 1, viii, 1907).—(/) “ Mrs.
Blackburn [of Barrow Hill, Henfield] made the
remark that their ‘meadow-browns’ (janira) were
so caught and eaten by the flycatchers as to be quite
scarce ; when one of them appeared it was generally
snapped up, and sometimes two flycatchers would
help each other in the capture. The common white
butterflies (sapae, etc.), were sometimes, but rarely,
attacked”: F. Merrifield (in a letter to Prof. Poulton,
dated 7, viii, 1907).—(m) “I was walking round the
paddock [New Barnet, Herts.] yesterday when a large
cabbage butterfly came flying across it. There were
three Flycatchers (/. grisola) in sight. The butterfly
passed the first without being attacked, but settled
in the grass just in front of the second and about ten
yards from it. The bird, which had been watching it,
continued to do so for two or three seconds longer
and then flew down at it, but failed to secure the
butterfly, and rising, turned and again swooped down
on the spot. This time it hovered for a few seconds
while hunting for the butterfly, but the latter had
evidently got well down under the grass, and the
flycatcher returned to its perch discomfited”: C. F.
M. Swynnerton (letter dated 16, viii, 1907).—(n)
“Mrs. Watt-Smyth told me that two or three weeks
ago, when she was walking in the garden here [New
Barnet] with my sister and cousin, they saw a fly-
catcher capture a white butterfly”: C. F. M. Swyn-
nerton (letter dated 19, viii, ’07)—(0) “Spotted
flycatchers seen on August Ist near Canterbury
catching and eating meadow-brown butterfly”: F. C.
Snell, “Country-Side,” 1907, p. 290.—(p) “On an
Arabian burial ground, below Las Glacieres Blida [in
Algeria], I saw at noon a small brown bird (doubtless
the grey flycatcher, which is plentiful there) catch a
specimen of Pieris rapae on the wing”: Dr. Karl
Jordan (in a letter to Prof. Poulton, dated 21, ix,
1908).—(q) “A water wagtail [Dr. Longstaff informs
me that this is an error, and that the bird was a grey
AA 2
348
bo
Or
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
flycatcher] has this year built a nest in the Ampelopsis
veitchit on my house at Putney. Miss C.’A. Dixon
was sitting in the garden on July 19 watching the
bird go every few minutes to feed its young, and on
one occasion noticed that it carried a white butterfly
in its beak. On July 25 the same lady saw the
bird snap at a white butterfly but miss it”: Dr. G. B.
Longstatf, “ Ent. Mo. Mag.,” 1904, p.211.—(r) “On one
other occasion the owner of that lawn saw a bird try
to catch a butterfly. He was astonished to see more
than one bird chasing what he took to be a small
meadow-brown. At last a flycatcher knocked the
insect to the ground almost at my friend’s feet. He
picked it up and found a white-letter hairstreak
(7. w-album), a butterfly which he did not know was
to be found in the neighbourhood”: H. P. R.,
“Country Life,” March 14, 1908, p. 384 (England).—
(s) The flycatcher has been seen to chase, catch or
eat common white butterflies by five correspondents :
The Editor, “ Country-Side,” 1903, p. 290 (England).
. Muscicapa collaris, Bechst. (White-collared Flycatcher).
“Tt feeds on flies, gnats ... butterflies and other
insects on the wing”: Naumann, “Vog. Deut.,” ii,
p. 329 (1822).
. Muscicapa atricapilla, L. (Pied Flycatcher). “It also
eats small grasshoppers, butterflies, etc., in times of
scarcity, even worms”: Naumann, Jc. p. 237.
. Muscicapa parva, Bechst. (Red-breasted Flycatcher).
“Tt feeds, like the other flycatchers, on flies, gnats,
small butterflies and so forth”: Naumann, J. ¢. p. 274.
. Hirundo rustica, L. (Swallow). (a) “They subsist on
a great number of genera and species of small in-
sects, as flies, Stomoxys (Stechfliegen) ... small
Lepidoptera, as: Tineidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae,
Alucitidae, numerous small beetles and so forth;
and in times of need they will also eat small butter-
flies (the larger ones are not eaten, as their wings are
mostly too broad), small Noctuidae, and the smallest
dragonflies” : Naumann, /. c. vi, p. 61.—(0) “ In the
month of March during the northern migration of
swallows, a small butterfly, Zhestor ballus (one of the
Lycaenidae), is out in great abundance on the plains.
When walking across the grass, the swallows, which
keep flying very close to the leeward of you, instantly
ae
Production of Mimetie Resemblances among Butterflies, 349
catch any unfortunate ballus that flies up; but they
seem to be unable to take them on the ground,
perhaps from the protective colouring of their green
under-wings they cannot see them when at rest ; but
anyway the swallow is an annoyance to the butterfly
collector”: Lt.-Col. Irby, “Ornith. of the Straits of
Gibraltar,” p. 94 (1895, 2nd ed.).—(c) “In England I
have noticed a swallow hunting one of the common
‘Whites’ (apparently Pieris brassicae)”: R. Trimen,
Proc. Ent. Soc. L., 1897, p. xci.—(d) “I have several
times had opportunities of observing that white
butterflies were captured on the wing by swallows”:
M. Spaeth, “Ill. Zeits, Ent.,” 1899, p. 124 (Germany).
—(¢) “A good many years ago I released a large
number of ‘Camberwell Beauties’ (Trauermiintel).
The Swallows collected in a row in front of the win-
dow in order to snap up the butterflies. I do not
believe that 20 per cent. of the latter reached the
adjoining wood, towards which they all directed their
course. The same thing happened in the case of
some ‘ Purple Emperors’ (Schillerfaltern) a few years
later. ‘ Tortoiseshells’ (Fiichse) and ‘ Peacocks’
(Tagpfau) were entirely unmolested by swallows. ...
Melitaea and Argynnis were taken”: W. Caspari,
Soe. Ent. Zurich, xvi, p. 34—(/) Observed to capture
Lycaena argiolus on the wing: Prof. E. B. Poulton,
“Nature,” Ixv, 1902, p. 343.—(g) “Mr. W. Holland
tells me that about the middle of June 1901 he saw
a swallow swoop down from a great distance and
catch a white butterfly (almost certainly Pieris rapae)
flying in front of the [Oxford] Museum”: Prof.
Poulton, /.¢—(h) “Further, I have often seen birds
catch butterflies in Hongkong, Cochin China and
Kurope, but neither birds nor butterflies were iden-
tified. The birds were in many cases swallows”:
Dr. F. Doflein (in a letter dated 12, iv, 1907).—
(2) “Mortehoe, N. Devon. W. Bonner saw a swallow
‘spike and carry off’ a brown butterfly (he thinks
H. janira). Aug. 23, 1894. Reported to me the same
day”: Dr. F. A. Dixey (in litt.)—(j) “On the after-
noon of July 7, 1901, H. G. Dixey kicked up a
specimen of H. janira im the Parks, Oxford. Ag it
rose it was taken by a swallow. This was seen by
J. Dixey, H. G. Dixey and R. N. Dixey, and reported
850 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
to me the same day”: Dr. F. A Dixey (in litt.).—
(k) “I have seen butterflies attacked by the Barn
Swallow (H. rustica) and the Swift—P. rapae in both
cases”: W. Parkinson Curtis (letter to Prof. Poulton,
22, ix, ’05).—(/) A swallow was observed to capture a
Colias edusa: W. Buckler, “Ent. Mo. Mag.,” July 1877,
p. 40.—(m) “Some years ago I saw a swallow trying
to seize a red admiral flying”: G. E. Johnson,
“ Country-Side,” 1907, p. 141 (England).—(n) The
swallow has been observed to chase, catch or eat
common white butterflies by four correspondents;
“two readers have seen the swallow take meadow-
browns (Mr. J. Higgs, of Maryborough, noting seven
specimens taken in seven minutes), and one each have
noticed the capture of a peacock butterfly, a painted
lady and a tortoiseshell ” : The Editor, “Country-Side,”
1903, p. 290 (England),
29. Cypselus apus, L. (Swift). (a) “All sorts of beetles,
gadflies, butterflies and moths, . . . serve to fill its
rapidly digesting, and therefore always hungry,
stomach”: Naumann, “ Vog. Deut.” vi, p. 1380.—
(b) Cf Hirundo rustica (kh).
30. Caprimulgus ewropaeus, L. (Nightjar). “And further
the flower-beetles, dragonflies, butterflies and Diptera,
which sit at rest in the evenings, do not escape it”:
Naumann, /.¢. vi, p. 153.
31. Merops apiaster, L. (Bee-Kater). Prof. Kathariner
3
9
ale
records that on May 6, 1895, at Angora in Asia
Minor, the butterfly Zhais cerisyi was flying in great
numbers, when suddenly a swarm of Bee-Katers
appeared, and “ without paying any attention to me,
began to make a terrible clearance among the butter-
flies. One heard continuously the snapping of their
beaks, and in the shortest space of time there was
not a butterfly to be seen. Those that were not
eaten had hidden under the herbage”: L. Kathariner,
“ Biol. Centralb.,” xviii, 1898, p. 681.
Cuculus canorus, L. (Cuckoo). (a) An example of
Aporia crataegi found in the stomach of one bird:
FE. Csiki, “ Aquila,” xi, 1904, p. 309.—(b) “ Although its
principal food consists of caterpillars, yet it often
takes both butterflies and moths, and even lepido-
pterous pupae and eggsare not despised”: J. A. Link,
“Mon. Deut. Ver. Schutze Vog.,” 1889, p. 439.
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 351
33. Falco tinnunculus, L. (Kestrel). (a) This bird was
seen (near Swanage, Dorset) to capture numerous
butterflies (Argynnis aglaia and Melanargia galatea)
by pouncing on them when settled on the ground.
The observer “found by counting that the bird caught
about thirty-six specimens in an hour, and it was hard
at it for at least five hours”: W. Parkinson Curtis,
“Entomol.” 1903, p. 68.—(@) “I would say that my
note on the Kestrel in the ‘Entomologist’ in 1903
has been confirmed by repeated observations at the
same place, and presumably on the same pair of
birds every year since. In July 1904 I was a month
at Swanage and was at least a dozen times on the
Down in daylight, when the Kestrel was at its old
game of slaughtering Argynnis aglaia and WM. galatea,
Last season (July 1905) aglaia was scarce and the
attacks were confined almost wholly to semele and
galatea ; at least, the wings I saw mostly belonged to
those species’: W. Parkinson Curtis (letter to Prof.
Poulton, 22, iv, ’05).—(e) I have recently received
several further communications from Mr. Parkinson
Curtis with regard to his extremely interesting and
valuable observations on the feeding habits of the
Kestrel. On Aug. 8, 1907, he wrote: “On August 3
I had to go near the Ballard Down, so walked to the
place where I had generally seen the Kestrel ; it was
doing precisely the same thing as I have previously
recorded and at about the same average rate.” On
Sept. 2 he wrote: “On Sept. 1st I was collecting on
Studland Hill and Nine Barrow Down, that is about
24 miles from the Kestrels I have sent you a note
about. I saw three Kestrels catching butterflies;
they were at it, off and on, from 11.30 am. to 3.45
p-u., but I could not get near enough to see what
they were catching. That they were catching butter-
flies, all three, 1 am certain from the manner of
hawking, and their movements on the ground; but
there was no cover for me to approach them, so I
cannot give you any precise details, except one female
semele which I put up and which flew in the direction
of one Kestrel and was promptly captured.” In reply
to inquiries, Mr. Curtis informed me that Pierines
of all kinds were very scarce on the Downs frequented
by the Kestrel, and he had not actually seen any
352 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
attacked. Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae and Coenonympha
he considered to be too small for the Kestrels, and he
had only on one occasion observed the capture of a
female Hesperia actaeon.—(d) “ At Beachy Head in
the past summer and in 1906 I watched a Kestrel
feeding on this species [Polyommatus corydon]. It
hovered just over the grass stems and picked them
off one after the other while at rest”: C. W. Colthrup,
“ Country-Side,” 1908, p. 267.
34. Falco subbuteo, L. (Hobby). The stomach ofa specimen
contained “the body of a small Locustid, a middle-
sized butterfly and about 120 brownish-black ants
(Formica fusca, L.)”: Prof. Salzmann, “ Mon. Deutsch
Ver. Schutz Vog.,” 1906, p. 511.
35. Birds not identified :—
(a) A bird captured and ate a specimen of Argynnis
adippe: Colthrup, “ Entom.” 1903, p. 173 (England).
—(b) “During many years of entomological work I
have on only ten occasions actually observed birds
pursuing species of Vanessa or Pierts under natural
conditions”: C. Frings, “Soc. Ent. Zurich,” xv, 1900,
p. 76.—(c) “I have frequently seen birds catch and
devour the unprotected species [of butterflies] on the
wing”: A. G. Butler, ‘Nature,’ i, 1870, p. 166
(England).—(d) “In this country it was not an un-
common sight to see the Pontiae pursued by birds,
and sometimes escaping by means of their tortuous
or dodging flight”: H. W. Bates, Proc. Ent. Soc. L.,
1864 (3), 11, p. 22 (England).—(e) “Evidence of the
attacks of birds was supplied by Mr. Fred Birch in a
specimen of Zhecla quercus from Lancashire (August
1898). <A bird was seen to dart at the spot where the
butterfly was settled, and the insect, when captured,
exhibited symmetrical injuries, such as would be
caused by a snip taken out of both wings when in
contact in the position of rest”: Prof. E. B. Poulton,
“Oxford Univ. Gazette,” 1905, p.566.—(/) “No one has
been able to adduce any examples of a bird eating a
butterfly, beyond a few cases where the food was
either the ‘meadow-brown or large heath (Z. janira
or L. tithonus), or the green hairstreak ’—out of thou-
sands of observers, entomologists and ornithologists ” :
H. P. R., “Country Life,” March 14, 1908, p. 384.
[The evidence here collected sufficiently demonstrates
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies, 353
the inaccuracy of this dogmatic statement.—G. A.
K. M.]—(g) “ My assistant Dr. Kuhn saw a small
bird (?2)seize a Vanessa C-album on the wing” (Freiburg
im Breisgau): Prof. Aug. Weismann (letter to Prof.
Poulton, dated 14, 11, 1909).
The following list gives a summary of those butterflies
which have been exactly or approximately identified,
together with the birds which have pursued or eaten
them—
PALAEARCTIC BUTTERFLIES.
SATYRINAE.
Melanargia galatea, L.—Falco tinnunculus (33, a, 0).
Epinephele yanira, L.—Passer domesticus (4, b, g); Acro-
cephalus schaenobaenus (15); Muscicapa grisola (24,
k, l, 0); Hirundo rustica (28, 3, 7, 2).
E. tithonus, L.—Bird (35, /).
’ £. gurtina, L.—Muscicapa grisola (24, e).
Hipparchia semele, L.-—Falco tinnunculus (33, 6, c).
Pararge egeria, L.—Muse. grisola (24, 0).
NYMPHALINAE.
Argynnis sp.—Passer domesticus (4, q).
A. adippe, L—Passer domesticus (4, ¢); Bird (35, a).
A. aglaia, L.—Falco tinnunculus (33, a, 0).
Melitaea sp—Hirundo rustica (28, ¢).
Pyrameis atalanta, L.—Erithacus rubecula (12, 3);
Hirundo rustica (28, m).
P. cardwi, L.Hirundo rustica (28, 7).
Vanessa io, L.—Passer domesticus (4, 7); Phoenicurus
phoenicurus (10, e); Hirundo rustica (28, 7).
V. antiopa, L.—Acanthis cannabina (5); Hirundo
rustica (28, ¢).
V. polychloros, L.—Passer domesticus (4, /, /).
V. urticae, L.— Passer domesticus (4, a, d, n, 7); Motacilla,
sp. (8, a); Phoenicurus phoenicurus (10, ¢): Sylvia
hortensis (16); Troglodytes troglodytes (20); Musci-
capa grisola (24, 7) ; Hirundo rustica (28, 7).
Polygonia C-album, L.—Passer domesticus (4, 7); Bird
(35, 9).
pce CMS domesticus (4, 7); Phoenicurus phoeni-
curus (10, d); Bird (25, b).
Apatura iris, L.—Hirundo rustica (28, e).
354 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
LYCAENINAE.
Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—Passer domesticus (4, q).
P. corydon, Poda.—Falco tinnunculus (33, d); Pratin-
cola rubetra (9).
Cyaniris argiolus, L.—Hirundo rustica (28, /).
Thestor ballus. ¥.—H. rustica (28, b).
Callophrys rubi, L.—Bird (35, f).
Thecla quercts, L.—Bird (35, e).
T. w-album, Knoch.—Muscicapa grisola (24, 7’).
Lycaeninae—Erithacus rubecula (12, d).
PIERINAE.
Aporia crataegt, L.—Cuculus canorus (32, a).
Pieris spp—Corvus monedula (1); Sturnus vulgaris
(2,6); Passer domesticus (4, &, g,7); Parus sp. (6,0);
Motacilla sp. (8, 0); Phoenicurus phoenicurus (10, ¢) ;
Erithacus rubecula (12, d); Turdus viscivorus (13);
Phylloscopus trochilus (18); Muscicapa grisola (24, f,
g, h, 2, q, 8); Hirundo rustica (28, d, x); Bird (35,8,
d).
P. rapae, L.—Passer domesticus (4, a, 7, 7, m); Parus
major (7); Accentor modularis (11); Acrocephalus
schaenobaenus (15); Sylvia hortensis (16); Lanius
collurio (23, 6); Muscicapa grisola (24, 7, i, p); Hir-
undo rustica (28, g, &); Cypselus apus (28, £).
P. brassicae, L.—Passer domesticus (4, 7, 0); Erithacus
rubecula (12, a); Muscicapa grisola (24, m); Hirundo
rustica (28, c).
Huchloé cardamines, L.—Erithacus rubecula (12, ¢).
Colias edusa, F.—Erithacus rubecula (12, ¢); Muscicapa
erisola (24, d); Hirundo rustica (28, /).
Gonepteryx rhamni, L.—Passer domesticus (4, q).
PAPILIONINAE.
Thais cerisyi, Godt.—Merops apiaster (31).
Parnassius apollo, .—Sylvia hortensis (16).
P. mnemosyne, L.—Sylvia hortensis (16).
Papilio podalirius, L.—Lanius minor (21, 0).
RECORDS FROM THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
1. Motacilla capensis, L. (Cape Wagtail). (a) “I not only
obtained an Arctiid moth (Binna madagascariensis),
which I surprised one of these birds in the act of kill-
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 355
Or
ing, but also saw another actually pursuing a butter-
fly belonging to the genus Acraea”: W. L. Distant,
“Naturalist in the Transvaal,” p. 70.—(b) Seen to
“take moths and P. [Pieris] hellica”: J. P. Mansel
Weale, “ Nature,” iii, p. 508 (Cape Colony).
Motacilla sp. (Wagtail). Prof. Yngve Sjostedt, of Stock-
holm, informs me that although he paid no special
attention to this subject, he well remembers to have
observed birds of this genus pursuing and capturing
butterflies in the beds of rivers on the Cameroon
Mountain in West Africa.
. Nectarinia sp. (Sunbird). ‘Mrs. Barber informs me
that Pyrameis cardui is a frequent victim among the
butterflies with which the Sunbirds (Nectariniae)
feed their young”: R. Trimen, “8. Afr. Butterf.,” i, p.
34, note (Cape Colony).
. Apalis thoracica, Shaw (Bar-throated Warbler). On
June 7, 1903, near Salisbury, Rhodesia, I myself saw
one of those birds catch an Acraea nohara-halali,
Mshl., which it ate with apparent relish.
. Pratincola torquata, L. (South African Stonechat). “In
March [1900] I saw a Pratincola torquata in chase ot
Larucus plinius”: C. F, M. Swynnertov, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 358 (Gazaland).
. Lanius collaris, L. (Fiskal Shrike), “At the Cape I
have seen Fiscus collaris, the common shrike of the
colony, seize in succession several Papilio lyaeus on
the wing”: R. Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc., L307 PIXEL.
. Bradyorms mariquensis, Sm. (Marico Wood-Shrike),
“Feb. 27, 1898. Saw a Marico wood-shrike dart down
from a tree and catch a Sarangesa eliminata, Holl.,
which was sitting with outspread wings on a small
plant’: G. A. K. Marshall, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 357
(Rhodesia).
. Pachyprora molitor, Hahn and K. (White-flanked Fly-
catcher). (a) “March 6, 1898. Saw a flycatcher
(Pachyprora molitor) make several futile attempts to
catch a Tarucus plinius, which was circling round
the bush on which it sat.” G. A. K. Marshall, 7. c.
p. 357 (Rhodesia).—(2) On June 7, 1903, near Salis-
bury, Rhodesia, I] saw one of these birds eat a small
Lycaenid (probably Tarucus telicanus) and a small
Hesperid (probably Baoris detecta).
. Trochocercus albonotatus, Sharpe (White-spotted F ly-
306 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
catcher). “On April 3 one of these birds was seen
by Odendaal to dart out from the trees at the edge of
Chirinda at a butterfly (Zylothris) flying past a few
feet away, but to turn back on reaching it without
an attempt at capture”: C.F. M. Swynnerton, “Ibis,”
1908, p. 98 (Mashonaland).
10. Zerpsiphone perspicillata Sw. (S. African Paradise Fly-
catcher). (a) “I have seen 7chitrea cristata darting
at P. [Mylothris| agathina”: J. P. Mansel Weale,
“Nature,” ii, p. 508 (Cape Colony).—(d) “I would
notice that I have seen a Tchitrea cristata capture a
[Papilio] merope fg, and chase a P. nirews, and I have
little doubt that this bird is most destructive to bush-
frequenting Rhopalocera” : J. P. Mansel Weale, Proc.
Ent. Soc., 1874, p. 132 (Cape Colony).—(c) “ March
28, 1897. While out collecting at Malvern, Durban,
Natal, I saw a Paradise Flycatcher catch a specimen
of Eronia cleodora”: G. A. K. Marshall, Trans. Ent.
Soc., 1902, p. 357.—(d@) “ While watching an Atella
phalantha hovering over a bush of its food-plant, a
Paradise Flycatcher darted past, and with a loud snap
of its beak, tried to catch the butterfly in its swoop :”
G. A. K. Marshall, /. c. (Rhodesia).
ll. Dierurus afer, Licht. (African Drongo). (a) “I have
little doubt that . . . Dicrwrus musicus, Vieill., 1s most
destructive to bush-frequenting Rhopalocera”: J. P.
Mansel Weale, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 182 (Cape
Colony).—(b) “ December 1, 1898. C. F. M. Swynner-
ton saw a drongo (Buchanga assimilis) fly past him
with a white butterfly in its beak, probably C. florella” : :
G. A. K. Marshall, 7. ¢ p. 357 (Rhodesia).—(c) A .
drongo observed to attack a tattered Belenois (either
mesentina or severina): G. A. K. Marshall, /. ¢ p. 357
(Rhodesia).—(d) “Gorongoza Dist., Portuguese E.
Africa, May 1907. Although this species was common,
I only once noticed it take butterflies, when one
caught a small brown species that was passing where
it was perched”: C. H. B. Grant (note from diary).—
(ec) “I have on several occasions seen the common
Drongo (D. afer) make more or less successful darts at
passing butterflies” (N.E. Rhodesia): S. A. Neave
(letter dated 19, 11, 1909).
12. Dicrurus sp. (Drongo). Colonel N. Manders tells me
that in the harbour of Nossi Be, Madagascar, in 1907,
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 357
15.
14,
15.
16.
rs
1S.
he observed a drongo pursuing a butterfly (Hypolimnas
drucet, Butl.) which it failed to capture.
Dicrurus ludwigi, Smith (Lesser Drongo). “16, vi,
1908. In the same locality as yesterday, viz., the
edge of a patch of dense forest, saw a Lesser Drongo
(D. ludwigit), catch a damaged Catopsilia florella” :
S. A. Neave (note from diary ; N.E. of Lake Bang-
weolo).
Hirundo monteiri, Hartl. (Monteiro’s Swallow). “13,
vi, 1908. N.E. of Lake Bangweolo. Saw a large
swallow, probably H. monteiri, capture a Teracolus
?evenina which appeared to have been previously in-
jured”: S. A. Neave (note from diary).
Hirundo sp. (Swallow). “Ithink I told you long ago
of having found the wings of a lot of butterflies,
chiefly P. corinneus, below the branch of a tree on
which some swallows were constantly settling”:
C. F. M. Swynnerton, Tr. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 358
(Gazaland),.
Cypselus caffer, Licht. (S. African Swift). Observed to
“take small moths from the grass and dart at Terias
rahel [brigitta, Cram.| on our open flats”: J. P.
Mansel Weale, “ Nature,” iii, p. 508. (Cape Colony.)
Dicrocercus hirundineus, Licht. (Swallow-tailed Bee-
Hater). “11, x,’07. I watched to-day for about half-
an-hour a specimen of the Swallow-tailed Bee-Eater
(D. hirundineus) hawking butterflies. As far as I
could see he took nothing but Pierines, C. [Cato-
psilia| florella mostly, but one or two B. [ Belenois|
nr. dentigera, and one Terias” (N.W.. Rhodesia):
S. A. Neave (in a letter to Prof. Poulton).
Merops persicus, Pall. (Blue-cheeked Bee-Kater). (a)
“In the vicinity of every hole were numbers of
pellets, formed of the wings and other indigestible
parts of dragon-flies, butterflies, beetles, etc.” : S. Staf-
ford Allen, “ Ibis,” 1862, p. 359 (On the Nile).—(0)
Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton has recently sent me a
butterfly which was taken from the stomach of one
of these birds at Chibababa, Portuguese E. Africa, on
December 11, 1906. The insect is an Acraea, be-
longing to the group represented by A. horta, L., but
is too much damaged for exact identification. The
same gentleman notes the dexterity of these birds in
catching insects, but states: “ Yet I saw one strike
358 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
deliberately at a Belenois (of which the rapid erratic
flight must be very puzzling to a bird) and miss it.
I have noticed the same difficulty on the part of
Dicrurus afer” (“Ibis,’ 1908, p. 398).
19. Merops apiaster, L. (European Bee-Kater). (a) I have
recently received from Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton the
two front wings of an Hesperid (either a Baoris or
Platylesches), which were taken from a stomach of
this bird near Chirinda (3500 ft.), Gazaland, on
March 26, 1907.—(%) “I have found a specimen of
Mylothris agathina in the crop of the common ‘ Abel-
haruco’ (Merops apiaster)”: Dr. F. Creighton Well-
mann, “ Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,” 1908, p. 148 (Angola).
20. Merops nubicoides, Desm. and P. (Carmine-throated Bee-
Eater). Mr. C. H. B. Grant has kindly supplied me
with the two following observations noted in his diary
when in S.E. Africa—(a) “ Near Beira (Jan. 1907) I
saw three of these birds together perched on the top
of a dead tree, and when walking up to shoot them I
distinctly saw one fly out and take a brown butter-
fly that was passing.”—(b) “ When travelling up the
Zambesi from Tambara to Tette (Aug. 1907), a small
flock of these birds was hawking over the water, and
twice or three times I saw them catch white butter-
flies, of which there were quite a number about.”
21. Merops sp. “All kinds of insects form the prey of
these birds. Once I shot one with its mouth so
stuffed with butterflies that it appeared to me
marvellous that it had not choked”: Capt. Boyd
Alexander, “From the Niger to the Nile,” vol. u,
p. 29 (N. Nigeria). [The bird was doubtless collect-
ing food for its young, G. A. K. M.]
22. Merops boehmi, Reichen. (Bohm’s Bee-EKater). “15,
vill, 1908. Saw a Boehm’s Bee-Eater make one or
two attempts to catch butterflies, chiefly Pierines, but
did not see him actually take one”: S. A. Neave
(note from diary ; N.E. of Lake Bangweolo).
25. Melittophagus meridionalis, Sharpe (Little Bee-Eater).—
(a) “I noticed one bird catch a white butterfly, but
small coleopterous insects seem to form the chief
part of their prey.” Dr. A. Stark, in Stark and
Sclater’s “ Birds of S. Africa,” iii, p. 69 (Natal).—
(b) Mr. Swynnerton has sent me the stomach of one
of these birds which he shot in Melsetter District,
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies, 359
Mashonaland, in October 1906. This contained two
flies of the genus Pyrgota and one of the genus Sarco-
phaga, one beetle (Onthophagus aeruginosus, Roth.) and
one butterfly (Precis sp.), far too much damaged for
exact identification —(c) “Luombwa R., near S.E.
boundary of the Congo Free State. 13, xii, 1907.
Saw a little Bee-Eater (JZ meridionalis) catch and
eat what appeared to be <Atel/a phalantha, though
it may possibly have been its mimic Pseudargynnis
hegemone, as they are impossible to distinguish
on the wing”: 8. A. Neave (note from Diary).—
(d) “Besides the above I have on several occasions
seen MM. meridionalis make more or less successful
darts at passing butterflies”: 8. A. Neave (letter
dated 19, 13, 1909).
24, Melittophagus bullockoides, Smith (White-fronted Bee-
Eater). At Chibababa, in Portuguese E. Africa, Mr.
Swynnerton watched these birds hawking insects,
“During the whole time that I was watching, per-
haps a quarter of an hour, I saw the birds fly out
six times after butterflies of some size, including
Pierines, probably Catopsilia jflorella and Belenors
severina or B. mesentina, as these seemed to be the
only white butterflies which were flying over the
water. In these six attempts the butterfly was caught
outright only twice; on two other occasions, after
much dodging, it got away and the bird returned to
its perch; while on two remaining occasions, on one
bird missing the insect, several others promptly flew
out (the first time seven or eight, and the second
time three) to join in the sport, the butterfly being
eventually captured, each time after some little dart-
ing about and confusion. Besides this, on quite a
number of occasions, I saw a bird aim at or catch
what I took to be a Lycaenid, the others going out to
its aid in the same manner three or four times”:
C. F. M. Swynnerton, “Ibis,” 1908, p. 399. [He shot
one bird and sent me the stomach, which contained a
specimen of Acraca rabliac, Ward, G. A. K. M.]
25 Eurystomus afer, Lath. (Yellow-billed Roller). ‘“ Ma-
sembeti, near Beira, Nov. 1906. This bird was sit-
ting on a very tall dead tree, and I saw it take a large
reddish or brown butterfly on the wing”: C. H. B.
Grant (note from diary).
360 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
26. Coracias caudatus, L. (Lilac-breasted Roller). “ Rollers
(Coracias caudata) are great hawkers of flying insects,
especially of butterflies” : H. A. Bryden, “ Nature and
Sport in 8. Africa,” p. 64.
27. Coracias sp. “I may here say that I have on one
occasion seen a Roller (Covacias) in West Africa cap-
ture on the wing a Pierine, probably Zerias senega-
lensis” : Dr. F. Creighton Wellman, “ Ann. Soc. Ent.
Belg.,” 1908, p. 148.
28. Lspidina natalensis, Smith (Natal Kingfisher). ‘These
birds feed entirely on butterflies and insects caught
on the wing”: T. Ayres, in Sharpe’s “ Monogr. King-
fishers,” p. 146 (Natal).
29. Halcyon chalicuti, Stanley (Striped Kingfisher). (qa)
“Its food consists entirely of Coleoptera, Orthoptera,
Lepidoptera and flies... . It captures insects on the
wing”: von Heuglin, quoted in Sharpe’s “ Monogr.
Kingfishers,” p. 184 (N.E. Africa).—(b) “ Nov. 23, 1908.
“Saw a Bush Kingfisher catch and eat two butter-
flies, viz. Junonia cebrene and Catopsilia florella, both
of which were captured when feeding.” G. A. K.
Marshall, Tr. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 357 (Rhodesia).
30. Coceystes cafer, Licht. (Levaillant’s Cuckoo). “ Dee.
15, 1898. Remains of Papilio demodocus found in
the stomach of a cuckoo (Coccystes cafer)”: G. A. K.
Marshall, /. c. (Rhodesia).
31. Halco subbuteo, L. (Hobby), “ Swynnerton shot a hobby
which had in its stomach an almost complete Z'evias” :
G. A. K. Marshall, 7. c. (Rhodesia).
32. Birds not identified :— |
(a) “ Empandeni, Plumtree, Rhodesia. On Feb. 31
of this year (1907) I was passing through a native
field and saw a brownish bird about the size of a
starling dart out of a tree and seize a Pieris or
Teracolus (I could not be certain which, as the butter-
fly was flying rather high and I was not near enough
to identify it) in its beak and fly back to the tree with
it. I was near enough to be absolutely certain of this.
It was the first time I had ever witnessed anything
of the sort, and so far I have not seen a repetition
of any such attack”: Father O’Niel, S. J. (in lit#.).—
(6) “This Salamis was settled on the under-side of a
leaf when a bird made a dart at it and took the piece
out of the wings. May 12, 1902, Stella Bush, Dur-
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 361
ban”: note by F. Muir on a specimen of S. anacardit
(= parhassus, Drury) in the Oxford Museum. Prof.
Poulton, to whom I am indebted for this record, says,
that a huge piece, probably over one-third, is taken
symmetrically out of both hind-wings.—(c) “I have
only once seen a bird attempt the capture of a butter-
fly, and that was a shrike, which is common here, trying
to catch a newly emerged Charaaes”: Rev. K. St.
Aubyn Rogers, in a letter to Prof. Poulton dated
Taveta, B. E. Africa, July 5, 1905.—(d) “On May 18,
1908 [at Durban, Natal], I followed up a 2? Charazxes
neanthes and obtained eighteen ova, and should have
got more, but the fly was then captured by a bird.”
G. F. Leigh (in a letter to Prof. Poulton, dated 12, ix,
1908).—(¢) Mr. F. Muir “ expressed surprise that any
doubts should have been raised. He had frequently
observed such attacks at Delagoa Bay and other
places on the East Coast of Africa, and had seen
birds waiting in trees or bushes and darting out at
butterflies as they approached”: Prof. E. B. Poulton,
“Hssays on Evolution,” p. 282, note.
The following is a summary of the butterflies attacked :—
ETHIOPIAN BUTTERFLIES.
ACRAEINAE,
Acraea sp.—Motacilla capensis (1, a); Merops persicus
(18, 0).
A, rabbaiae, Ward.—Melittophagus bullockoides (24).
A, nohara-halali, Mshl.—Apalis thoracica (4).
NYMPHALINAE.
Atella phalantha, Drary.—Terpsiphone perspicillata
(10, d): Melittophagus meridionalis (23, c).
Pyrameis cardui, L.—Nectarinia sp. (3).
Precis sp.—Melittoph. meridionalis (23, 0).
P. hierta-cebrene, Trim.—Halcyon chelicuti (29, 0).
Salamis parhassus, Drury.—Bird (32, 0).
Hypolimnas dubius-drucei, Butl—Dicrurus sp. (12).
Charaxes sp—Bird (82, c).
C. neanthes, Hew.—Bird (32 d).
LYCAENINAE,
Tarucus telicanus, Lang.—Pratincola torquata (5); Pa-
chypora molitor (8, @, 0).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909,—PART III. (SEPT.) BB
362 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
PIERINAE.
Mylothris sp—Trochocercus albonotatus (9; butterfly
refused).
M. agathina, Cram.—Terpsiphone perspicillata (10, @) ;
Merops apiaster (19, 0).
Belenois spp.—Merops persicus (18, 6); Dicrurus afer
(11, ¢).
B. near dentigera, Butl.—Dicrocercus hirundineus (17).
Synchloe helice, L—Motacilla capensis (1, 0).
Eronia cleodora, Hubnu.—Terpsiphone perspicillata (10, ¢).
Catopsilia florella, ¥.—Dicrurus afer (11, >); Dicrurus
ludwigi (13); Dicrocercus hirundineus (17) ; Halcyon
chelicuti (29, 0).
Teracolus ? evenina, Wallg—Hirundo monteiri (14).
Terias sp.—Dicrocercus hirundineus (17); Falco sub-
buteo (31).
7’. brigitta, Cram.—Cypselus caffer (16).
T. senegalensis, Boisd.—Coracias sp. (27).
Pierinae.—Merops nubicoides (20, 6); Merops boehmi
(22); Melittophagus meridionalis (23, a); M. bul-
lockoides (24); Bird (82, a).
PAPILIONINAE.
Papilio demodocus, Esp.—Coccystes cafer (30).
P. dardanus-cenea, Stoll—Terpsiphone _ perspicillata
(10, 0).
P. nireus-lyaeus, Doubl.—Lanius collaris (6); Terps.
perspicillata (10, 0).
P. pylades-angolanus, Goeze.—Hirundo sp. (15).
HESPERIIDAE.
Sarangesa eliminata, Holl.—Bradyornis mariquensis (7).
Laoris detecta, Trim.—Pachyprora molitor (8, 0).
Hespertidae.—Merops apiaster (19, a).
RECORDS FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION.
1. Copsychus saularis, L. (Dhayal Bird), “I remember
once seeing at Dehra Dun a Dhyal or Magpie-Robin
take a disabled Catopsilia I threw out for it”: Frank
Finn, ‘‘ Nature,” ]xi, 1899, p. 55 (India).
2. Pycnonotus sp. (Bulbul). “The Hon. Mr. Justice
Newton, who assiduously collected and took notes
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 3638
upon the Lepidoptera of Bombay, informed me that
the Charaxes psaphon of Westwood was continuously
persecuted by the Bulbul”: A. G. Butler, “ Nature,”
ili, 1870, p. 165, note.
3. Pycnonotus sinensis, Gm. (Green Bulbul). Observed to
attack butterflies in Southern China, “but generally
miss them”: J. C. Kershaw, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905,
4 Ge
4, Bee Suscicaudata, Gould (Red-whiskered Bulbul).
“ This afternoon I was sitting under the veranda with
my head within about 5 ft. of a red-whiskered bul-
bul’s nest containing two young birds about five days
old. One of the parent birds arrived with the very
last butterfly I should have expected it to have any
dealings with, viz. Acraea violae... I noticed that
the butterfly was well in the bird’s bill, firmly held,
with the wings in considerable disarray. The body
must have been fairly well crushed, so that the bulbul
must have been fully alive to the flavour. I put
my head within about 3 ft. of the nest to see how
the young birds took it. The bird went down and
pushed the butterfly well into the youngster’s throat,
and it was swallowed immediately, wings and all, and
the young bird settled quietly down without seem-
ing in the slightest degree upset”: H. L. Andrewes
(in a letter to Prof. Poulton, dated 19, iii, 08, Nilgiri
Hills, S. India).
5. Artamus monachus, Bp. (Swallow-Shrike). “It feeds
on insects, butterflies on the wing, grasshoppers,
etc. (Meyer)”: Meyer and Wigglesworth, “Birds of
Celebes,” ui, p. 435.
6. Artamus fuscus, Vieill. (Ashy Swallow-Shrike). “I am
not certain as to the date on which I saw the
Ashy Swallow-Shrike catching specimens of the
Kuploea, Crastia core.... At least six specimens
of the Crastia were captured by the shrike, all of
which it carried away to a branch high up in a big
tree, but I could not see whether they were eaten”:
Col. J. W. Yerbury, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 360.
7. Tephrodornis pondicerianus, Gm. (Indian Wood-Shrike).
“Moths and small butterflies form a considerable
portion of its food” : Capt. Legge, “ Birds of Ceylon,”
ll, p. 374.
8. Chilia hottentotta, L. (Hair-crested Drongo). “Salween
BB 2
364 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Pactor in the
River, 17, v, 78.... This tree [Bombax malabaricum]
was in flower and was crowded with birds of all kinds,
chiefly mainas, kingcrows and parrots. I noticed
among them two or three hair-crested Drongos (Chibia
hottentotta), and was rather surprised to see one of
these suddenly dart from the tree and give chase to a
white butterfly (Appias hippo) that was flitting about
some willow-like bushes. The bird swooped at the
butterfly several times and chased it, but so far as I
could see did not succeed in catching it”: Lt.-Col.
C. T. Bingham, note from diary (Burma).
9. Dicrurus ater, Herm. (King-Crow).—(a) “It feeds...
occasionally on moths and butterflies ”: Jerdon, “ Birds
of India,” i, p. 428.—() “ Delhi, 11, vii, 75.... While
I was watching a Papilo erithonius [| = demoleus, L.]
flew past and the King-Crow gave chase, snapped at
it, but the butterfly dodged, the bird twisted, and
after making two or three more attempts caught it
and flew with it to asmall keekur tree (Acacia). For
some time the King-Crow sat holding the butterfly,
then he began to champ it and seemed to make two
or three attempts at swallowing. A villager, however,
coming through the grass close past the tree frightened
the bird and it dropped the butterfly. I picked the
insect up, but though still alive it was much injured
and unable to fly”: Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham (note from
diary ).—(¢c) This bird was observed to catch butterflies
in India: Major Nurse, “Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc.,”
ix, 1895, p. 337—(d) The common King-Crow
(Dicrurus ater, I believe) invariably captures butterflies
on the wing; I have seen these birds scores of times
do this. Their usual prey seems to be a small deep
yellow butterfly with black on the tip of the wings,
but I have occasionally seen other butterflies so
captured by them. . . . With reference to my previous
letter I would say that the butterfly referred to was
the Zerias silhetana or Terias laeta, probably both” :
A. E. Mackay, “ Nature,” Ixv, 1902, pp. 247 and 486
(India).—(e) “In the other case the butterfly, Huthalia
garuda, had been slightly crippled by some accident,
which a King-Crow detected at once, but it had some
trouble to catch it”: E. H. Aitken, “J. Bomb. N. H.
Soe.,” xvi, 1904, p. 156 (India).—(/) Observed to
attack butterflies in Southern China, but generally
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies, 365
10.
dd,
12,
13.
14,
miss them: J. C. Kershaw, Tr. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 6.—
(g) “Sept. 23, 1885. Road up Thundiani, near Kala
Pani Bungalow. Saw a young King-Crow, Dierurus
ater, stoop at a big blue Papilio, either P. polyctor or
P. arcturus, and miss it. The bird did not repeat the
attempt’’: Col. J. W. Yerbury, Tr. Ent. Soc., 1902,
p- 359.—(h) “Sept. 2, 1886. Road up Thundiani,
near top of the hill. Saw a young King-Crow stoop
at a specimen of Vanessa kaschmirensis, and after
missing it once take it at the second attempt. Did
not notice whether the insect was eaten”: Col.
Yerbury, /. c—(z) “Going through some fairly open
jungle [in Burma] close to the main road I put up a
Melanitis zitenius, which fluttered across the road
and was swooped at by a King-Crow (Dicrurus), but
missed”: Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham, Tr. Ent. Soc., 1902,
p. 363.—(j) Observed to hawk Catopsilia in Burma:
Lt.-Col. Bingham, /. ¢. p. 363.
Dicrurus sp. (Drongo). “On a forest path a Danaus
septentrionalis flew along before me with its slow,
flapping motion, when suddenly an apparently young
Dicrurid—these birds are bitter enemies of butterflies
—darted at it from a twig where it had been on the
watch, but when about two feet away shook itself
and then, without seizing the insect, returned to its
perch”: E. Haase, “ Res. on Mimicry,” p. 99 (Siam),
Dicrurus longicaudatus, Jerd. (Long-tailed Drongo).
This bird was observed to seize a large butterfly
(Teinopalpus imperialis, Hope) on the wing: G. C.
Dudgeon, “J. Bomb., N. H. Soc.,” ix, 1895, p. 337
(India).
Dicrurus leucopygialis, Blyth (White-vented Drongo).
“Mr. Lewis also gives Buchanga leucopygialis as a
very active hunter of butterflies on the wing”: R.
Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. xci (Ceylon).
Dicrurus sp. On two occasions in Java an “ Hdolius?
sp.” was seen to eat a Luploea rafflesvi, Moore (Piepers) :
A. S. Packard, “ Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.,” 1904, p. 412.
Buchanga sp. (Drongo). “ Buchana [sic] sp., a small
species, was very common on a small island near
Bangkok during the flying season of the Catopsiliae,
and I have observed it as it was busy in capturing
these insects.” Haase also states that Dicruridae in
general “appear to be special enemies of these
366. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the:
15.
16.
17.
18.
19;
insects [butterflies]”: E. Haase, “Researches on
Mimicry,” (transl.), ii, p. 101.
Pericrocotus flammeus, Forst. (Orange Minnivet). “ Its
diet consists of small butterflies and various winged
insects, some of which it will occasionally take on the
wing”: Capt. Legge, “ Birds of Ceylon,” u, p. 365.
Terpsiphone princeps, Temm. (Black-tailed Paradise
Flycatcher). Observed to attack butterflies but
generally miss them, in Southern China: J. C.
Kershaw, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 6.
Terpsiphone paradisi, L. (Indian Paradise Flycatcher).
Observed to catch Neptis aceris, Ixias marvanne and
Hurema [Terias|] hecabe, Jan. 1905, at Vavuniya
Vilankulam, North Ceylon: Dr. F. Doflein (letter
dated 12, iv, ’07).
Flycatcher (not identified). ‘ Often and often I have
had opportunities of observing females of Clerome
Jaunula fall a prey to flycatchers when sailing round
the tops of trees with their slow fluttering flight”:
A. Grubauer, “Soc. Ent. Zurich,’ xvu, 1902, p. 123
(Malay Peninsula).
Passer montanus, L. (Tree Sparrow). (a) “Twice also
have I seen a sparrow attack an Amathusia phidippus,
L.”: Piepers, quoted by Packard, “ Proc. Am. Phil.
Soc.,” 1904, p. 412 (Java).—(b) “I have observed
Hesperia thrax and other Hesperiidae and Catopsiliae,
which were struck down and devoured by sparrows”
EK. Haase, “ Researches on Mimicry” (transl.), 11, p.
101 (Siam).—(c) Observed to attack butterflies, but
generally miss them, in Southern China: J. C.
Kershaw, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p.6.—(d) “I
have more than once noticed the common Burmese
sparrow (Passer montanus) trying to catch some little
moth. On one occasion I watched the insect, which
had escaped, settle, and caught it. It proved to be a
Zizera sp.?”: Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham (note from
diary)
20, Acridotheres tristis, L. (Common Mynah). (a) “ Kaw-
karaik, 18, iv, 1891. Saw a maina (A. éristis) while
feeding on the ground in front of my bungalow make
a sudden jump upwards to catch a passing Papilio ;
what species the latter was I did not see”: Lt.-Col.
C. T. Bingham (note from diary).—(0) “I may men-
tion that not long ago I saw here in Calcutta a
a
Production of Mimetie Resemblances among Butterflies. 367
Common Mynah with a white butterfly in its bill”:
F, Finn, “ Nature,” Ixi, 1899, p. 55.
21. A Trogon (not identified). “The other day I saw a
small Trogon dart at a Zerias unsuccessfully”: S. B.
J. Skertchley, “Ann. Mag. N. H.” (6) 111, 1889, p. 478
(Borneo).
22. Merops viridis, L. (Indian Bee-Eater). (a) Observed
to catch butterflies in India: Major Nurse, “J. Bomb.
Soc.,” xv, p. 3849.—(d) “ Col. Swinhoe informs me that
in India he has on several occasions seen JMerops
viridis catch and eat butterflies, and that he has also
witnessed many cases of other birds pursuing them” :
R. Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1897, p. xc.—(e)
“Mr. F. Lewis, of the Ceylon Forest Service, . . . has
seen Merops viridis occasionally take small white and
yellow butterflies (Zerias spp.)” : R. Trimen, /. ¢. xci.
(d) “In the cases [of birds attacking butterflies
which] he had witnessed, the Huplocae and Danaidae
were caught as often as any others, but usually
escaped eventually from the beak of the bird and flew
away none the worse owing to the toughness of the
integuments, The only bird he had observed fre-
quently to pursue butterflies was the Common Indian
Bee-Eater, which he had seen hawking Pieridae, and
among them Teracolus”: Sir G. Hampson, Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1897, p. xxxvii (India).—(¢) “ Another
bird that frequently catches these butterflies [Z'erias
sulhetana and T. lacta| on the wing is the Indian
Bee-Hater (Merops viridis)”: A. E. Mackay, “Nature,”
Ixv, 1902, p. 486 (India)—(/f) “In one case a Bee-
Eater caught a Danais, but dropped it as soon as it
had tasted it, and the Danais flew away little the
worse”: E. H. Aitken, “J. Bomb. Soc.,” xvi, 1904, p.
156 (India).—(g) Terias hecabe and Papilio pammon
“seemed to be the principal victims of the graceful
green Bee-Eaters. ... They never missed their
prey, and always brought their quarry back to the
same spot to be dis-winged before being swallowed,
the ground under their watch-towers being thickly
strewn with gaily painted shreds of unfortunate butter-
flies and bees”: E. L. Arnold, “On the Indian Hills,”
1, pp. 247, 248 (1881).—(h) Col. N. Manders informs
me that in the year 1900 in Ceylon he observed a
Bee-Eater of this species capture a Charaxes psaphon,
368 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
23. Merops philippinus, L. (Philippine Bee-Eater). (a) “Mr.
F. Lewis, of the Ceylon Forest Service, . . . has seen
M. philippinus occasionally take small white and
yellow butterflies (Zerias spp.)”: BR. Trimen, Proce.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1897, p. xci—(b) “ Frequently cap-
ture Catopsiliae, especially when these butterflies are
travelling in thousands along the river-valleys” (F.
Lewis): R. Trimen, J. c. (Ceylon).—(c) “They feed
even on butterflies, which I have seen this species
frequently capture”: Jerdon, “Birds of India,” I, p. 208
(2nd ed. 1877).—(d) “ Nov. 14, 1891. On the Kandy
Road between Trinkomali and Kanthalai; butterflies
in great numbers sitting on the wet mud by the road-
side; chiefly Pierinae (Catophaga), but a few Papilio]
nomius with them. These butterflies rose in clouds
as one drove past. A Bee-Eater, Merops philippinus,
kept flying in front of my carriage and taking speci-
mens of these butterflies as they rose. The bird
seemed to select the yellow females, which are rare,
the white females being to them probably in the pro-
portion of 100 to 1.... These Bee-Eaters were
often seen catching Pierinae; in fact, it seems to have
occurred so often that I ceased to record the fact” :
Col. J. W. Yerbury, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, p.
360.—(e) “I noticed clouds of butterflies, chiefly
Catopsilia, migrating, crossing the Salween from east
to west in a continuous stream. These were being
persistently hawked by the Merops, mixed with which
were some king-crows”: Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 8363 (Burma).
24. Merops viridis, L., M. philippinus, L., and Melittophagus
swinhoei, Hume. (a) Some Bee-EKaters (“which of
the three species mentioned in my book was not
sufficiently determined ”) were seen to capture Papilio
erithonius, P. hector and Precis iphita, at Anarad-
hapura, Ceylon, in Jan. 1905: Dr. F. Doflein (letter
dated 12, iv, 1907).—(0) At Vavuniya Vilankulam,
North Ceylon, in Jan. 1905, all these three Bee-
Eaters were observed to capture some of the following
butterflies, Papilio erithonius, P. hector, Hypolumnas
bolina, H. misippus, Eronia spiculifera, and Hebo- .
moia glaucippe: Dr. Doflein, 7. e.
25. Merops apiaster, L. (European Bee-Eater). Seen to
capture a Lycaenid, probably Polyommatus (Lampides)
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 369
baeticus : Major Nurse, “ Journ. Bomb. Soc.,” xv, p. 349
(India).
25 bis. Merops leschenaulti, Vieill. (Leschenault’s Bee-
Eater). “These birds never eat the wings of butter-
flies. You see one of them swoop on to a butterfly
close at hand; then you hear a little click of the bill,
and as the bird flies off the pair of wings come
slowly fluttering to the ground”: W. Davison, “Stray
Feathers,” vi, 1878, p. 68.
26. Melittophagus swinhoct, Hume (Swinhoe’s Bee-EKater).
(a) “Frequently capture Catopsiliae, especially when
these butterflies are travelling in thousands along the
river-valleys ” (F. Lewis): R. Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc.
1897, p. xci (Ceylon).—(b) “ The butterflies hawked
and eaten by the Bee-Eaters belong to the follow-
ing species, Papilio erithonius, P. sarpedon, Charaxes
athamas, Cyrestis thyodamas, and Terias hecabe. A
meagre list, for I am certain I saw the Bee-Eaters
swoop for and catch Prioneris, Hebomoia, Junonia and
Precis. I also particularly noticed that the birds
never went for a Danais or Huploea, or for Papilio
macareus and P. xenocles, which are mimics of Danais,
though two or three species of Danais, four or five of
Huploea, and the two above-mentioned mimicking
Papilios simply swarmed along the whole road”:
Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 362
(Burma). :
27. Coracias indicus, L. (Indian Roller). Observed catch-
ing butterflies in India: Major Nurse, “J. Bomb. Soc.,”
xv, p. 349.
28. Coracias affinis, McCl. (Burmese Roller). “ Ataran
River, 30, 11, 1881. Saw a Coracias affinis fly to a
tree holding a Cyrestis thyodamas in its mouth”
Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham (note from diary).
29. Haleyon smyrnensis, L. (White-breasted Kingfisher).
(a) “ Very common, feeding indiscriminately on fresh-
or salt-water fish, crabs, beetles and butterflies. I
have seen them capture these last in the manner of
flycatchers (Muscicapidae), darting from a sprig and
seizing them in the air”: E. L. Layard, “ Ann. Mag.
N. H.” (2) xu, 1853, p. 172 (Ceylon).—() “I have
observed one launch out from a high tree, in the
manner described by Layard, on a butterfly”: Capt.
Legge, “ Birds of Ceylon,” 1, p. 300 (1878).
370 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
30. Microhierax fringillarius, Drap. (Black-legged Fal-
conet). (a) On 25 March, 1877, in Tenasserim, a
nest of this species was found in a hole in a tree.
“ At the bottom of the hole, which was about eighteen
inches deep, was a soft pad composed of flies and
butterflies’ wings, mixed with small pieces of rotten
wood”: J. Davidson, quoted by A. O. Hume, “ Stray
Feathers,” v, 1877, p. 81—(b) This Falconet was
observed hawking Papilio empedocles at Sarawak,
Borneo, in Sept. 1897: R. Shelford (im litt.).—(@)
“Though feeding on birds, as a rule smaller, but
undoubtedly occasionally larger than itself, the chief
food probably of this little Falcon is insects of various
sorts, dragonflies, beetles and butterflies. I say
butterflies, for, although I have never found the
distinguishable remains of butterflies in those I have
examined, I have no doubt that they do capture but-
terflies largely, and of all sizes, for the nest of a pair
that I found at Bankasoon [Burma] consisted of a
pad composed entirely of insect-wings, and the mass
of these were those of butterflies”: W. Davison,
“Stray Feathers,” vi, 1878, p. 5.
31. Microhieraax coerulescens, L. (Red-legged Falconet). (a)
32.
This bird was observed on March 20, 1881, in Burma,
to capture and eat a Papilio sarpedon: Lt.-Col.
C. T. Bingham, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 364.—(0)
From a nest of this species found in Burma in March
1878, the following butterflies’ wings were taken—
Mycalesis perseus, Precis orithya, Symphaedra dirtea &,
Charaxes sp., Papilio erithonius, Papilio cawnus, and
some unidentified species of Lycaenidae: Lt.-Col.
Bingham, /. c. p. 365.—(c) Another nest of the same
species, also found in Burma, contained “a fairly firm
pad of chips of wood, a few leaves, with an upper
stratum quite two inches thick, composed almost
entirely of the wings of cicadas, with a few butterfly
and moth wings interspersed therein”: Lt.-Col.
Bingham, “ Zoologist ” (4), 1901, p. 224.
Birds not identified :—
(a) A specimen of the Lycaenid, Panchala apidanus,
was certified by Mr. Godfery to have been mutilated
by a bird: W. L. Distant, “ Rhop. Malayana,” p. 274.
—(b) “I have never seen a bird seize one of the often
very common, slow-moving and fearless, reddish-brown
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 371
Danaids; while the Pieridae, and especially the
Catopsiliae, were often pursued by birds a long dis-
tance”: E. Haase, “ Researches on Mimicry ” (transl.),
li, p. 23, note.—(c) A bird was seen to seize a butter-
fly, Llymnias undularis f, just as the observer was on
the point of capturing it with his net: Prof. E. A.
Minchin, Proc. Ent. Soc. L., 1904, p. xxxvil. (India.)
—(d) “During five years I have, perhaps, seen a
dozen attacks on butterflies by birds, and only seen
them captured two or three times”: J. C. Kershaw,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 6 (S. China).—(e) “In
Ceylon a bird was seen to make a swoop at a male
Catophaga paulina, but missed it”: Dr. G. B. Long-
staff, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 185.—(/f) “I have
often seen birds catch butterflies in Hongkong, Cochin-
china, and Europe, but neither birds nor butterflies
were identified”: Dr. F. Doflein (letter dated 22, iv,
1907).—(g) “ Hangtharaw River, 12, iv, 1881 [Burma].
On the march to-day I found under a tree by a
stream quite a number of the wings of butterflies,
chiefly Lycaenidae. These had apparently been
sheared off by some bird that had fed on the flies.
Lampides and Nacaduba abounded on the sandy
banks”: Lt.-Col. Bingham (note from diary).—(h)
“T could never observe that this species [ Ornithoptera
darsius, Gray] was captured by the birds, though the
much larger black and white Papilio polymnestor,
Cram., often fell a prey to them, and nearly all those
on the wing were damaged.” It is then suggested
that the Ornithoptera derives its immunity from the
fact that its larva feeds on the poisonous Aristolochia.
“But be that as it may, we always observe that this
butterfly is uninjured, in spite of its slow, lazy and
almost unwieldy flight among the birds; while the
strong, quickly flying Papilios, hector, erithonius,
agamemnon, montanus, polytes, etc., are seized”: Dr.
F. Doflein, ‘ Ostasienfahrt,” p. 444 (Ceylon).
INDO-MALAYAN BUTTERFLIES.
DANAINAE.
Danaida sp.—Merops viridis (22, 7; butterfly rejected).
Tirumala septentrionis, Butl.—Dicrurus sp. (10; butter-
fly refused).
372 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
Euploea core, Cram.—Artamus fuscus (6).
E. rafflesii, Moore.—Dicrurus sp. (13).
SATYRINAE.
Mycalesis perseus, F.—Microhierax coerulescens (31, 0).
Melanitis zitenius, Hbst.—Dicrurus ater (9, 2).
Elymnias undularis, Drury—Bird (82, c).
AMATHUSIINAE.
Melanocyma faunula, Westw.—F lycatcher (18).
Amathusia phidippus, Joh.—Passer montanus (19, a).
ACRAEINAE.
Acraca violae, F —Otocampsa fuscicaudata (4).
NYMPHALINAE.
Pyrameis kaschmirensis, Koll—Dicrurus ater (9, h).
Precis, spp.—Melittophagus swinhoei (26, 0).
P. orithya, L.—Microhierax coerulescens (31, 5).
P. iphita, Cram.—Merops sp. (24, a).
Hypolimnas bolina, .—Merops sp. (24, 0).
H. misippus, L.—Merops sp. (24, 0).
Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisd.—Melittophagus swinhoei (26,
b); Coracias affinis (28).
Neptis ewrynome, Westw.—Terpsiphone paradisi (17).
Euthalia garuda, Moore—Dicrurus ater (9, ¢).
Symphaedra dirtaea, F.— Microhierax coerulescens
(31, d).
Charaxes sp.—Microhierax coerulescens (31, 0).
C. psaphon, Westw.—Pycnonotus sp. (2); Merops viridis
(22, h).
Eulepis athamas, Drury—Melittophagus swinhoei (26, 0).
LYCAENINAE,
Lampides baeticus, L.—Merops apiaster (25).
Zizera sp.—Passer montanus (19, d).
Panchala apidanus, Cram.—Bird (32, a).
Lycaenidae.—Microhierax coerulescens (31, 0).
PIERINAE.
Prioneris sp.—Melittophagus swinhoei (26, 0).
Ixias marianne, Cram.—tTerpsiphone paradisi (17).
Appias hippo, Cram.—Chibia hottentotta (8).
Catophaga sp.—Merops philippinus (23, ¢).
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 373
C. paulina, Cram.—Bird (82, e).
Catopsilia spp.—Copsychus saularis (1); Dicrurus ater
(9, 7); Buchanga sp. (14); Passer montanus (19, 0);
Merops philippinus (23, ), ¢); Melittophagus swinhoei
26, a).
Terias, spp.—Trogon (21); Merops viridis (22, ¢); M.
philippinus (23, @).
T. hecabe, L.—Terpsiphone paradisi (17); Merops viridis
22,9); M. philippinus (23, D).
T. laeta, Boisd. (or silhetana, Wall.)\—Dicrurus ater (9, ¢);
- -M. viridis (22, ¢).
Teracolus sp.—M. viridis (22, d).
Hebomoia glaucippe, L.—Merops sp. (24 6); Melitto-
phagus swinhoei (26, 0).
Pareronia ceylanica, Feld.—Merops sp. (24, ?).
Pierinae—Acridotheres tristis (20, 6); Merops viridis
(22, d).
PAPILIONINAE.
Teinopalpus imperialis, Hope.—Dicrurus longicaudatus
(11).
Papilio sp.—Acridotheres tristis (20, @).
P. hector L.—Merops sp. (24, a, 0).
P. demoleus, L.—Dicrurus ater (9, 0); Merops sp. (24,
a, 6); Melittophagus swinhoei (26, 0); Microhierax
coerulescens (31, 0).
P. polymnestor, Cram.—Bird (82, h).
P. polytes, L.—Merops viridis (22, 9).
P. caunus, Westw.—Microhierax coerulescens (51, 0).
P. polyctor, Boisd. (or arctwrus, Westw.)—Dicrurus ater
(9, 9 ).
P. nomius, Esp—Merops philippinus (23, d).
P. sarpedon, L.—Melittophagus swinhoei (26, >); Micro-
hierax coerulescens (31, @).
P. empedocles, F.—Microhierax fringillarius (30, 2).
HESPERIIDAE.
Casyapa thrax, L.—Passer montanus (19, 0).
RECORDS FROM THE NEARCTIC REGION.
1. Turdus migratorius, L. (American Robin). Observed
to attack and devour a large brown butterfly, but the
wings were not eaten: G. A. Soper, “Nature,” 1xi,
1900, p. 49 (New Jersey).
374 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
2. Turdus mustelinus,Gm.(American Wood-Robin). Colias
philodice, Pieris rapae and P. brassicae are eaten by
this bird: Gentry, ‘“ Life-Histories of Birds of E.
Pennsylvania,” 1876, i, p. 16.
3. Sialia sialis, L. (Blue-bird). ‘They [an immense con-
course of Terias lisa, Boisd.] did not stay long upon
the islands [Bermudas], however, only a few days, but
during that time thousands must have fallen victims
to the vigorous appetites of the blue-bird (Sialia sialis,
Baird), and black-bird (Mimus carolinensis, Gray),
which were continually preying upon them”: J. M.
Jones, “ Psyche,” i, p. 122.
4, Mimus polyglottus, L. (Mocking-bird). (a) “In Florida,
as we have been informed by Mrs. Annie T. Slosson,
the mocking-bird frequently chases butterflies”: A. 8.
Packard,“ Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.1904,” p.401.—(0) “ Dip-
tera, mosquitoes, butterflies, larvae of non-irritating
properties, earthworms and berries of divers kinds
constitute their dietary”: Gentry, “ Life-Histories of
Birds of E. Pennsylvania,” 1, p. 27.
5. Mimus carolinensis, L. (Cat-bird), Observed to prey
largely on Terias lisa, Boisd. (v. Stalia sialis).
6. Telmatodytes palustris, Baird (Long-billed Marsh Wren).
Its food comprises among other things “many of the
Noctuidae and Lycaenidae in the condition of imagoes”:
Gentry, op. cit. 1, p. 89.
7. Myiodioctes pusillus, Wils. (Green Black-capped Fly-
catcher). Stomachs contained Colias philodice: Gentry,
l.c.1, p. 168.
8. Setophaga ruticilla, L.(American Redstart). (a)Stomachs
contained Lycaenidae: Gentry, /. ¢. i, p. 173.—(0) “ The
redstart feeds exclusively on an insect diet, consisting
chiefly of flies, spiders, plant-lice, butterflies, beetles
and different larvae”: Dr. B. H. Warren, “ Birds of
Pennsylvania” (2nd ed.), p. 191.
9. Dendroeca virens, Gm. (Black-throated Green Warbler).
Observed to have pursued and probably captured a
Pieris, “apparently Pieris rapae”: A. 8. Packard,
“Proc, Am. Phil. Soc.,” 1904, p. 397 (U.S.A.).
10. Geothlypis trichas, L.(Maryland Yellow-throat). “ Prof.
C. V. Weed, of Durham, N.H., writes that he saw an
Antiopa butterfly in the mouth of a Maryland Yellow-
throat”: A. S. Packard, /.¢. p. 401.
11. Pyranga rubra, Sw. (Scarlet Tanager). (a) A butterfly
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies, 375
14,
15.
16.
Ati
18.
19.
20.
21.
found in one stomach: Dr. B. H. Warren, “ Birds of
Pennsylvania,” p. 251—(0) In stomachs of this bird
were found “many of the Satyridae, Lycaenidae and
Tortricidae”: Gentry, /.¢. 1, p. 180.
. Hirundo erythrogaster, Bodd. (American Swallow).
Stomachs contained Lycaenidae: Gentry, /. c.i, p. 187.
. Progne swbis, Baird (American Purple Martin). “ Mr.
Otto Widman, who has observed the feeding habits of
purple martins, found that the parent birds carried
to their nestlings dragonflies, butterflies and moths,
grasshoppers, beetles and flies”: S. D. Judd, “ Yearb.
Dept. Agric. Washing.,” 1897, p. 417.
Tachycineta bicolor, Vieill. (American White-bellied
Swallow). Stomachs contained Pieris rapae and Colias
philodice: Gentry, /.¢. i, p. 189.
Cotile riparia, L. (Sand Martin). Stomachs contained
Lycaenidae: Gentry, /.¢. i, p. 196.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Aud. (Rough-winged Swal-
low). Stomachs contained Colias philodice, the smaller
Argynnis and Lycaenidae: Gentry, /.¢. 1, p. 197.
Vireo olwaceus, L. (Red-eyed Vireo). “ Prof. F. E. L.
Beal found in the stomachs of some nestling birds,
tree-hoppers,assassin bugs| Reduviidae |, spiders, sphinx
caterpillars and butterflies”: 8. D. Judd, “ Yearb.
Dept. Agric. Washing.,” 1897, p. 416.
Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. (Yellow-throated Vireo). Ob-
served to have eaten Zhecla humulz, Harr. and Argynnis
bellona, F.: Gentry, /.c. i, p. 221.
Vireo solitarius, Wils.(Blue-headed Vireo). Eats “small
Lepidoptera, both diurnal and nocturnal”: Gentry,
l.c.1, p. 226.
Vireo noveboracensis, Gm. (White-eyed Vireo). Devours
Argynnuis myrina and Thymele (Eudamus) tityrus, F. :
Gentry, /.c. i, p. 231.
Lanius ludovicianus, L. (Loggerhead Shrike). “Its
food consists chiefly of grasshoppers, crickets, Coleop-
terous and other insects, including butterflies and
moths, which it will pursue and capture on the wing” :
Dr. Bachman, quoted by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway,
“ Birds of N. America,” i, p. 419.
. Melospiza fasciata, Gm. (Song Sparrow). (a) Observed
to feed on Thecla humuli, Harr.: Gentry, l.c. i, p. 287.
—(b) Observed (with Chipping and Savannah spar-
rows) to catch and eat a few Vanessa milberti, Pieris
376. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
rapae and Brenthis myrina: Caroline G. Soule, quoted
by Packard, J.c. p. 399 (U.S.A.).
3. Spizella socialis, Wils. (Chipping Sparrow). (a) Eats
Thecla humuli, Harr. : Gentry, /. ¢. i, p. 8300.—(d) “ Chip-
ping Sparrows, in my experience, will chase almost
any butterfly and often kill kinds they do not seem
to eat.” Also recorded (with Savannah and Song
Sparrows) as catching and eating a few Vanessa mil-
berti, Pieris rapae and Brenthis myrina: Caroline G.
Soule quoted by Packard, l.c. pp. 399 and 400
(U.S.A.).
24, Passer domesticus, L. (Sparrow). (a) Observed to
capture a Pieris rapae on two occasions: L. H. Joutel
and Prof. J. B. Smith, quoted by Packard, J. ¢. p. 399
(U.S.A.).—(6) In the investigation carried out in
America on the food of the European Sparrow the
following notes of attacks on butterflies are recorded :
Papilio turnus, once; Vanessa antiopa, once; Yellow
butterfly (? Colias), once; Cabbage butterfly, twice ;
Butterflies. (kind not specified), 14 reports: W. B.
Barrows, “The English Sparrow, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Econ. Ornith.,” Bull. 1,” 1889, p. 102. :
25. Passerculus, sp. (Savannah Sparrow). Observed (with
Chipping and Song Sparrows) to catch and eat a few
Vanessa .milberti, Pierrs rapae and Brenthis myrina:
Caroline G. Soule, quoted by Packard, /. c. p. 399.
26. Carduelis carduelis, L. (Goldfinch), “I have seen
thistle-finches attack [Papilio] turnus and | Argynnis]
cybele, but not eat them”: Caroline G. Soule, 2. ¢ |
p. 399 (U.S.A). |
27. Molothrus pecoris,Gm.(Cow-bird). Stomachs contained
Colias philodice: Gentry, l.c. i, p. 356.
28. Agelacus phoeniceus, L. (Swamp Blackbird). Stomachs
contained Lycaenidae: Gentry, l.¢. 1, p. 360.
29. Sturnella magna, L. (American Meadow Lark). Among
other food “ Colias philodice and many of the Lycae-
nidae, Tortricidae, are in great demand”: Gentry, /. ¢.
1, p. 365.
30. Icterus spurius, L. (Orchard Oriole). Stomachs con-
tained Lycaenidae: Gentry, lc. 1, p. 371.
31. Lcterus baltimore, L. (Baltimore Oriole). Stomachs
contained “many of the Lycaenidae and Tortricidae” :
Gentry, /.¢. i, p. 377.
32. Tyrannus tyrannus, L. (King-bird). (a) The young
bo
J)
o
5
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 377
birds are fed on Colias philodice and Pieris oleracea:
Gentry, /.c. ii, p. 33.—(b) Observed to catch Pieris
rapae: W. Dearden, quoted by Packard, “ Proc. Am.
Phil. Soc.,” 1904, p. 401 (U.S.A.).—(e) “ Last summer
a pair of King-birds built their nest on a low limb of
a tree close to our door. They consumed and fed to
their young a great many butterflies, especially the
Rape butterfly ”: Mrs. Mary Treat, quoted by Packard,
ic. p. 403.—(d) “Fyles states that he once lost a
specimen [of Oeneis jutta (Arctic Satyr)] through a
King-bird (Tyrannus tyrannus) which ‘ gave chase to
the butterfly, and after much doubling and twisting,
caught it and disposed of it effectually’”: S. H.
Scudder, “ Butt. of H. Un. St. and Canada,” 1, p. 155.—
(e) “On Center Island in the town of Oyster Bay
[U.S.A.], in August 1902, Isaw a King-bird (Zyraninus
tyrannus) chase a Colias. I stood still and watched
it for nearly a minute. It seemed to have great
difficulty in getting the insect, and I could hear the
beaks snap in the air in their unsuccessful attempts
to close upon the insect. The persistence of the bird
and the difficulty of the operation of catching the
butterfly impressed me very much at the time”:
Prof. C. B. Davenport (letter dated 8, 11, 1909),—
(7) “Summer before last I saw at a distance a bird,
I think it was a King-bird but could not make out
certainly, chasing one of the Pieridae, either a Colias
or a Pieris, in the valley near the Laboratory [Long
Island, New York]. These are all the cases I have
in mind, but I have gained the impression that the
thing was so common as not to deserve more careful
noting”: Prof. C. B. Davenport (cid.).
33. Myiarchus crinitus, L. (Crested Flycatcher). (a) Butter-
flies found in the stomach of one specimen: Dr. B. H.
Warren, “Birds of Pennsylvania,” p. 191.—(b) Ob-
served to eat Colias philodice, Pieris oleracea and
Lycaenidae ; from direct observation it was noted that
“hosts of Lepidoptera, both larvae and imagoes, are
devoured”: Gentry, /.¢. 11, p. 40.
34, Enypidias fuscus, Gm. (Pewee). (a) The young are
fed on Colias philodice and Lycaenidae: Gentry, l.c.
li, p. 52.—(b) Observed to catch Pieris rapae, or a
similar species: F’. P. Drowne, quoted by Packard, “ Pr.
Am. Phil. Soc.,” 1904, p. 401 (Virginia).—(c) Observed
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART III. (SEPT.) CC
378 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
to catch a small butterfly: W. Dearden, quoted by
Packard, i..¢,(U:S.A.).
35. Contopus virens, L. (Wood Pewee), (a) Stomachs
36.
37.
38.
39.
44,
contained insects, including butterflies: Dr. B.
Warren, “ Birds of Pennsylv.”, p. 194.—(b) Observed
to eat Colias philodice, Argynnis myrina, Grapta inter-
rogationrs, Chrysophanus americanus, other Lycaenidae
and Satyrinae: Gentry, /. ¢. 11, pp. 64 and 65,
Hinpidonax acadicus, Gm. (Small Green-crested Fly-
catcher). (a) Stomachs contained Satyrinae and
Lycaenidae: Gentry, J. ¢. 11, p. 67.—(0) “Its food
consists of insects during spring and summer, such
as moths, wild bees, butterflies, and a variety of small
kinds”: J. J. Audubon, “Ornith. Biogr.,” ii, p. 257.
Chordeiles virginianus, Gm. (Virginian Goatsucker).
Stomachs contained Argynnis aphrodite, Pyramers
cardui, Chrysophanus americanus, and many of the
Satyrinae and Lycaenidae; the young are fed also on
Pieris oleracea: Gentry, /. ¢. u, pp. 95 and 96.
Chaectura pelagica, L. (Spine-tailed Swift). The young
are fed on Lycaenidae, etc.; the old birds also eat
Argyniis aphrodite and Pyrameis cardui: Gentry.
i. c. 11, pp. 101 and 102.
Coceyzus americanus, L. (Yellow-billed Cuckoo). (a)
“They feed on insects such as caterpillars and butter-
flies, as well as on berries”: J. J. Audubon, “ Ornith.
Biography,” i, p. 19.—()) Stomachs contained Pieris
rapae and Lycaenidae: Gentry, /. ¢. ii, p. 118.
. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Wils. (Black-billed Cuckoo).
Stomachs contained Lycaenidae : Gentry, Lc. 11, p. 114.
. Dendrocopus villosus, L. (Hairy Woodpecker). Stomachs
contained Lycaenidae: Gentry, /. ¢, 1, p. 180.
. Melanarpes erythrocephalus, L. (Red - headed Wood-
pecker). Stomachs contained Lycaenidae: Gentry,
(eet; janibos:
. Falco sparverius, L. (American Kestrel). (a) Stomachs
contained “a few of the Papilionidae and Sphin-
gidae”: Gentry, /. ¢. ii, p. 252.—(b) A butterfly was
found in the stomach of a bird shot at Cataract Creek,
Arizona: Dr, A. K. Fisher, “Hawks and Owls of:
the U.S.’, 1893, p. 126 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Econ.
Ornith,, Bull. iii.).
Falco communis, Gm. (Peregrine). Stomachs con-
tained Papilionidae: Gentry, l.¢. 11, p. 242.
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies. 379
45. Accipiter fuscus, Gm. (Sharp-shinned Hawk). Sto-
machs contained “many of the larger Papilionidae
and Sphingidae”: Gentry, /.¢. 11, p. 240.
46. Accipiter coopert, Bonap. (Cooper’s Hawk). Stomachs
contained Papilionidae: Gentry, /. ¢ 11, p. 235,
47. Birds not identified :—
(a) “I have on several occasions seen butterflies
captured by birds and have seen dragon-flies dart
after them”: C. V. Riley “3rd Missouri Report,”
1871, p. 167.—(0) “Mr. Otto Lugger of Chicago,
while on the U. 8. Lake Survey, once saw a bird
dart after an archippus [= plexippus] butterfly,
seize 1t and immediately drop it without devouring
the body”: C. V. Riley, J. ¢. p. 169, note.—(c) “ But
butterflies are certainly sometimes eaten with us, for
several cases are on record where capture has been
seen, and I have myself noted one instance where
EHuphoeades troilus was unquestionably captured at no
great distance from me by a bird. . . . Nearly all the
prominent instances that have been mentioned have
been taken from the tropics, where I have no doubt
the perfect butterflies form a not inconsiderable por-
tion of the food of many birds”: 8. H. Scudder,
“ Butterflies of Eastern U.S. and Canada,” p. 1612.—
(d) “Turnus [= Papilio glaucus, L.] has many
enemies, birds and dragonflies by day, and probably
small owls and others by night”: Edwards, quoted
by Scudder, /. ¢. 11, p. 1303.
NEARCTIC BUTTERFLIES.
DANAINAE.
Anosia plexippus, L.—Bird (47, b; butterfly rejected).
SATYRINAE.
Oeneis jutta, Hiibn.—Tyrannus tyrannus (32, d).
Satyrinae.—Pyranga rubra (10, 0); Contopus virens
(35, 6); Empidonax acadicus (36, a); Chordeiles -vir-
ginianus (37).
NYMPHALINAE.
Argynnis spp.—Stelgidopteryx serripennis (16).
A. aphrodite, ¥—Chordeiles virginianus (37) ; Chaetura
pelagica (38).
A. cybele, ¥.—Carduelis carduelis (26).
ce¢2
380 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the
Brenthis myrina, Cram.—Vireo noveboracensis (20) ;
Melospiza fasciata (22, 6); Spizella socialis (28);
Passerculus sp. (25); Contopus virens (35, 0).
Brenthis bellona, ¥.—Vireo flavifrons (18).
Polygonia interrogationis, F—Contopus virens (35, 0).
Vanessa milberti, Godt.—Melospiza fasciata (22, 0);
Spizella socialis (23); Passerculus sp. (25).
V. antiopa, L.—Geothlypis trichas (10); Passer domes-
ticus (24, 0).
Pyrameis cardui, .—Chordeiles virginianus (37) ; Chae-
tura pelagica (38).
LYCAENINAE.
Heodes hypophleas, Boisd.—Contopus virens (35, 0);
Chordeiles virginianus (37).
Theela melinus, Hitbn.—Vireo flavifrons (18); Melospiza
fasciata (22, a): Spizella socialis (23).
Lycaeninae. —'Telmatodytes palustris (6); Setophaga
ruticilla (8, a); Pyranga rubra (11); Hirundo eryth-
rogaster (12); Cotile riparia (15); Stelgidopteryx
serripennis (16); Agelaeus phoeniceus (28); Sturnella
magna (29); Icterus spurius (30); I. baltimore (31) ;
Myiarchus crinitus (33, 0); Empidias fuscus (34, @) ;
Contopus virens (35, 6); Empidonax acadicus (86, a) ;
Chordeiles virginianus (37); Chaetura pelagica (38);
Coccyzus americanus (39, 6); Coc. erythrophthalmus
(40); Dendrocopus villosus (41); Melanerpes erythro-
cephalus (42).
PIERINAE.
Preris rapae, L.—Turdus mustelinus (2); Dendroeca
virens (9); Tachycineta bicolor (14); Melospiza
fasciata (22, b); Spizella socialis (23): Passer domes-
ticus (24, a, b); Passerculus sp. (25); Tyrannus
tyrannus (32,0, ¢); Empidias fuscus (34, 0); Coceyzus
americanus (39, 0).
P. brassicae, L.—Turdus mustelinus (2).
P. oleracea, Harr.—Tyrannus tyrannus (32, «); Myiar-
chus crinitus (33, ); Chordeiles virginianus (37).
Colias sp.—T. tyrannus (32, e).
(. philodice, Godt.—Turdus mustelinus (2); Myiodioctes
pusillus (7); Tachycineta bicolor (14); Stelgido-
pteryx serripennis (16); Molothrus pecoris (27):
Sturnella magna (29); Tyrannus tyrannus (32, @);
Production of Mimetie Resemblances among Butterflies, 381
Myiarchus crinitus (33, >); Empidius fuscus (34, 2);
Contopus virens (35, b).
Terias lisa, Boisd.—Sialia sialis (3); Mimus carolinensis
(5).
Prerinae.—Passer domesticus (24, 6); T. tyrannus (82, /).
PAPILIONINAE.
Papilio glaucus, L.—Passer domesticus (24, 0); Carduelis
carduelis (26); Birds (47, d).
P. troilus, L.—Bird (47, ¢).
Papilioninae.—F alco sparverius (43); Falco communis
(44) ; Accipiter fuscus (45) ; Accipiter cooperi (46).
HESPERIIDAE.
Hpargyreus tityrus, F—Vireo noveborace nsis (20).
RECORDS FROM THE NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Vireo olivaceus, L. (Red-eyed Vireo). “I have seen one
in eager, but unsuccessful pursuit of a butterfly
(Terias)” : P. H. Gosse, “ Birds of Jamaica,” p. 194.
Muscivora regia, Gm. “Feeds principally, and perhaps
exclusively, upon butterflies. . . . M. Jelski’s opinion,
that the crest of these birds [which is said to resemble
a flower—G. A. K. M.] serves as a lure for butterflies,
appears to me to be correct”: Stolzmann, quoted by
Taczanowski, “Ornithologie du Pérou,” ii, p. 296.
Pachyrrhamphus versicolor, Hartl. “In their stomachs I
have found butterflies, larvae and rather hard bugs”:
Jelski, quoted by Taczanowski, /.c. p. 367 (1884).
Galbula sp. (Jacamar). (a) “It feeds entirely on insects
. and as soon as a fly, butterfly or moth passes by,
it darts at it and returns to the branch it had just
left”: C. Waterton, “Wanderings in S. America,’
p. 123 (1839)—(0) “ Poppig states in regard to the
closely-related Galbulidae ‘that in the forests there is
no difficulty im recognising the favourite perch of a
Galbula, for the wings of the largest and most splendid
butterflies, whose bodies alone are eaten, cover the
ground for some steps around’ ”: E. Haase, “Researches
on Mimicry ” (transl.), i, p. 101.
Brachygalba melanosterna, Scl. (Black-chested Jacamar).
Natterer records that in Brazil this bird sits on the
twigs of the highest trees and hunts for butterflies: Von
Pelzeln, “Sitzb, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,” xx, 1856, p. 518.
382 -Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Birds as a Factor in the. -
Malacoptila fusea, Gm, (White-breasted Softwing). “The
Prince von Wied found in the stomach of Monastes
Jusca, « Bueconid, ‘a large butterfly whick crumpled
up together filled almost the whole stomach’”:
E. Haase, dé. op. LOL.
Nyctibius aethercus, Wied. “These wide-mouthed birds
are a particular enemy of various large and beautiful
Lepidoptera, as I have been able to fully satisfy
myself. They consume these insects in quantities,
and the traces of their meals may be found in the
large rejected wings which le about in numbers on
the ground in the Brazilian forests ... Thus may
be found the largest and most beautiful of the
Brazilian Lepidoptera, [J/orpho] menelaus, [Caligo]
idomeneus, Phalaena agrippina [Noctua strix, L.], and
many others”: Max. Prmz zu Wied, “Beitr. z.
Naturgesch. von Brazilien,” iii (1), p. 309, (1830).
Sandpiper. The butterflies which often collect in large
numbers in damp places were not observed to be
attacked by insectivorous birds “except certainly by
the Sandpipers (Strandlaiifern), which, like the
lizards, are never particular”: P. Hahnel, “ Iris,” 1890,
p-. 317 (Amazons).
Birds not identified :—
(a) “I observed a pair of birds that were bringing
butterflies and dragonflies to their young, and although
the Heliconii swarmed in the neighbourhood and are
of weak flight so as to be easily caught, the birds ‘
never brought one to their nest”: T. Belt, “ Naturalist
in Nicaragua,” p. 316.—(b) Of a Brazilian bird called .
“Suruqua,” the author states that “its principal food
consists of butterflies and other soft-bodied insects”
T. P. Bigg-Wither, “Pioneering in S. Brazil,’ 1,
p- 292.—(c) “No other group of butterflies is so
much sought after by birds as the Pieridae, and these
freebooters have often snatched away from me at my
very side the most beautiful and perfect specimens.
The unerring accuracy of their flight filled me with
wonder on every occasion, and I was glad to pay for
the exhibition by the loss of a specimen. Once, how-
ever, I was even more astonished, when I witnessed
the “lucky escape of a hunted butterfly. On this
occasion it was no Pierid, but a great Caligo, which I
had aroused and which one of these highwaymen
Production of Mimetic Resemblances among Butterflies, 353
pursued forthwith. With incredible agility this huge
insect managed to evade all the attacks of the closely
pursuing bird, escaping out of one bush into another.
It was an even race, which I watched with the deepest
interest, until at last the hunted creature saved itself
in a thicket of tangled branches and the wearied bird
desisted from further pursuit”: Paul Hahnel, “ Iris,”
1890, p. 193 (Venezuela).
RECORDS FROM THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
Sisura inguwieta, Lath. (Restless Flycatcher). ‘The food
of this species consists chiefly of insects of various
kinds, principally flies, small moths and butterflies,
captured more frequently while on the wing”: A. J.
North, “‘ Nests and Eggs of Birds of Australia,” p. 136.
Microeca fascinans, Lath. (Brown Flycatcher). “Its food
consists principally of flies, small moths and butter-
flies, captured while on the wing”: A. J. North,
op. cit., p. 150.
Petroeca leggei, Shafer (Scarlet-breasted Robin). ‘‘ Its food
consists of insects, principally small moths, butterflies,
beetles, etc.” : A. J. North, op. cit., p. 164.
The paucity of records from the Neotropical Region is
very striking and much to be deplored, for such information
as we have seems to indicate that the destruction of butter-
flies by birds must occur there on a considerable scale. It
is curious that not one of those excellent observers, Wallace,
Bates, Fritz Miiller or Belt, has given us a single record of
attack in which either bird or butterfly was identified.
Possibly they may have considered, like some other
naturalists whom I have consulted, that the phenomenon
was of such frequent occurrence as not to require special
noting. It is to be hoped that the publication of this
paper may do a little towards dispelling that idea. We
want heaps more evidence before we can arrive at any
sound conclusions as to the exact relations which exist
between butterflies and their bird enemies. The publica-
tion of isolated cases is of little value; the evidence to
carry weight must be in bulk. I propose to continue col-
lecting it, and shall be very grateful to any correspondents
who may be kind enough to assist me with any further
records. Communications may be addressed to 6 Chester
Place, Hyde Park Square, London, W.
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VI. New Malayan Rhynchota. By W. L. Disranrt,
fRead April 7th, 1909.]
PLATE X.,
THE following descriptions refer to Malayan Rhynchota
recently acquired by the British Museum. Since Snellen
van Vollenhoven published his “ Kssai d’une Faune
Entomologique de L’Archipel Indo-Néerlandais,” we know
much more of the beautiful Rhynchota of this prolific
region, and here we must acknowledge the excellent work
of Stal, as well as the descriptive industry of Walker, while
other more recent writers have added to our knowledge.
We still, however, know only a fragment of the Malayan
Rhynchotal fauna in comparison with our much fuller
enumeration of the Lepidoptera—especially the Rhopalo-
cera, of the same region.
HETEROPTERA.
Family PENTATOMIDAE.
Genus POECILOCORIS.
Poecilocoris, Dall., Trans. Ent. Soc., v, p. 100 (1848),
Type, P. druraet, Linn.
Poecilocoris croesus, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 1.)
Head purplish-brown, the lateral lobes sanguineous; antennae
with joints 1, 2, 3 bluish-black ; 4, 5 black ; pronotum sanguineous,
with two very large discal purplish spots which are centrally only
divided by a narrow line, on each spot anteriorly is a transverse
narrow green fascia ; scutellum for rather more than half its length
purplish, posteriorly containing a prominent transverse metallic-
green fascia, a more obscure basal transverse fascia of the same
colour but centrally obsolete, apical area sanguineous, containing
two central purplish spots ; body beneath with the sternum purplish-
red suffused with metallic-green, the area of the odoriferous apertures
opaque black, abdomen purplish-red, with prominent black spots
near the stigmata; legs with a bluish or greenish lustre ; rostrum
black.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART II. (SEPT.)
386 Mr. W. L. Distant on the
Var. Head almost entirely purplish-brown; ground colour of
pronotum more reddish-ochraceous than sanguineous; scutellum
altogether purplish, not sanguineous behind the transverse metallic-
green fascia, but containing an oblique sanguineous spot on each
lateral margin.
Antennae with the first joint not nearly reaching apex of head, a
little longer than the second which is shortest, third shorter than
fourth ; head sparingly punctate, the punctures mostly in longi-
tudinal patches ; pronotum with the two large dark spots thickly,
coarsely punctate, remaining area more sparingly and finely punc-
tate, about two transverse series of punctures before anterior
margin ; scutellum thickly punctate ; rostrum reaching the posterior
coxae.
Long. 16 to17 mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 to 105 mm.
Hab. Nias Isuanps: Hili Madjedja (Mitschke, Brit.
‘ Mus.).
Allied to P. dives, Guér.
Genus ALCIMOCORIS.
Alcimus, Dall., List. Hem. IL, p. 218 (1851), nom. pracace.
Alcimocoris, Bergr., Rev. d’Ent. x., p. 214 (1891), nom. nov.
Type, A. lineolatus, Dall.
Alcimocoris marapokensis, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 3, a.)
Head black, a small central spot near base and a sublateral
longitudinal fascia posteriorly obliquely directed to eyes, reddish-
ochraceous, the surface sparingly and irregularly granulose and
punctate ; pronotum with the anterior area black, opaque, laterally,
posteriorly reddish-ochraceous, and with a broad transverse sub-
anterior space enclosed by reddish-ochraceous lines which are
connected with eyes and posteriorly and centrally are produced in
two unconnected short longitudinal lines, all these pale margins and
lines are bordered by linear series of punctures, basal two-thirds of
pronotum black, very coarsely punctate, and with reticulate reddish-
ochraceous markings, the lateral margins very strongly and longly
produced transversely and a little upwardly, with two longitudinal
grooves above, and notched above before apices which are acute ;
scutellum black, somewhat finely punctate, with six longitudinal and
more or less broken reddish-ochraceous lines ; corium black, coarsely
punctate, base of costal margin, a subcostal marginal line, claval
margins, and a somewhat broken central curved line, ochraceous
or reddish-ochraceous ; body beneath black, coarsely punctate, the
lateral and incisural margins, other transverse raised lines and
New Malayan Rhynchota. 387
particularly a central one to under surface of produced lateral
angles, reddish-ochraceous ; legs black, apices of femora ochraceous ;
rostrum black, reaching the intermediate coxae ; antennae brownish,
second and third joints almost subequal in length.
Long. 8§ mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 mm.
Hab. Brit. N. BornEo: Dent Province, Mt. Marapok
(Brit. Mus.).
Allied to A. lineolatus, Dall., but with the frontal angles
longer and less recurved.
Genus RHYNCHOCORIS.
Rhynchocoris, part. Westw. in Hope Cat. I, p. 29 (1837).
Type, &. humeralis, Thunb.
Rhynchocoris bicolor, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 2.)
Black ; broad anterior margin to pronotum—posteriorly straight
and almost on a level with the anterior margins of the lateral
angles,—base and apex of scutellum, body beneath and legs bright
ochraceous ; antennae black, first joint streaked beneath with pale
ochraceous, fourth joint longer than either second or third which
are subequal in length (fifth mutilated in specimens now before
me) ; head transversely wrinkled and punctate, apical inner margins,
of the lateral lobes and a central longitudinal spot at base, pale
ochraceous ; pronotum, excluding the pale anterior margin, thickly
coarsely punctate, the anterior marginal area smooth with a sub-
marginal series of punctures laterally and anteriorly, the lateral
angles outwardly straightly acutely produced, their extreme apices
slightly recurved backward ; scutellum coarsely punctate, more
slightly and less punctate on the ochraceous base and apex ;
corium very thickly punctate; connexivum ochraceous spotted
with black at the incisures; two lateral marginal lines on each
side of head beneath; rostrum extending to the middle of the
abdomen ; mesosternal process large, compressed, extending a little
beyond the anterior coxae, apices of tibiae and tarsal joints and the
tarsal claws black ; stigmata and the posterior marginal segmental
angulations, black.
Long. 19 to 23 mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 13 to 16 mm.
Hab. CELEBES: Menado (Brit. Mus.).
Genus EMBOLOSTERNA.
Embolosterna, Stil., En. Hem. I., p. 66 (1870).
Type, #. taurus, Westw.
388 Mr. W. L. Distant on the
Embolosterna unicolorus, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 4, a.)
Above olivaceous-brown, more distinctly olivaceous on head,
margins and lateral angles of pronotum, and lateral margins of
corium ; antennae black ; membrane cupreous ; body beneath pale
castaneous, sternum and a patch on each side of basal area of
abdomen thickly palely ochraceousl) pilose; second and fourth
joints of antennae longest and subequal in length, third much
longer than first ; pronotum thickly finely punctate ; anterior and
lateral margins and produced lateral angles much more coarsely
punctate, the latter transversely and very slightly forwardly
produced, their apices truncate; scutellum sparingly coarsely
punctate, the apical area foveately impressed; sternal process
strongly anteriorly produced, compressed above and anteriorly
rounded, and extending to the latitude of the apex of the head ;
femora strongly spined at apices.
Long. ¢.27 mm, Exp. pronot. angl. 20 mm.
Hab, BornEO; Brunei (Brit. Mus.).
Genus AMISSUS.
Amissus, Stal., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3), 1. p. 595, 1863.
Type, A. atlas, Stal.
Amissus testaceus, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 5.)
Testaceous-red ; head with the lateral margins, apical margins
(narrowly) and the basal marginal area, black ; antennae ochraceous,
apical half of the first joint black; tibiae and apices of femora
black, tarsi ochraceous, tarsal claws black ; membrane brownish-
ochraceous; head as long as anterior tibiae, the lateral margins
robustly reflexed, apical margin sinuately truncate ; pronotum with
the lateral angles anteriorly and less outwardly produced, their
apices level with the apical latitude of the head, their anterior
margins coarsely shortly serrate for about half their length from
base, their apices subangularly rounded, their upper surface sparsely
coarsely punctate, disk of pronotum sparingly punctate, more thickly
punctate before the anterior margin and much less punctate on
basal marginal area, a darker opaque transverse narrow fascia
between the anterior bases of the pronotal angles and more narrowly
continued along the inner margins of the produced angles, posterior
margin convexly produced over base of scutellum ; scutellum very
sparingly punctate, its apex moderately longitudinally sulcately
impressed ; corium very thickly finely punctate ; rostrum slightly
passing the anterior coxae ; mesosternum centrally broadly elevated
New Malayan Rhynchota. 389
and widely emarginate anteriorly ; mesosternum broadly centrally
elevated and posteriorly broadly sinuate ; femora spined at inner
apical margins.
Long. 9. 44mm. Exp. pronot. ang]. 29 mm.
Hab, Mauacca (Brit. Mus.).
Allied to A. atlas, Stal., but apart from the different
colour of body and legs it differs by the larger size,
straighter and more angular apex of scutellum; fourth
joint of antennae distinctly longer than second—about as
long as second in A. atlas, mesosternal process anteriorly
more widely emarginate, ete.
A second specimen is contained in my own collection
from the Malay Peninsula, and in this the veins to the
corium and the claval veins are distinctly paler in hue.
SANGANUS, gen. nov.
Broadly subovate, abdomen apically broadly truncate; head
small, about as long as broad including eyes, lateral lobes much
longer than central lobe, obliquely narrowing to apex ; ocelli much
nearer eyes than to each other; rostrum about reaching middle of
mesosternum, basal joint very slightly passing base of head, apical
joint small and incrassate ; antennae four-jointed, fourth joint about
as long as second; pronotum about twice as broad as long, the
lateral angles forwardly and slightly outwardly produced, posterior
margin subtruncate ; scutellum much broader than long, the apex
prominently narrowed and produced; abdomen broad, posteriorly
broadly truncate, connexivum exposed for about one-third of base
of lateral margin of hemelytra ; prosternum centrally longitudinally
sulcate ; mesosternum with a central flat process which for half its
length is centrally sulcate, metasternum with a central angulate
process behind the intermediate coxae, not prominently raised ; legs
of moderate length, femora and tibiae almost equally long, the tibiae
straight ; femora apically spined.
Type, S. jenseni, Dist.
This genus is allied to Oxylobus, Stal., and apparently
includes the Pycanwm westwoodii, Voll., a species only
known to me by its figure.
Sanganus jensent, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 6.)
¢. Body above ochraceous ; connexivum, abdomen beneath and
legs black ; sternum piceous-brown; antennae with the first and
fourth joints piceous; the second and third castaneous-brown,
390 Mr. W. L. Distant on the
second and fourth about equal in length, third distinctly incrassate
at apex, and a little longer than first ; head smooth, the lateral
lobes transversely striate ; pronotum very coarsely and somewhat
sparsely darkly punctate, the lateral angles flatly, subconically,
anteriorly, porrectly produced, their apices subangularly rounded
and reaching the latitude of the apex of the head, two transverse
curved cicatrices, each containing a few black punctures, situate on
the anterior area; scutellum sparingly coarsely darkly punctate,
moderately transversely wrinkled, the apex stramineous, wrinkled
but impunctate ; corium very thickly finely punctate ; membrane
cupreous in hue; pro- and mesonota centrally longitudinally dull
ochraceous, and with their margins dull ochraceous; rostrum
piceous, the basal joint ochraceous.
Q. Larger and broader than ¢, with the upper surface of the
abdomen and the connexivum dark castaneous, not black.
Long. ¢. 28, 9.34mm. Exp. pronot. angl. ¢. 17, 9.20 mm.
Hab. Kast BoRNEO: Sanga Sanga (7. D. Jensen, Brit.
Mus.).
Allied to S. westwoodii, Voll., but posterior angles of
abdomen not acutely produced; pronotal angles more
strongly produced, colour different, ete.
Family COREIDAE.
Genus PETILLIA.
Petillia, Stal., Hem. Afr. II, p. 2 (1865).
Type, P. tragus, Fabr.
Petillia picturata, sp. n.
Castaneous thickly clothed with bright golden pubescence ; head
above with two broad lateral black fasciae ; antennae black ; pronotum
moderately transversely constricted at about one-fourth from anterior
margin, in front of this constriction two blackish spots, behind them
two broad longitudinal castaneous fasciae reaching base, a short cas-_
taneous fascia before each lateral angle, and an obscure central carinate
line which is castaneous towards base ; scutellum castaneous with a
central golden tomentose line ; corium with the venation castaneous ;
membrane metallic-olivaceous; rostrum and anterior and inter-
mediate legs pale sanguineous; base of second joint and extreme
apex to rostrum, black; posterior femora thickly golden pubescent, -
with a broad central annulation and the apex castaneous, posterior
New Malayan Rhynehota. 391:
tibiae and tarsi castaneous ; antennae with the basal joint longest,
about as long as pronotum, second longer than third and about equal
in length to fourth joint ; pronotum with the lateral angles broad,
moderately produced, with an apical recurved spine, the lateral and
posterior lateral margins strongly coarsely serrate; rostrum slightly
passing the anterior coxae ; anterior and intermediate femora moder-
ately incrassate with a double series of short black spines beneath,
the apical spines longer and more prominent, posterior femora very
strongly incrassate, armed beneath with a double series of short
strong black spines of which the two central pairs are most pro-
minent; posterior tibiae compressed and dilated inwardly, broader
and angulate near base ; three strong spines, gradually decreasing in
length beyond middle, one on each side of apex; basal joint of
posterior tarsi more or less ochraceous.
Long. ¢ 30mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 mm.
. Hab. N. Nias; Kalim Bungo (Mitschke, Brit. Mus.)
Allied to P. calcar, Dall.
Family PHYMATIDAE.
Genus CARCINOCHELIS.
Careinocheles, Fieb. Europ. Hem., p. 34 (1861).
Type, C. alutaceus, Handl.
Carcinochelis ornatus, sp. n. (PI. X, fig. 9.)
Black ; apices of the lateral lobes to head, eyes, anterior margin,
anterior lateral margins and a broad central longitudinal fascia to
pronotum, connexivum, body beneath and legs ochraceous, posterior
half of the central fascia to pronotum and the scutellum testaceous-
red ; head beneath, anterior femora (excluding base), anterior tibiae
(excluding apex), stigmata, apical lateral margins to abdomen and
apex of anal appendages, black ; head granulose, ante-ocular area
shorter than post-ocular area (antennae mutilated in typical specimen) ;
pronotum with the lateral angles broadly, acutely, horizontally pro-
duced, the margins shortly spinously serrate, the anterior lateral
margins concavely sinuate, transversely impressed before middle; a
curved raised line on each side of disk, beyond which the surface is
more or less granulose ; scutellum a little longer than broad, mode-
rately narrowed to apex, which is rounded; connexivum evenly
rounded, not angulate, its margin thickly, shortly, spinously serrate,
its apical third black.
. Long. 7 mm.
392 Mr. W. L. Distant on the
Hab. Brit. NortH Borneo ; Dent Province, Mt. Mara-
pok (Brit. Mus.).
Besides the distinct coloration, the narrow scutellum,
longer than broad, is distinctive of this species.
Family REDUVIIDAE.
Genus TRIBELOCEPHALA.
Tribelocephala, Stil., Ofv. Vet-Ak. Forh. 1853, p. 263.
Type, Z. boschjesmana, Stal.
Tribelocephala gigantea, sp. nu. (PI. X, fig. 10a.)
Velvety chocolate-brown ; antennae (excluding basal joint), a small
spot near apex of clavas, second and third joints of rostrum (exclud-
ing base of second), the tarsi and apices of tibiae very pale ochraceous ;
antennae pilose with the first joint about as long as head, of which
the central lobe porrectly projects beyond its apex, the surface
covered with short, robust, adpressed hairs; pronotum with the
anterior lobe moderately sculptured, profoundly centrally longitudi-
nally depressed, posterior lobe obscurely, finely, reticulately ridged,
with a prominent central longitudinal carination, the lateral margins
strongly sinuate and longly pilose, the lateral angles subprominent
and rounded; membrane not quite reaching the abdominal apex;
body beneath and legs opaque, thickly shortly pilose; abdomen
beneath centrally longitudinally suleate; rostrum only slightly
passing base of head.
Long. ¢. 23 mm.
Hab, M. Nias, Kalim Bungo (Mitschke, Brit. Mus.).
HOMOPTERA.
Family CICADIDAE.
Genus CRYPTOTYMPANA.
Cryptotympana, Stal., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1861, p. 613.
Type, C. pustulata, Fabr.
Cryptotympana niasana, sp. 0.
Body above black, more or less shortly ochraceously pilose ; pos-
terior margin of pronotum brownish-ochraceous ; mesonotum with
New Malayan Rhynchota. 393
.
two obscure central obconical spots, their outer margins more or less
ochraceously pilose, the basal margin, cruciform elevation, two small
spots in front of same and a larger elongate spot in front of each
anterior angle, castaneous; body beneath and legs black; head
beneath (excluding face) sternum and lateral margins of opercula
and abdomen thickly shortly ochraceously pilose; legs black, the
intermediate and posterior tibiae and tarsi (excluding bases and
apices) castaneous ; tegmina and wings hyaline, the basal areas of
both broadly fuscous-brown ; tegmina with the costal membrane
greenish-ochraceous, basal cell and post-costal area black ; bases of
the first and second apical areas infuscated, the venation greenish on
basal third, remainder more or less fuscous, the apical margin palely
infuscated ; wings with a pale spot in the apex of anal area of the
basal fuscous-brown coloration, the veins greenish on basal, fuscous
on/apical half, apical margin palely infuscate; rostrum reaching the
intermediate coxae ; opercula reaching or slightly passing the pos-
terior margin of first abdominal segment, their inner margins over-
lapping for about half their length, and then obliquely directed
outwardly to apex which is broadly subangularly rounded ; lateral
margins reflexed, nearly straight, very slightly sinuate.
Long. excl. tegm. &.38 mm. Exp. tegm. 111 mm.
Hab. N. Nias, G. Madjeja (Mitschke, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to the Chinese species C. mandarina, Dist., but
with the opercula shorter, broader and with their apical
inner margins obliquely straight, not sinuate; abdomen
shorter, colour of tegmina different, ete.
Genus PRASIA.
Prasia, Stal., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3), I, p. 574 (1863).
Type. P. faticina, Stal.
Prasia tincta, sp. n.
$. Body above pale virescent, body beneath, with legs, more pale
ochraceous ; tegmina and wings hyaline ; tegmina faintly suffused
on about basal third with very pale virescent, the veins, costal
membrane and post-costal area more pronounced virescent ; wings
with the veins pale virescent ; head about as long as broad, angularly
produced in front where there is a slight longitudinal impression ;
ocelli and eyes more or less testaceous ; pronotum with the incisures
deep and prominent, an almost concolorous central longitudinal
fascia which is a little ampliated near anterior margin and more
strongly ampliated at posterior margin; mesonotum with four
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART IIL. (SEPT.) DD
394 Mr. W. L. Distant on the
obscure almost concolorous obconical spots, the two central spots
much the smaller and not extending more than half across the disk ;
base of abdomen profoundly longitudinally sulcated ; tympana
entirely exposed; opercula rudimentary, the cavities exposed ;
abdomen short, compressed, the lateral areas very broad, the dorsal
surface narrow and convexly depressed to apex ; rostrum with its
apex black and reaching the intermediate coxae.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢.25 mm. Exp. tegm. 75 to 76 mm.
Hab. 8. CELEBES ; Bua-Kraeng (/ruhstorfer, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to P. fatiloqua, Stal.
Genus LEMBEJA.
Perissoneura, Dist., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 189,
nom. pracoce.
Lembeja, Dist., Mon. Orient. Cicad., pp. 103 and 147 (1892),
nom. NOV.
Type. LZ. maculosa, Dist.
Lembeja sanguinolenta, sp. n.
2. Head, pronotum and mesonotum dull reddish, finely and
sparingly yellowishly pilose, abdomen above and body beneath pale
ochraceous, more or less shaded with rosaceous; first and second
joimts of antennae, face, clypeus, rostrum and legs sanguineous ;
apex of rostrum and the tarsal claws, black ; tegmina semi-hyaline
thickly finely mottled with pale sanguineous, the veins mostly
reddish-ochraceous with somewhat darker spot-like markings ; the
costal membrane, post-costal area and basal and outer margins
darker sanguineous ; wings semi-hyaline, the veins sanguineous ;
mesonotum with two long central pale margined obconical spots ;
abdomen short, robust; tympana prominently exposed; opercula
rudimentary ; face strongly compressed, the lateral areas robustly
transversely striate.
Long. excl. tegm. 23 mm. Exp. tegm. 84 mm.
Hab. 8. CELEBES; Bua-Kraeng (H. Fruhstorfer, Brit.
Mus.).
Lembeja robusta, sp. n.
d and 9. Head, pronotum, mesonotum, sternum, rostrum and
legs fuscous-brown ; abdomen and tibiae brownish-ochraceous, more
or less irregularly suffused with fuscous ; tegmina pale purplish-
brown, the veins more or less ochraceous-brown; wings dull hyaline,
New Malayan Rhynchota. 395
the veins brownish-ochraceous ; head a little longer than breadth
between eyes, centrally sulcate between the ocelli, in the 9 this
suleation distinctly black; pronotum with the furrows profound
and with a central longitudinal sulcation the edges of which,
particularly in 9, are distinctly ridged, between the furrows the
surface is somewhat rugulose ; mesonotum obscurely, longitudinally
mottled with brownish-ochraceous ; abdomen above in both sexes
distinctly centrally longitudinally ridged ; front compressed, finely
centrally longitudinally sulcate; rostrum almost reaching apex of
intermediate coxae; opercula in g, small only extending slightly
over the anterior edge of the cavities, obliquely directed inwardly,
their apices narrowed and rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. g. and 9.26 mm. Exp. tegm. 75 to 76 mm.
Hab. British New Guinea; Ekeikei (Pratt, Brit. Mus.).
A short robust species and peculiar by the pale purplish-
brown tegmina.
Lembeja crassa, sp.n. (Pl. X, fig. 7 a.)
2. Body and legs dull ochraceous ; head and pronotum (excluding
basal margin and posterior lateral angles) brownish-ochraceous ;
tegmina subhyaline, talc-like, finely wrinkled, veins, costal mem-
brane and post costal area ochraceous, the veins beyond basal area
spotted with fuscous, inner posterior basal margin rosy-brown, about
apical half of tegmina and apical half of clavus, thickly, minutely
spotted with fuscous; wings hyaline, the veins mostly ochraceous,
the extreme base rosy-brown ; body short and broad; head longi-
tudinally sulcate between the ocelli ; pronotum moderately centrally
longitudinally sulcate, the incisures profound; face very strongly
laterally compressed, the lateral transverse striations weak ; rostrum
reaching the intermediate coxae, its apex black; abdomen above
moderately round, not prominently centrally longitudinally ridged.
Q. Long. excl. tegm. 2. 32 mm. Exp. tegm. 92 to 102 mm.
Hab. GERMAN NEw Guinea; K. Wilhelms-Land,
Bongu (Brit. Mus.). British New Guinea; Dilo (Coll.
Dist.).
Family CERCOPIDAE.
Genus PHILAGRA.
Chalepus, Walk., List. Hom. III, p. 731 (1851), nom praeoce.
Philagra, Stal., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (87 I, p. 593
(1862).
Type. P. hastata, Walk.
DD2
396 Mr. W.L. Distant on New Malayan Rhynchota.
Philagra flavosparsa, sp.n. (Plate X, Fig. 8a.)
Head, pronotum and scutellum chocolate-brown, very finely and
shortly pilose; eyes dull greyish ; abdomen above and beneath and
sternum chocolate-brown ; head beneath, lateral and posterior
margins of sternal segments, margins of abdominal segments, and
the legs dark ochraceous; tegmina dull chocolate-brown, thickly
sprinkled with small pale ochraceous irregularly shaped spots, the
costal margin dark ochraceous ; wings subhyaline, pale fuliginous,
the veins darker ; head longly porrectly produced, about twice as
lony as pronotum, centrally and laterally ridged, towards apex
slightly upwardly recurved ; tegmina a little more in length than
twice the greatest breadth, the costal margin strongly arched, the
apex subacute ; pronotum with a central, more or less distinct,
longitudinal impression.
Long. excl. tegm. 14 to16 mm. Exp. tegm. 233 to 25 mm.
Hab. Nias Isups.; Kalim Bungo and Gunong Sitoli
(Mitschke, Brit. Mus.).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
[See Explanation facing the Puats.]
( 397)
VII. On the Origin and Ancestral Form of Myrme-
cophilous Coleoptera. By H. Sr. J. DoNISTHORPE,
Zo:
[Read April 7th, 1909.]
I am working at a paper on how the eggs of Myrme-
cophilous Coleoptera get laid in new ants’ nests, which I
hope to publish soon ; but it occurred to me that it might
be as well to publish first, as a preliminary paper, some
notes on how beetles first acquired the myrmecophilous
habit—that is to say, on the origin of the ancestral form of
ants’-nest beetles. Of course the ancestral form of any
species of truly Myrmecophilous Coleoptera is lost, and
unknown to-day, but it appears to me that by studying
the habits of those species which are occasionally and not
always found with ants, but more generally elsewhere,
we may learn how the ancestral forms of regularly myrme-
cophilous beetles first acquired their present habit of life.
When we speak of the ancestral form here, we do not
mean that of the present known ants’ guests, but of the
Myrmecophilous habit itself, and the probable or possible
ancestral form of future generations of those species which
this paper embraces.
* It is of course quite certain that the ants must have
been evolved long before their guests, and granted this,
then the guests themselves must have acquired their habit
by degrees, by developing and using the different means,
we see to-day in the regular guests, of defence against the
ants, and to please and be of use to them. If we study
the species about to be mentioned we shall see they
exhibit great variety both in the extent to which they are
found with ants, and also in their relations to their hosts.
Some have advanced much further along the road towards
being regular guests. ven in the true myrmecophilous
species, we can trace to-day evolution and development
at work—for example the forms or races of Dinarda in
relation to their different hosts (Zool., 1908, pp. 68-71),
the development of Hetaerius into a true guest from being
* See “‘Some Notes on Myrmecophilous Spiders.” Donisthorpe,
Zool., 1908, p. 420.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART III. (SEPT.)
398 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Origin
an indifferently treated lodger (Wasmann, Zeitsch. f.,
wissenschaft, Insekten, 1905, Heft 8, p. 330, and Wheeler,
New York Ent. Soc., 1908, iii, p. 135, etc.). There is
also a wonderful beetle, Myrmechusa mirabilis, described
by Father Wasmann, which is intermediate between the
genera Lomechusa (true guests), and Myrmedonia (hostile
persecuted lodgers). This looks as if a Myrmedonia-like
species had acquired some of the habits, hairiness, ete., of
a Lomechusa.
The following table may represent the evolution of the
myrmecophilous species, according to the facts and views
expressed in this paper.
Non- Eee eae Species.
Bird’s-nest Species
“Occasional visitors to ants.
More frequent visitors.
Ancestral forms (unknown).
Present Myrmecophilous species.
Indifferent tolerated lodgers. Hostile persecuted lodgers.
True guests. ve
I will now deal with the species of Coleoptera which
are occasionally, or often found with ants, or in ants’
nests in Britain, but more generally away from them, and
give all the records and evidence, on such occurrences, of
which I am aware, of each of them.
Aleochara ruficornis, L.
This species is widely distributed in Britain, but always
rare. Janson (Ent. Ann., 1857, p. 938) writes—“I have
likewise taken, by brushing herbage in the neighbourhood
of the nests of Formica fusca, the rare Aleochara ruficornis,
and have little or no doubt it is a truly myrmecophilous
insect, although not hitherto recorded as such.” Again
(1. c. 1858, p. 81)—“ Dr. Power found, this spring, an in-
dividual of this scarce species, beneath dead leaves, in the
vicinity of a nest of Formica rufa, a few yards distant
and Aneestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 399
from the spot in which I captured the specimen mentioned
in last year’s Annual.” Fowler (Col. Brit. Isles, ii. 1888,
p. 11)—“In moss near nests of Lormica rufa or fusca, by
sweeping, running on pathways, etc.” Linnell (Reigate
List, 1898, p. 5) records it “ In a sandpit at Redstone near
nests of Formica rufa.”
I took it in the runs of Lasius fuliginosus, in company
with several species of Myrmedonia, at Wellington College,
in September, 1905.
“ Occurs in moss near nests of Formica rufa in Bishop’s
Wood, Truro” (Vic. Hist. Cornwall, 1906, p. 190).
“Near nests of Formica rufa and F. fusca, Charlton ”
(Vic. Hist. Kent, 1908, p. 131).
We thus see that this species shows a partiality towards
the company of ants, which may represent the first steps
towards a regular myrmecophilous habit.
Microglossa pulla, Gyll.
This widely distributed species is recorded by Fowler
(/.¢.p. 24). “ In holes of the sand-martin, etc., occasionally
by sweeping, also in carrion . . . Mickleham in com-
pany with Formica fuliginosa (Power); . . . according
to Mulsant and Rey it is found in old trees with ants
and also in the nests of finches and quails, and with
hedgehogs.” The records with sand-martins may refer
to M. nidicola. Brewer took it in a nest of L. fuliginosus
in Headley Lane. It is certainly frequently associated
with Lasius fuliginosus, in the nests of which ant I always
took it at Oxshott in the spring and autumn, and also at
Wellington College, where Dr. Joy has likewise met with
it. It is found right in the nest of the ants. Father
~ Wasmann gives L. fuliginosus and brunneus as its hosts,
but remarks that it is more or less doubtful if it should
count as truly myrmecophilous (Krit. Verz. d., Myr. wu.
Ter. Art., 1894, p. 71), and gives it as the regular guest of
L. fuliginosus in Dutch Limburg in April and October
(Tijdschr. voor Entom., xxxiv, 1891, p. 60).
Dr. Joy, in a valuable paper on Coleoptera occurring in
the nests of Mammals and Birds (KE. M. M., 1907, p. 240),
writes of this beetle—‘“ This species, I discovered last year,
is specially attached to the nests of tits, flycatchers, ete.,
and this year I have been able to trace its life-history, at
any rate in part. I have taken it also on several occasions
in the fresh nests of the starling. The beetle enters the
400 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Origin
nest as soon as the bird begins to build, about the middle
of April, and when the full clutch of eggs is laid, about
three weeks later, as many as thirty or more specimens
may often be found in a single nest. It is, in fact, quite a
common species, as I have only once failed to find it in
the nest of a tit, a bird familiar enough in any wooded
district. J have not succeeded in finding the beetles
pairing, but no doubt the eggs are laid soon after the nest
is entered, for when it is examined immediately after the
young have flown a large number of fully grown larvae
may be shaken out of it; this would be about a month
after the last bird’s egg is laid. Shortly after this the
larvae congregate into a suitable spot (under the lid of a
nesting-box in one case, and at the very bottom of a nest
in another), and there spin small whitish cocoons packed
together in the same plane. The insect remains in the
pupal stage for about sixteen days, and then, when pro-
perly mature, eats its way out of its cocoon and
immediately leaves the nest. It is hard to guess what is
the history of the imago after this. Certainly it is found
not very rarely on carrion, etc., and there may be a second
brood produced in such situations; but I am inclined to
think that this is not the case, but that the beetles
hibernate till the following spring.” I have thought it
best to quote word for word what Dr. Joy has written
about this and the next species, and then discuss its
relation to our subject.
Microglossa gentilis, Mark.
“Found by Mr. F. Smith, at Hampstead, in company
with Formica fuliginosa ” (Janson, Ent. Ann., 1860, p. 101).
Crotch recorded it in nests of the same ant at Cam-
bridge and Weston-super-Mare (Zool., 1862, p. 8139),
KE. C. Rye mentions that it was taken commonly by Power
at Birdbrook, and by Brewer and Power at Mickleham,
always with Formica fuliginosa (Ent. Ann., 1866, p. 49).
Fowler (/. ¢ p. 25) writes—“In the runs of Formica
fuliginosa ; rare, but probably often overlooked, as it
doubles itself up and will lie for a quarter of an hour
without stirring; . . . Dr. Power has taken it in consider-
able numbers by carefully blowing away the sand, and
watching the ant-runs.” 3B. G. Rye found it in numbers
in a nest of Lasius fuliginosus at Brent Knoll in Somerset
in 1897. I have taken it in some numbers in a nest of
and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 401
Lasius fuliginosus at Oxshott in February, March, and
April. Harwood recorded it with the same ant at Col-
chester (E. M. M., 1899, p. 72). “In the company of ants,
Bishops Wood, Truro” (Vic. Hist. Cornwall, 1906, p. 190).
Joy (J. &. p. 241)—* This is the characteristic beetle of
the owls’ nest, where it may be found at any time of the
year, and I have twice taken single specimens in starlings’
nests. Although it has been before taken in owls’ nests,
it is better known as the occasional inhabitant of the nest
of Lasius fuliginosus. Muicroglossa pulla has also the
double habitat; in the case of the latter there can be
little doubt that the chief host is a bird, and I think it is
also with J. gentilis. However, it is a curious fact that
M. gentilis has the habit, ike a Myrmedonia, of curling itself
into the shape of an § and lying ‘’possum’ for a long
time, and it is fairly commonly found in the ants’ nest.
M. pulla has also this habit, but it is not so pronounced,
and it is a more irregular visitor to the ants’ nests.”
He then proceeds to point out that I. nidicola, the sand-
martins’ nest species, and which has not been found with
ants either here or abroad, has not the habit of curling up,
but always runs away when disturbed; these facts also
bear out my own experience.
Father Wasmann gives Lasius fuliginosus as the normal
host of this species, and as the regular guest of this ant in
Dutch Limburg, where he took it in March, April, May,
June, July, September, October and November. It thus
appears that it cannot be the same specimens of these two
beetles which are found in the birds’ nests and the ants’
nests, as we see that they are found at the same time in
both, and are therefore not double hosted in the sense
that they pass one part of their life with the one and the
rest with the other. It looks as if at some distant period
two sets of their ancestors had branched off into different
modes of life ; it might be that a bird’s nest was in the tree
inhabited by ants, and the beetles found it a congenial
atmosphere, and then inherited the habit to seek birds’
nests, others remaining myrmecophilous.
Again, the more pronounced myrmedonia habit of the
more regular inhabitant of ants’ nests is very suggestive.
M. pulla, however, may have chosen birds’ nests at an
earlier period, and may be losing the habit as it becomes
more fixed as a birds’-nests species. On the other hand,
as other species in the genus Microglossa are found almost
402 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Origin
exclusively in birds’ nests, the myrmecophilous habit may
be the more recent, and JZ. pulla have taken to it more
recently than J. gentilis.
Oxypoda haemorrhoa, Mann.
This little beetle, which is widely distributed, is found
“in moss, haystack refuse, etc.; also found frequently in
nests of Formica rufa” (Fowler, l.c. p. 35). It has been
recorded with £. rufa from Guestling (Collett) ; Colchester
(Harwood); Hampstead and Highgate (Janson); Erith
(Waterhouse); Wellington College, Bradfield, ete. (Joy) ;
Wigmore Woods (Walker); Bentley Woods (Morley) ;
Egbaston and Sutton (Blatch); Knowle (Ellis); Scar-
borough (Wilkinson) ; Corbridge-on-Tyne and Chopwell
Woods (Bagnall) ; Scotland, “in nests of /. rufa,” local
Forth, Dee and Moray (Sharp, Scot. Nat. 1. 1873-4, p.
191); Aviemore (Beare). I have taken it with the same
ant at Weybridge, New Forest, etc., with Lasiws fuliginosus
at Weybridge, with Formica exsecta at Bournemouth in
some numbers, and with F. sanguinea at Nethy Bridge,
Inverness-shire.
Wasmann gives /. rufa, pratensis, truncicola, and exsecta
as its normal hosts. Although often occurring without
ants, still I think this insect has firmly established itself
as an ants’ nest species, in spite of the fact that some one
told me a little while ago that because it was abundant in
his garden in London, it could have nothing to do with
ants.
Myrmedonia haworthi, Steph.
“Very rare; in company with /. fuliginosa; taken in
the vicinity of the nests by sweeping, also from under
dead leaves and moss” (Fowler, /. ¢. p. 55). Mr. Gorham
took a specimen with Lasius fuliginosus near Southend,
he lost the tube it was in, and went back to the nest and
. found another specimen. Most of the few recent captures
have been taken running on paths, ete.
Myrmedonia collaris, Pk.
Fowler writes (/. c. p. 56)—“In company with various
ants, or in their vicinity, at roots of grass, in moss, etc., In
marshy places; it does not, however, appear at all certain
that this and the preceding are necessarily associated with
and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 403
ants.” These two species, in common with the other
Myrmedonias, feed on ants. Mons. L. Mesinin records that
a specimen of collaris he put into a bottle with two ants,
immediately seized and killed one of them (EK. M. M., viui,
1876, p. 64). Wasmann writes—“ The species of the Genus
Zyras (haworthi, Steph., and collaris, Pk.) are indeed like
Myrmoecia, Myrmedonia and Astilbus, ant-eaters, and live
in preference in the neighbourhood of ants. As regular
myrmecophiles they are, however, not to be counted. The
same of Myrmedonia limbata.” I took IL. collaris and its
larvae in some numbers in a nest of Myrmica laevinodis
in Wicken Fen. The nest was in a heap of cut sedge,
and contained 2°, many 9%, larvae and pupae, and the
beetles and their larvae were in the nest among the ants.
This species is often found in moss and sphagnum, but
ants often occur in such places, and as the beetles feed on
ants they require to be near their nests. We can see
how these two beetles, feeding on ants, and living in the
neighbourhood of ants’ nests, might become more regular
inhabitants of the nests like the other Myrmedonias, some
of which, JZ. humeralis for example, is often found in the
runs and outside the nests.
Myrmedonia limbata, Pk.
“Tn nests of Formica flava and fusca, and has also been
recorded as associated with F. fuliginosa; also found
under stones, in moss, etc., near the nests” (Fowler, J. c.
. 56).
i It has been taken with Zasius fuliginosus at Chobham
(Saunders); Guestling (Collett); Croydon (Shepherd) ;
Wellington College (Joy); with Lasius flavus at Dover
(Morley); Guestling (Collett) ; Chattenden and Oxford
district (Walker); Northumberland (Bold); Scotland,
Tweed (Sharp); with Formica fusca in Kent (Shepherd) ;
in ants’ nest in moss, Lundy Island (Joy); in ants’ nests,
Isle of Man (Bailey).
I have taken it with Formica sanguinea at Woking,
with Lasius fuliginosus in plenty at Wellington College,
with Myrmica scabrinodis at Doddington, Kent, and Bem-
bridge, Isle of Wight, and in nest of a Myrmica at Cannock
Chase. I found in my experiments with this species it was
not able to defend itself against the ants as perfectly as
the more regular nest-frequenting Myrmedonias do. We
404 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Origin
will discuss this more fully when we have dealt with
Astilbus. I pointed out (“Some Experiments with Myrme-
cophilous Coleoptera,” Ent. Rec. 1901, p. 351) that
“This beetle exhibits an exactly parallel case to Astilbus.
It will be remembered they are not so truly myrme-
cophilous (not invariably being found with ants) as are
the other species of Myrmedonia.”
Astilbus canaliculatus, F.
This very widely distributed species 1s found “ In runs of
Formica flava and other ants, also under stones in hay-
stack refuse, decaying seaweed, moss, etc.” (Fowler, 1. «.
p- 59). It also feeds on ants. Bold in 1848 wrote—“ Often
tenanting the nests of ants, and preying on the inmates”
(Col. North. and Durham, p. 134). Messrs. Lucante and
Bleuse recorded that it captured and killed ants (EZ. M. M.,
1876, xiii, p. 65). I took a specimen at Chiddingfold
running with a dead Myrmica in its mouth, and Walker
took it under similar circumstances at Tubney. I have
kept specimens alive for months in small plaster nests
by giving them ants out of my different observation
nests, which they always devoured. It has been recorded
with Lasius flavus at Mickleham (F. Smith); with
Lasius fuliginosus at Chobham (Saunders); Wellington
College (Joy); Guestling (Collett); with Formica rufa,
Chobham (Saunders); Scotland (White); with Myrmica
laevinodis, Guestling (Collett); in ants’ nests, Isle of Man
(Bailey); Lundy Island (Joy).
I have taken it with ZLasius flavus at Sevenoaks,
Hastings, Eastbourne, Portland, etc.; with ormica
sanguinea at Weybridge; with F. fusca and L. niger at
Portland ; and with Leptothorax acevorum at Fairlight, ete.,
etc. In experimenting with the defence of this beetle
against ants (/.¢.), I found that if an ant was forced to
seize an Astilbus it does not let go, as with Myrmedonia.
The Astilbus exhibits the same form of defence (2.e.
thrusting the tail in the ant’s face and giving off the
Myrmedonia smell), but it is evidently not so perfectly
developed. We can imagine, that as it developed the
glands which secrete the smell given off, it would be able
to inhabit the nests with greater impunity and gradually to
become a more regular guest. No doubt some such steps
as these have taken place with the other Myrmedonias.
and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 405
Callicerus rigidicornis, Er.
This species which, though rare, is very widely dis-
tributed, has not heretofore been regarded as myrme-
cophilous. It has, however, been taken with Lasius
Juliginosus at Chobham (Saunders) and Wellington College
(Joy); in the runs of Pormica rufa at Woking in 1907 and
1908 (Champion) ; and I have taken it with Lasius niger in
the New Forest. My friend, Dr. Joy, having taken it on
various occasions with L. fuliginosus, tells me that, from its
behaviour with the ants he considers it shows true Myrme-
cophilous habits. This looks as if the species is taking
the first steps towards a myrmecophilous life.
A species of Callicerus is recorded with Aphaenogaster
barbara in Palestine.
On the genus Homalota, Father Wasmann writes—
“Many species of the Genus Homalota (in the old sense)
live as occasional guests with ants, especially with /. rufa,
and still more with Z. fuliginosus. Most often one finds
Inogluta nitidula, Kr., with the last genus.”
Homalota nitidula, Kr.
“Occasionally in the nests of /. fuliginosa, also in dead
birds” (Fowler).
“The type of this species occurs very rarely in the
South of England, sometimes in the nest of Formica
fuliginosa” (Sharp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 130),
With Lasius fuliginosus at Knowle (Ellis, Ent. Ree,,
1908, p. 57).
Homalota oblongvuscula, Sharp.
Taken by Dr. Power at Mickleham with Lasius fuliginosus.
Homalota exarata, Sharp.
“ A few specimens found by Dr. Power and Mr. Brewer
in Tilgate Forest in the nests of Kormeca fuligunosa are all
I have seen” (Sharp, /. ¢. p. 187).
This species is treated as a synonym of hepatica, Er.,
by Ganglbauer and the last European Catalogue. With
what reason we know not, as Sharp includes both species
in his monograph. These are all the records I can find of
the last three species with ants.
406 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Origin
Homalota sodalis, Er.
I have taken this species on several occasions in nests of
Formica rufa at Weybridge between 1896 and 1908, and
with the same ant at Oxshott in 1907. 4. myrmecobia,
Kr., which comes next to it in Ganglbauer (ii, p. 186), is
recorded by him with /. rufa and pratensis,
Homalota analis, Gr.
This little species, which is very abundant and widely
distributed throughout the kingdom, is frequently found
with ants. I have found it in nests of Formica rufa at
Weybridge in plenty, Oxshott, etc. with F. exsecta, not
uncommon at Bournemouth, and with a Myrmica at
Porlock. Mr. Day records it with # rufa from Keswick.
Lamprinus saginatus, Gr.
“ At roots of grass and in moss in damp places, especially
heaths; it has occurred in ants’ nests in France” (Fowler,
(. ¢.p. 198);
It has been recorded with Zasius flavus and Myrmica
ruginordis at Tubney and with Formica fusca in the
New Forest (Walker); with Ponera contracta at Charing
(Chitty); and in moss with ants at Lundy Island (Joy).
I have taken it in a nest of Yormica sanguinea at Wey-
bridge. This species is regarded as truly myrmecophilous
on the Continent, though apparently not in Britain, so it
must be dealt with in this paper. Most of our captures
are in moss and at roots of grass. I suspect often with
ants, or in the neighbourhood of their nests, though not
so recorded. Wasmann gives as its hosts, Myrmica
laevinodis, ruginodis and scabrinodis, Formica rufa and
Lasius fuliginosus. He has found the larvae in the nests
and has kept the beetle in his observation nests. He
shows that it eats the ants’ eggs, and that its shape
protects it from its hosts when attacked (Zeitschr. fiir
wissenschaft, Insectenbiologie, 1905, p. 420). This perhaps
shows us how a Yachyporus species living in the neigh-
bourhood of ants’ nests might eventually become a myrme-
cophilous insect.
Heterothops quadripunctula, Brit, Cat. (nec Gr., nigra, Kr. ?).
“Tn haystack, flood and other refuse ; also occasionally
in nest of Lasius fuliginosus” (Fowler, J. c. p. 225).
See
and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 407
Harwood took it with Formica rufa at Colchester. I
have taken it with the same ant at Weybridge, and on
several occasions with Zasius fuliginosus at Wellington
College. I am not quite satisfied if the species I have
taken with ants is the same as H. nigra, Kr., which
Dr. Joy has shown is abundant and widely distributed in
moles’ nests. My specimens appear to be a little larger,
and the puncturation more alutaceous, and consequently
less shining. In any case it shows a tendency towards
the myrmecophilous habit.
Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh.
I once took this common insect in plenty in a nest of
Lasius fuliginosus at Chiddingfold, and sparingly with the
same ant at Oxshott. Mr. Ellis found an injured specimen
in a nest of Formica rufa at Knowle. I have shown by
experiment it was unable to protect itself when introduced
into nests of Mormica rufa. Quedius brevis is a purely
myrmecophilous beetle, occurring with both the above
ants; Quedius microps has been recorded with the former
by Crotch, and abroad, Quedius puncticollis occurs in wasps’
nests, and Joy has shown that Q. longicornis and vexans
are inhabitants of moles’ nests. We can easily imagine
a descendant of Quedius mesomelinus as an ants’-nest species.
Staphylinus stercorarius, Ol.
The following records cf this widely distributed species
occurring with ants are to be found. Bold recorded taking
a fine series in the nests of a Myrmica at South Shields
(Col. North. and Durham, 1871, p. 37).
Walker took it on several occasions with Myrmica
ruginodis at Rannoch, and I have found it with Zasiws
flavus at Blackgang and Sandown, Isle of Wight, and
with Myrmica scabrinodis near the Forth Bridge. Although
generally found away from ants, these cases point to a
distinct tendency to inhabit ants’ nests. Fowler also
records Staphylinus latebricola as sometimes in company
with Fornuca rufa.
Othius myrmecophilous, Kies.
‘‘In moss, dead leaves, etc., sometimes, as its name im-
plies, in company with ants (Formica fuliginosa, etc.), but
this is by no meaus always the case, and in fact appears
408 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Origin
to be rather the exception than the rule” (Fowler, /. ¢ p.
296). It has been taken with Yormica rufa, at Knowle
and Bewdley (Ellis) ; Corbridge-on-Tyne (Bagnall) ; I have
taken it with the same ant at Weybridge and Oxshott,
with Lasius fuliginosus at Tilgate Forest, Walton, and
Wellington College, with Formica exsecta at Bournemouth,
and with F. sanguinea at Nethy Bridge, Inverness-shire.
I am inclined to think it occurs more often with ants than
is supposed, and that it has made considerable steps
towards becoming a true ants’-nest dweller. Ganglbauer
records it sometimes with L. fuliginosus and F. congerens.
Leptinus testaceus, Miill.
As this little blind beetle has been taken in the nest
and runs of Lasius fuliginosus at Mickleham (Rye), Tilgate
Forest (Champion), and Guestling (Collett), it must be
mentioned here. It occurs more frequently in nests of
bees, birds, moles and small rodents.
Father Wasmann writes of the Scydmaenidac—* Many
species of this family are occasionally ants’ guests, with-
out belonging regularly to their company. Proportion-
ately few are strongly myrmecophilous. The food of the
Scydmaenidae appears to consist chiefly of mites. Their
ant-like appearance (‘ Ant-beetles,’ Miiller and Kunze)
has perhaps at best a biological signification in the larger
Scydmaenia, whether on account of protection from insect
feeders, or for intercourse with ants is not yet known.”
Scydmacnus godarti, Latr.
“Under bark, in rotten wood, in company with ants;
rarely under dead leaves; Buddon Wood, Leicestershire,
in nests of Formica rufa; Sherwood Forest, in rotten
wood, with ants” (Fowler, 111, p. 77).
In April 1905, Messrs. Bouskell, Chitty and I, all found it
in nests of Hormica rufa at Buddon Wood. The specimens
taken by Bouskell and myself were in the centre of a nest,
running about quite at home in the midst of the ants,
and moving the antennae rapidly in true myrmecophilous
manner. The ants paid no attention to them. I consider
this species is practically established here as an ant guest.
Scydmaenus pusillus, Mill.
It has been recorded with formica rufa, at Buddon
and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 409
Wood (Fowler), Stoke Wood, Devon (Parfitt); and I have
taken it with LZ. fuliginosus at Tilgate Forest. Both this
species and the last seem to be rare on the Continent and
are not recorded with ants.
Luthia plicata, Gyll., has also been recorded from ants’
nests here, and Ganglbauer writes “also in nests of
Formica rufa and exsecta.” I am inclined to doubt if
many of the British records are the true plicata, Gyll,
at all.
Trichonyx sulcicollis, Reich.
It was taken by Douglas and Scott in old elm stumps
at Lee in company with ants, but most of the records in
this country appear to be away from ants. Mons. Bedell
records it with Ponera contracta near Paris, and Herr
Reitter with Lasiws brunneus. Our other species, 7’
mérkeli, is almost always taken with ants, and I suspect
that this species also is truly myrmecophilous.
Ptenidiwm turgidum, Th.,and P. gressneri, Er., have both
been recorded with ants. Fowler writes of the former,
“in rotten wood, usually in company with ants,” and of
the latter, “in rotten wood, chiefly in company with
Formica fuliginosa.” I have taken gressneri in a nest of
Lasius fuliginosa in Sherwood Forest, but both these
species are much more generally found away from ants.
Hister marginatus, Er., was taken by Harwood with both
Formica rufa and Lasius fuliginosus at Colchester. Dr.
Joy, however, has shown it is a moles’-nest species, where
it is often abundant, and widely distributed.
Dendrophilus punctatus, Hbst.
“Tn dead animals, rotten wood, etc., and also in the
nests of Formica fuliginosa” (Fowler, 111, p. 207).
Janson recorded it with / rufa (Ent. Ann., 1857,
p. 95). I took it with the same ant at Weybridge, and
have bred it out of my observation nests of Lasius fuli-
gimosus from Wellington College, and Yormica exsecta from
Bournemouth. It is frequently found in birds’ nests; Joy
treats of it in his Class B (those species which are com-
monly found in the nests and breed there, but also are
found and breed elsewhere), and writes (H. M. M., 1906,
p: 246), “ found in almost any old nest, even if it is quite
d 12?
rats ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART III. (SEPT.) EE
410 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Origin
Wasmann gives Lasius fuliginosus as its host, and writes,
“ Although this species is often taken also in hornets’ nests,
in earth, etc., I still hold it in preference as myrmeco-
philous.” Dendrophilus pygmaeus is purely myrmeco-
philous; the hardness of the body in the Misteridae pro-
tect them from the attacks of the ants, and it is evident
that a certain number of species are experimenting in
a myrmecophilous life.
Abraeus globosus, Hoffm.
“Tn rotten wood of beech, ash, etc. . . . Mickleham, in
nests of F. fuliginosa” (Fowler).
Crotch recorded it as not rare with Lasius fuliginosus at
Weston-super-Mare, but most abundant in Cambridgeshire,
and he writes, “Though I have no doubt this species is a
truly myrmecophilous insect, it has a great partiality for
fungus” (Zool., 1862, p. 8140).
Kraatz recorded it with Formica rufa (Stett. Ent. Zeitz.,
1851, p.170),and Von Hagens with Lasius brunneus (Berl.
Ent. Zeitschr., 1855, p. ii). Perris described the larva
of this species from a nest of Lasius fuliginosus (Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon., x11, 1876, p. 16).
It is much more frequently found in rotten wood away
from ants; I have taken it in rotten trees in the New
Forest, Tewkesbury and Enfield, but never with ants. If
it were not for the records with F. rufa, etc., one might
imagine that Lasius fuliginosus had selected a tree already
occupied by the beetle, but even so, this might represent
the beginning of a myrmecophilous life.
Cetonia aurata, L.
This species is only occasionally found with ants. In-
deed, Father Schmitz, in a paper on “Some Traditional
Errors in Zoological Literature” (Natur w. Offenbarung.
Band 54, 1908, p. 99), points out that the larvae of Cetonia
aurate is repeatedly quoted as living in the nests of the
wood ant, when really Cetonia cuprea, F. ( floricola, Hbst.,
aenea, Gyll.), is intended, and that Wasmann has only found
the former on one or two occasions with ants. The follow-
ing genuine records, however, occur here.
Janson recorded the larvae with /. rufa (Ent. Ann., 1856,
p. 151); F. Smith writes, ‘Ihave found the Cetonia aurata
and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 411
in nests (of F. rufa) which I have met with in Yorkshire”
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. 101).
Shipp recorded (E.M.M., 1892, p. 288) finding two
coccoons in a nest of the wood-ant on Shotover Hill, near
Oxford, and on opening one of them he found a perfect
insect in it.
Professor Poulton took several larvae and a perfect insect
in anest of Formica rufa, in the New Forest, which he sent
to me, and I introduced them into my observation nest of
that ant, and bred perfect insects from these larvae. (See
“Myrmecophilous habits of Cetonia awrata,” Ent. Rec., 1904,
p. 301.) Cetonia jfloricola is truly myrmecophilous in its
early stages, and I think the study of C. awrata, when
found with ants, shows us exactly how the former became
so. These beetles are too hard for the ants to injure, the
skin of the larvae also is too tough, and they brush off the
ants by burying themselves in the débris of the nest when
attacked, as I have shown. With jloricola, Mr. Lloyd
recorded that when at Rannoch, he had exposed their
larvae, they were fiercely attacked by the ants. (HE. M. M.,
1892, p. 310).
There are of course other records of non-myrmecophilous
Coleoptera with ants, most of them no doubt of chance
occurrence, but some more frequently, still enough has
been written here to illustrate our subject. In conclusion
I should like to say that I am collecting all the British
records of species found with ants, and shall be much
obliged if any one can tell me of any of those species
mentioned here which I have omitted.
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( 413 )
VIII. On the Colonisation of New Nests of Ants by Myrmeco-
philous Coleoptera. By H. Sr. J. DonistHorps, F.Z.8.
[Read June 2, 1909.]
IN a letter, dated January 19th, 1876, to Professor Forel,
Charles Darwin wrote—“I hope you will allow me to
suggest an observation, should any opportunity occur, on a
point which has interested me for some years—viz., how
do the Coleoptera which inhabit the nests of ants colonise
a new nest? Mr. Wallace, in reference to the presence of
such Coleoptera in Madeira, suggests that their ova may
be attached to the winged female ants, and that these are
occasionally blown across the ocean to the island. It would
be very interesting to discover whether the ova are adhe-
sive, and whether the female Coleoptera are guided by
instinct to attach them to the female ants; or whether the
larvae pass through an early stage, as with Stéaris or Meloe,
or cling to the bodies of the females. This note obviously
requires no answer. I trust that you continue your most
interesting investigations on ants.” (“More Letters of
Charles Darwin,” 1903, vol. 11, p. 11.)
Professor Poulton, when calling my attention to the
passages quoted above, suggested that I should endeavour
to answer this question. The following paper is the
result.
In this, the hundredth anniversary of the birth of the
illustrious Darwin, it is especially appropriate to bring
together all the available evidence bearing on the subject.
This question shows, as usual, Darwin’s wonderful insight
into the most interesting and arresting problems in natural
history, and his clearness of thought in at once putting
his finger on the most important point in them.
This paper only deals with such species as are truly
myrmecophilous in their habits, that is to say, those which
are almost invariably found with ants, and not those which
are more often found elsewhere. With the latter I have
dealt in a previous paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909,
p. 397).
The actual seeking of new nests, and oviposition in
them by ants’-nest beetles, are almost impossible to
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART III. (SEPT.)
414 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
observe in the wild state. Exception may perhaps be
found in such species as Cetonia floricola, and Clythra
quadripwnctata, which only inhabit the nests in the larval
and pupal states. The methods of colonisation are further-
more very different according as the different species of
beetles belong to the different categories of true guests,
hostile persecuted lodgers, or indifferently treated lodgers.
The first of these supplying their hosts with a sweet secre-
tion and fed by them, naturally come into much closer
relationship with the ants than any of the others. In
order to give anything like a satisfactory answer to
Darwin’s question we really require to study the whole
life history of ants’-nest beetles and their connection with
their hosts.
When an ants’ nest is disturbed a scene of apparent
chaos ensues: the ants all rush about, some attacking the
intruder, others hurrying off into safety, with their brood,
and with the true guests and their larvae. Their other
guests likewise endeavour to escape : some “ feign death,”
while others seek the interior of the nest. It is obvious
that in such a scene we can gain no insight into the
normal procedure of a fresh colonisation, and are therefore
forced to rely on evidence obtained from observation nests,
and experiments on ants’-nest beetles, and on beetles bred
in such nests; on their pairing habits, and on when and
where one finds the beetles, their larvae, etc. It is neces-
sary to consider all records of true myrmecophilous beetles
found at large, away from ants’ nests; and of all specimens
found with ants other than their usual hosts. These
latter examples will afford evidence that the beetles not
only have not returned to the nest in which they were
bred, but have not even sought the same species of ants.
The rarity of such records tends to prove that ants’-nest
beetles are as a rule very constant in associating with
their regular hosts. J would also remark that it is most
important that all records of ants’-nest beetles should be
accompanied by full and accurate data, stating the number
of specimens taken, the exact date, and the species of ant
with which the beetle occurred. Without these facts the
subject cannot be investigated with any hope of success.
Many species no doubt simply fly direct to a new nest,
either to deposit their eggs in it, or from the necessity of
pairing with other individuals of their own species. Be-
sides this they may reach new nests by the following
soneraeecs .— <S
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 415
means :—(1) by leaving a nest in company with their
hosts when the latter seek a new one, the true guests
being perhaps * carried by, or riding on the ants, the other
species running along with them; (2) by a nest being
captured by another colony which may kill off the original
holders, and live in their domicile, or during the so-called
slave-making raids, when the marauders not only capture
and carry off the brood of the other ant, but aiso the beetle
larvae in the nest; (3) by attaching themselves to winged
female ants they might be carried out during the marriage
flight and thus come to inhabit the new nest founded by
this female. In other cases when the ants fall to the
ground, the guests might enter some neighbouring nest, or
be taken in by its ants. There is finally Wallace’s sugges-
tion in the letter to Darwin referred to above—that the
ants’-nest beetles occurring in Madeira might have been
introduced as ova attached to winged queen ants occasion-
ally blown over to the island.
In order to test the above hypotheses I propose to con-
sider the evidence afforded by some of the ants’-nest
beetles which occur in Britain.
Homoeusa acuminata, Mark.
Normal hosts.—Lasius niger, L., and L. fuliginosus, Ltr.
Wollaston took this species in a nest of Formica fusca, L.
near Bromley, in 1856 (Zool. 1856, p. 5178), and several
specimens again in 1857.
Chitty and I took a few specimens with the same ant at
Doddington, Kent, May 12th, 1901 (E. M. M. 1902, p. 74).
I took a specimen at Mickleham in a mixed nest of
Lasius flavus and niger under a stone May 27th, 1900.
As it is unusual for these ants to live together, they were
probably encroaching on each other, and eventually the
one might exterminate the other. Should Z. flavus have
been the victor, we might thus account for a specimen
occurring in a nest of this ant.
O. E. Janson took a specimen running on a bank at the
* A. R. Wallace, in a letter to Darwin (J. c. p. 19) remarks: .. .
“it may well be that the ova, or larvae, or imagoes of the beetles
are not carried systematically by the ants, but only occasionally,
owing to some exceptional circumstances. This might produce a
great effect in distribution, yet be so rare as never to come under
observation.”
416 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
base of a fence in the London district on May 16th, 1857
(Zool. 1857, p. 1768).
A specimen was swept near Tonbridge, by Horner
(E. M. M., 1885, xxii, p. 88).
Chitty took two specimens in the spring of 1894, near
Doddington, in cart-ruts, full of water, and I took another
specimen in the same cart-ruts in May 1901 (HE. M. M., 1902,
. 74).
: We see by this that Momocusa leaves the nests in
the spring, probably for pairmg and to seek new nests.
Father Hugger has seen the pairing of this bettle in an
observation nest of Z. niger (Wasmann). It is very like a
Dinarda in its habits and belongs to the indifferently
treated lodgers. Father Wasmann has occasionally seen
the licking of the beetle by its hosts, L. niger, and
shows that when introduced into strange nests of the
same ant it is at least tolerated.
Oxypoda vittata, Mark.
Normal host.—Lasius fuliginosus, Ltr.
Father Wasmann once found it in some numbers with
Lasius brunneus, i a tree in company with other guests
of L. fuliginosus. The brunneus must have taken pos-
session of a tree that had been occupied by the latter ant.
He also took a single specimen in October and a single
specimen in November with Formica rufa in Dutch Lim-
burg, and has seen it in some numbers flying far from
a nest of L. fuliginosus.
Dr. Sharp records it as very rare in Scotland, and away
from ants. (“Scot. Nat.” II, 1873-4, p. 189.)
Walker has taken it by sweeping at Witham Park.
(“ Oxford List, 1906,” p.13.) It belongs to the indifferently
tolerated lodgers, as do the next 8 species mentioned.
Oxypoda forniceticola, Mirk.
Normal host.—/ormica rufa, L.
Wasmann records a single specimen taken with 2. fusca
in August in Dutch Limburg. I have bred this species
in /. rufa observation nests.
Thiasophila angulata, Er.
Normal hosts.—Formica rufa, L., and pratensis, De G.
I took a single specimen in company with Lasius fult-
ginosus at Oxshott on May 16th, 1900. I have shown that
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 417
this beetle protects itself against the ants if attacked, as
also the next species. Wasmann took one specimen in a
nest of Formica sanguinea in May in Dutch Limburg, and
has also caught it on the wing.
[Notr.—Formica pratensis, De G. (congerens, Nyl.), appears to be
very rare in Britain; it has been recorded from Bournemouth,
Holnest, Porlock, Exmouth, Rannoch and elsewhere in Scotland.
Possibly some of these records are in error as Saunders only gives
Bournemouth and Rannoch. I have never been able to find it, but
I have found nests of the subspecies rufa-pratensis, Forel, at Nethy
Bridge, which have the colouring of pratensis without its hairiness. ]
Thiasophilia inquilina, Mark.
Normal host.—ZLastus fuliginosus, Ltr.
Dr. Power took a specimen with Formica rufa at Burn-
ham Beeches on June 21st, 1857.
Llyobates glabrwentris, Rye (bonnairei, Fvl.).
This species appears to be very rare both here and on
the Continent. It was taken sparingly by Dr. Power
with Lasius fuliginosus at Mickleham in May and June
1863, in the runs of the ants in company with Homoeusa
acuminata. (KH. M.M., I, 1865, p. 212.) Wasmann took it
with Lasiws brunneus in July in Dutch Limburg and
remarks, “perhaps a regular guest of the ant”; also with
Lasivus alienus in Vienna. Sklitzky records it with Lasius
niger in Bohemia.
Fauvel described it from a specimen taken by M.
Bonnaire in Compiegne, but does not record how it was
captured. (“ Bul. Soc. Normandie,” IX, 1865, p. 287.)
Mr. Elliman swept two specimens in a moist wood near
the Chiltern Hills on June 6th, 1897, and remarks that the
atmosphere at the time was remarkably still and warm.
(E. M. M., 1897, p. 279.)
We now come to the genus Dinarda. Father Wasmann
tells me their eggs are deposited in the soil of the nests,
the larvae emerging there. The copulation of Dinarda is
the same as that of Lomechusa and Atemeles.
Dinarda markeli, Kies.
Normal host.— Formica rufa, L.
Wasmann records a single specimen ina nest of Mormica
sanguinea in May in Dutch Limburg.
I have bred this species in my observation nests of
418 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
Formica rufa, and have shown that it protects itself when
introduced to strange rwfas, or when attacked in the nest,
as also do the other species.
Dinarda dentata, Gr.
Normal host.—formica sanguinea, Ltr.
One specimen was taken by W. C. Jackson in a nest of
Formica exsecta at Bournemouth. (“ Ent. Rec.,” 1905, p.
272.)
Wasmann found a single example in August with F.
rufibarbis in Dutch Limburg, and has found the species
running about away from ants. Douglas and Scott once
found at Shirley in September 1863, “a quantity of
Formica sanguinea running close together in one direction,
and side by side with them, in nearly equal number,
Dinarda dentata.” (E.M. M., 1900, p. 11.) No doubt the
ants were seeking a new habitation and the beetles had
left the old nest with them. Father Wasmann found this
ant in the act of leaving its nest, carrying cocoons and
each other, accompanied by their slaves, /. fusca, also
carrying cocoons, etc. Over 100 D. dentata were on the
top of the nest in a state of excitement, running in and
out of the entrances and following the ants.
Professor Wheeler records that in the neighbourhood of
Wiirtzburg he came upon a colony of /. sanguinea in the
act of moving to a new nest. The ants were laden with
their larvae and were marching along a dusty road and in
their midst two Dinarda dentata were running. (“Journal
fur Psychologie und Neurologie,” Leipzig, 1908, p. 435.)
I have bred this species in numbers in my observation
nest of Formica sanguinea, the larvae of the beetles being
very plentiful at times.
Dinarda hagensi, Wasim.
Normal host.—ormica exsecta, Nyl.
IT have also bred this species in my observation nest of
its host, Formica exsecta, from Bournemouth.
Dinarda pygmaea, Wasm.
Normal host.—Formica rufibarbis, F., var. fusco-rufi-
barbis, For.
I have found the larva of this beetle in company with
the imago in the nest of this ant at Whitsand Bay.
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 419
Lomechusa strumosa, F.
Normal host.—formica sanguinea, Ltr.
Wasmann found it in some numbers in one nest of
Formica rufa in Dutch Limburg in May 1897, and a
single specimen with F. rufibarbis v. fusco-rufibarbis,
on May 14th, 1897. Sir Hans Sloane captured a specimen
on Hampstead Heath in 1710. Dr. Leach took one when
travelling in the mail coach between Cheltenham and
Gloucester about 1820.
One got up and flew away off the sheet I was using
when examining a nest of #. sanguinea at Woking.
Roger records that on warm days one often sees Lome-
chusa out and walking about.
Sahlberg caught it on the wing.
Wasmann remarks that although not double-hosted like
Atemeles, it often changes its habitation.
I have described and figured the copulation of this
beetle, and I found in my observation nest that a number
of specimens collected together outside the nest for this
purpose, and afterwards the ¢ 2 immediately entered the
nest.
Father Wasmann has recorded that they collect together
at pairing time, and that he once found 63 specimens sit-
ting on the top of a nest, 6 pairs being in cop., and that
some days later they dispersed to other nests.
I once found under a turf at Woking a small number of
sanguinea 9 9, two 2 9, and several Lomechusa, all evidently
about to move together.
Father Wasmann has shown that the eggs of this beetle
are laid on the eggs of very young larvae of the ants, and
that the eggs are very like the ants’ eggs and that the
larvae is at most only one or two days in the egg.
The species of the genus Atemeles are, like Lomechusa,
true guests, being fed * and licked by their hosts; they
differ, however, in being double hosted, that is to say,
their summer hosts are ants of the genus Formica, in
which nests their eggs are laid and their larvae bred, so
these ants may be called the larval hosts; their winter
* It is a very interesting fact, first pointed out by Father Wasmann,
that when an Atemeles desires to be fed, it not only asks an ant, by
tapping with its antenne, as does Lomechusa, but it further imitates
the actions of its hosts, by stroking the side of the head of the ant
with its front foot. Any one has only to keep Atemeles alive to
satisfy himself on this point.
420 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
hosts are ants of the genus Myrmica, which may be called
the beetle hosts. The beetles thus have to make a double
migration, one in the early part of the year from Myrmica
to Formica nests, and again in summer or autumn from
Formica to Myrmica. Consequently one would expect to
find Atemeles at large more often than other regular guests,
and this is exactly what does happen. The pairing time
is about May, and takes place in Yormica nests, it is the same
as that of Zomechusa. Father Wasmann has demonstrated
that the eggs of Atemeles are laid on the eggs of the ants,
from which they are undistinguishable even with a lens.
The young larve hatch very soon and devour the ants’
eggs. Another interesting point is that the beetles go
into quarantine before they enter the other hosts’ nest,
after leaving the one. This is several days when leaving
Myrmica, as they remain hidden inand near the new Formica
nest ; Wasmann has often proved this in observation nests,
etc. When going from Formica to Myrmica the period is
much longer, as they are not found with the latter before
the end of August or the beginning of September, though
they have long before disappeared from the Pormica nests.
Having been bred in the latter nests, the nest aura is no
doubt more pronounced in the beetles of the summer
migration.
Atemeles emarginatus, Pk.
Primary hosts—IJyrmica scabrinodis, Nyl., laevinodis
Nyl., ruginodis, Nyl., and swlcinodis, Nyl.
Secondary host.—formica fusca, L.
F. Smith once recorded he took a specimen which ran
out of a nest of /. rufa. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842,
pill)
The record in Parfitt’s “Col. Devon, 1867,’ p. 22, ‘in
nests of F. rufa, Plymouth, Reading,” is no doubt incorrect,
as it is recorded in the “ Ent. Annual” for 1858, p. 83, as
taken by Reading in nests of Myrmica rubra near Plymouth.
Penzance district in nests of /. rufa. (“Vic. Hist.
Cornwall,” 1906, p. 190.)
Here again I expect the ant was incorrectly recorded.
Mayr once found a single specimen with F. rufa, and
Westhoff one with Tetramorium caespitum.
I took a specimen by sweeping near a nest of Hormica
rufa on May 15th, 1894, at Guestling.
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 421
Champion took a specimen running across a path at
Bonchurch, I. of W., in July. (EK. M. M., 1887, p. 187.)
Harwood recorded the capture of a specimen in dead
leaves near Colchester during the early part of the year.
(E. M. M., 1898, p. 64.)
A specimen is recorded running on a chalky pathway.
(Vic. “ Hist. Herts., 1902,” p. 90.)
J. H. Keys took a specimen on his collar at South Brent
in May 1903.
Walker records one by sweeping at Headington Wick
Copse in June (“ 2nd Oxford List, 1907,” p. 53), and another
in a sand-pit in the New Forest in July. (EH. M. M., 1907,
p- 206.)
K. A. Butler swept a specimen in August at Luccombe,
in the I. of Wight.
Forel has shown that when Formica sanguinea and
Polyergus rufescens make slave raids on Formica fusca,
they not only carry off the cocoons of the latter, but also
the larvae of the Atemeles.
Atemeles paradoxus, Gr.
Primary hosts.—Myrmica ruginodis, Nyl., laevinodis,
Nyl., and scabrinodis, Ny].
Secondary hosts—/ormica rufibarbis, F., and var. fusco-
rupfibarbes, For.
Fowler took a specimen on the cliffs near Sandown,
being carried by an ant much smaller than itself, in April.
(E. M. M., 1884, XXI, p.18.) The ant was, I believe, Zasiws
niger.
H. W. Bates recorded this beetle with Formica flava at
Sheet Hedges Wood in Leicestershire. (“ Zool., 1944,” p.
700.) The beetle was, however, emarginatus, and the ants
were most probably Myrmicas.
Wasmann remarks that this and the last species are
often found at large, running and flying.
Myrmedonia funesta, Gr.
Normal host.—Lasius fuliginosus, Ltr.
A specimen was taken in a fungus in Birch Wood by
Curtis on May 6th, 1821. (“ Zool. 1855,” p. 4603.)
One captured by Linnell on Red Hill Common in 1855.
(“ Reigate List, 1898,” p. 12.)
422 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
Wasmann once found it in some numbers moving with
Lasius fuliginosus to a new nest at Exaeten.
Species of the genus Myrmedonia belong to the hostile
persecuted lodgers and prey on ants. I have shown that
this and other species protect themselves if attacked when
introduced into new nests, and to strange ants, by the
secretion which they give off.
Myrmedonia humeralis, Gr.
Primary host.—Lasius fuliginosus, Ltr.
Secondary hosts—Formica rufa, L., and pratensis, De G.
Scott took it in moss at Renfrew. (“ Zool. 1852,” p.
3462.)
Linnell records one example at Redstone in 1855, which
had probably strayed from a nest of /. rufa, of which there
were several at that time in Redstone Wood (“Reigate
List, 1898,” p. 12.)
A specimen was taken by Blatch under a stone in a dry
ditch at Hunstanton. (E.M.M., 1882, XIX, p. 139.)
Walker records it in faggots in the Blean Woods.
(E. M. M., 1898, p. 208.)
Wasmann mentions it running on roads.
The pairing which I have recorded is like that of
Lomechusa. (‘ Ent., Rec., 1908,” p. 283.)
I have taken the larvae in company with the beetle and
F. rufa near Knowle.
Myrmedonia cognata, Mark.
Normal host.—Lasius fuliginosis, Ltr.
A single specimen was taken by O. E. Janson on the
stump of a felled tree at Hampstead on June 3rd, 1855.
(“ Ent. Ann., 1857,” p. 72.)
One example was taken by "Wasmann with Lasiws niger
in May in Dutch Limburg. He found several specimens
with Lasius brunneus in a tree in company with other
guests of L. fuliginosus.
On March 25th, 1886, he found specimens moving with
L. fuliginosus at Exaeten from an old nest to a new one.
Ihave bred this species in my L. fuliginosus observation
nest.
Myrmedonia lugens, Gr.
Normal host.—Zasius fuliginosus, Lr.
A single specimen was taken in July with LZ. brunneus
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 428
by Wasmann in Dutch Limburg. He also took one at
Exaeten moving with LZ. fuliginosus to a new nest.
G. R. Waterhouse took it at Sydenham in the spring of
1856 away from ants.
Champion records it on the wing at Woking in June.
(E. M. M,, 1906, p. 255.)
Myrmedonia laticollis, Mark.
Normal host.—Lasius fuliginosus, Ltr.
Wasmann has found it with Z. brwnneus in a tree with
other guests of L. fuliginosus.
Champion records it on the wing at Woking in June.
(E. M. M., 1906, p. 255.)
I have taken the larvae in plenty in a nest of LZ. fuligi-
nosus at Wellington College, and have bred the beetle in
numbers in my observation nest of that ant.
Wasmann records that he has seen various species of
Myrmedonia flying in some numbers.
Notothecta flavipes, Gr.
Normal hosts.—Formica rufa, L., and pratensis, De G.
A single specimen was taken by Wasmann with /.
sanguinea in May in Dutch Limburg. I took a specimen
on the wing at Budleigh Salterton on January 22nd, 1896,
it being a very warm, sunny day; and swept another in
Darenth Wood on June 18th, 1908.
I have bred it in my /. rufa observation nest, and have
shown it protects itself when attacked.
Notothecta confusa, Miirk.
Normal host.—Lasius fuliginosus, Ltr.
I took asingle specimen with F. rufa at Oxshott. (“ Ent.
Rec., 1905,” p. 272.) These two species belong to the
indifferently treated lodgers.
Quedius brevis, Er.
Normal hosts.—Formica rufa, L., and Lasius fuliginosus,
Ltr.
A single specimen was taken in a nest of F. sanguinea at
Woking by Champion (E. M. M. 1906, p. 255), and another
with the same ant by H. W. Ellis at Bewdley. (“Ent. Rec.,
1908,” p. 57.)
Tuck took it in bees’ nests at Tostock in 1896. (“Suffolk
424 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
List, 1899,” p. 31.) I took a specimen in a sand-pit at
Weybridge on 29th April, 1895. W. E. Sharp found a
specimen under the bark of a tree near a nest of F. rufa
at Burnham Beeches. (“ Vic. Hist., Bucks., 1905,” p. 76.)
I found the larvae in some numbers in a nest of Lasius
Juliginosus at Wellington College. I have bred it in my
observation nest of &. rufa (two specimens came out of
the nest this year, one on January 28th, and the second on
February 19th), and have shown it protects itself from
the ants.
This and the next species belong to the hostile perse-
cuted lodgers.
Aantholinus atratus, Heer.
Normal hosts—Sformica rufa, L., pratenis, De G., and
Lasius fuliginosus, Ltr.
Linnell records a specimen taken crawling in the sand of
the cutting at Reigate tunnel in April 1865, and two
specimens in a sand-pit at Dorking in April 1867.
(“Reigate List, 1878,” p. 44.)
The only British record with Z. fuliginosus is that of
Mr. H. W. Ellis at Knowle. (‘ Ent. Rec.,” 1908, p. 57.)
Claviger testaceus, Preys.
Primary host.—Lasius flavus, De G.
Secondary hosts.—Lasius alienus, Forst., and niger, L.
It was once found in a nest of Zapinoma erratica by
Von Hagens. Striibing found four specimens in a nest of
L. niger, which appeared to have belonged to L. flavus and
to have been taken by the former ants, a few specimens of
the latter being still in the nest. The first specimen
taken in Britain was captured by Professor Westwood in
Oxfordshire on August 30th, 1838, in a nest of LZ. flavus.
It was attached to a winged ¢ on the under-side. This
suggests a possible method of being taken out of the old
nest.
Although Miiller in 1818 gave some account of the
habits of the curious beetles of the genus Claviger, show-
ing them to be true guests, etc. (“ Germar’s Mag.,” III, pp.
57-112), nothing is known to this day of their true life
history, of how and where the eggs are laid, or even of
their larvae! The problem has been investigated by
Janet, Wasmann, Hetschko, Schmitz and others without
——. OO ee
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aay
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 425
success. I have kept many examples alive in my observa-
tion nests of Z. flavus and ZL. niger, but have never been
able to breed it. I saw it fed and licked by its hosts, and
also feed on their larvae. I saw specimens riding on each
other, but this does not imply copulation, as, as many as
five or more Clavigers will all ride mounted on each other,
the bottom one carrying them all; numbers also ride on
their hosts.
At Portland, where I found it in numbers, I also saw
specimens riding on each other in the nests. I intro-
duced specimens there from Z. flavus nests to L. niger
nests and vice versa, both near to each other and at a
distance, and they were always accepted by the ants. I
also obtained similar results in my observation nests at
home, including / rufa. Last year, however, specimens
which I had taken with Z. flavus at Dartmouth, introduced
into an observation nest of Zetramorium caespitum, were
attacked and killed by the ants.
Father Schmitz found that C. longicornis was received
by most of the ants he introduced it to, except F. rwfi-
barbis and sanguinea, which killed it.
When a nest is disturbed the ants often pick up the
Clavigers and carry them into safety. Father Schmitz
showed that C. longicornis was carried riding on the ants
(LZ. wmbratus), when he allowed them to enter a new nest.
Professor Hetschko records C. testacews as often attached
to the winged 9 ants, and suggests they may be spread to
other and new nests through the marriage flight. He
found the beetles could live away from ants when fed
with dead flies, etc. Wasmann had already pointed out
that they also fed on the ants’ larvae. The beetles appear
to hybernate in the nests.
It is very doubtful if the larva described by L. von
Heyden (“ Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk,” 1876-77, p. 201) is
that of Claviger at all.
Dendrophilus pygmaeus, L.
Normal hosts.—Formica rufa, L., and pratensis, De G
Stephens recorded this species as taken in plenty in
sand-pits on Hampstead Heath and gravel-pits in Coombe
Wood. (“ Mand.” III, 1830, p. 160.)
I have bred specimens in my F. rufa observation nest, and
have found the pupa in a nest of that ant at Haye Woods
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART Il. (SEPT.) FF
426 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
in May. The shape and hardness of this and the next
species protect them from the ants. They belong to the
indifferently treated guests, though Myrmetes is sometimes
licked by its hosts.
Myrmetes piceus, Pk.
Normal hosts.—ormica rufa, L., and pratensis, De G.
Wasmann took a single specimen in a nest of & san-
guinea, which contained rufa as slaves in Dutch Limburg.
I have bred this species in my & rufa observation nest
many times, and on May 10th, 1909, I noticed a pair in
cop. in a small Formica observation nest, and also the
licking of a specimen by an ant.
Amphotis marginata, F.
Normal host.—Laswus fuliginosus, Ltr.
Taken on the wing in the summer of 1906 at Woking
by Champion. (E. M. M., 1906, p. 255.)
Cetonia floricola, Hbst.
Normal hosts (for larvae and pupa).—ormica rufa, L.,
and pratensis, De G.
A single larva was found by Wasmann in May in a nest
of Formica sanguinea, and another with L. fwliginosus in
Dutch Limburg. Wasmann has pointed out that the 2
Cetonia lays her eggs in the ants’ nests, and that she is
attacked by the ants.
Rupertsberger describes the entrance of a 2 Cetonia
which he saw fly up, into a nest of /. pratensis, to lay her
eggs, (“ Wien Ent. Zeitg.,” 1893, p. 249.)
Weaver recorded that the larvae lived in the nests of
F. rufain Scotland. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Nov. Ist, 1852.)
Lloyd records finding larvae and pupe in nests of /. rufa
at Rannoch. (E. M. M., 1892, p. 310.)
I found the empty pupa cases in the nests at Rannoch
in June 1900, and larvae in some numbers in a rufa nest
at Nethy Bridge last May.
W. Evans bred the beetle from larvae taken in F. rufa
nests, Upper Forth. (“ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.” 1903, p. 95.)
Clythra 4-punctata, L.
Normal host (for larva and pupa).—ormica rufa, L.
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 427
The larvae and pupae of this beetle are common in nests
of F. rufa.
Father Wasmann records the seeking of nests by the
beetles to lay eggs at Exaeten.
I have described the copulation of this beetle and also
the eggs, young larvae, etc, and have shown that the
® lets fall her eggs on to the rufa nests, and that the ants
pick them up and carry them into the galleries.
Besides the lists and periodicals mentioned in the above
notes, I have consulted the following papers which bear on
the subject :—
WasmANN, E, (S.J.),
(1) “ Uber die Lebensweise einiger Ameisengiste.”
I, Tl.—Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1886, I, pp. 49-66.
(2) “Uber die Lebenweise einiger Ameisengiste.”
II. Tl—Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1887, I, pp. 108—
122,
(5) “ Beitrage zur Lebensweise der Gattungen Atemeles
und Lomechusa.”
Tijdschr. v. Entom., XX XI, pp. 245-328.
(11) “ Vergleichende Studien iiber Ameisengiste und
Termitengiste.”
Tijdschr. v. Entom. XX XIII, pp. 27-97.
(17) “Kine neue Clavigeride aus Madagaskar . . . mit
biologischen Bemerkungen.”
Stett. Ent. Ztg., 1891, pp. 3-10.
(18) “ Verzeichnis der Ameisen und Ameisengiste von
Hollandisch-Limburg.”
Tijdschr. v. Entom. XXXIV, pp. 39-64.
(20) “ Vorbemerkung zu den internationalen Beziehun-
gen der Ameisengaste.”
Biol. Zentralbl. XI, 1891. No. 11, pp. 381-348.
(34) “Zur Lebens- und Entwicklungs-geschichte von
Atemeles pubicollis, mit einem Nachtrag iiber
Atemeles emarginatus.”
Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1894, II, pp. 281-283.
(38) “ Kritisches Verzeichnis der Myrmekophilen und
termitophilen Arthropoden.” Berlin, 1894.
(45) “Zur Biologie von Lomechusa strwmosa.”
Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1895, IT, p. 294.
(70) “ Zur Biologie der Lomechusa-Gruppe.”
Deutsch, Ent. Ztschr., 1897, I], pp. 275-277.
FF 2
428 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Colonisation of
(75) “ Zur Moti pa ee und Biologie der Lomechusa-
ruppe.”
Zool. Anzeig., 1897, No. 546, pp. 463-471.
(83) “Erster Nachtrag zu der Ameisengiste von Hol-
landish-Limburg.”
Tijdschr. v. Entom., XLI, 1898, pp. 1-18.
(105) “ Weitere Nactrage zum Verzeichnis der Ameisen-
giiste von Hollandish-Limburg.”
_ Tidschr. v. Entom., XLII, 1899, pp, 158-171.
(109) “Uber Atemeles pubicollis und die Pseudogynen
von Lormica rufa.”
Deutsch. Entom. Ztschr., 1899, II, pp. 407-409.
(181) “Neue Bestiitigungen der Lomechusa-Pseudogynen-
theorie.” ;
Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., 1902, pp. 98-108.
(146) “ Ursprung und Entwicklung der Sklaverei bei den
Ameisen.”
Biol. Zentralbl., XXV, 1905, No. 4-9.
(149) “ Zur Lebensweise von Atemeles pratensoides.”
Ztschr. wissensch. Insektenbiol., IJ, 1906, Heft.
1 and 2.
(162) “Weitere Beitrage zum sozialen Parasitismus und
der Sklaverei bei den Ameisen.” .
Biol. Zentralblatt., 1908. No. 8-13.
(164) “ Die psychischen Fahigkeiten der Ameisen.”
Second Edt., Stuttgart, 1909.
(166) “ Nachtrag zu: Weitere Beitrage zur sozialen Para-
sitimus und der Sklaverei bei den Ameisen.”
Biol. Zentralblatt., XXVIII, No. 22, pp. 726-731.
HETSCHKO, ALFRED.
“Zur Biologie von Claviger testaceus, Preyssl.”
Berliner. Entomolog, Zeitschrift, Bd. XLI, 1896,
Heft. I, pp. 45-50.
RUPERTSBERGER, MATHIAS.
“Coleopterologische Kleinigkeiten aus meinem
Tagebuche.”
Wien. Ent. Ztg., 1893, pp. 247-249.
Scumitz, H. (S.J.).
“Olaviger longicornis, Miill., sein Verhaltnis zur
Lasius wumbratus.”
Allgem. Zeits. fur Entomologie, 1908, Heft. 3,
4 and 5.
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera. 429
DOoNISTHORPE, HORACE, ST. J.
(10) “On the Origin of, and Progression in, the study of
Myrmecophilous Coleoptera.”
Trans. Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1901, Pt. I,
pp. 3-15.
(11) “On Some Experiments with Myrmecophilous
Coleoptera.”
Ent. Rec., 1901, pp. 351-352.
(13) “ The Life History of Clythra 4-punctata, L.”
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, Pt. I, pp. 11-23.
(15) “Further Experiments with Myrmecophilous Coleo-
ptera, etc.”
Ent. Rec., 1903, pp. 11-12.
(16) “Notes on the Myrmecophilous Habits of Cetonia
aurata, L.”
Ent. Rec., 1904, p. 301.
(25) “The Life History and Occurrence as British ot
Lomechusa strumosa, ¥.”
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, Pl. IV (Jan. 1908),
pp. 415-520.
In conclusion, I must express my best thanks to Father
Wasmann for his kind help in letters, and by pointing out
which of his papers I should find most useful to consult on
this subject ; and to Professor Poulton for kind suggestions
and revising some of this paper for me.
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(481)
IX. On Some New and Little-known Neotropical Lycaenidae.
By Hamitton H, Druce, F.LS., ete.
[Read June 2nd, 1909.]
PEMD del,
THE following short paper contains an account of some
new and little-known forms of butterflies belonging to the
Lycaenidae, which have been placed in my hands for ex-
amination by Mr. H. J. Adams, and which were obtained
by his collectors, Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson, in the
years 1902, 1903, 1904, in Peru.
To these I have added a description of a small but very
distinct species from the Argentine, and some remarks on
several described forms.
Thecla melidor, sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 4.)
¢. Allied to T. atys, Cr.* Upper-side with brands as in that
species ; ground colour of wings bluer.
Under-side. Both wings irrorated with green at ‘the base, no
dark band closing the cell of the fore-wing. A long red streak on
costa of hind-wing extending almost half way to the apex, in place
of the red basal spot of 7. atys. A red spot beyond the pale spot
below the red streak, which spot is not found in 7. atys; a long red
streak running down the inside of the submedian nervure—this is
short in 7. atys. The ground colour is greyer.
The abdomen is vermilion below and blackish above.
Expanse, 2} inch.
Hab. Rio CoLorapo, Peru, 2,500 ft. (Watkins and
Tomlinson.)
TypE, Mus. Adams. Captured in August.
Allied also to 7. bacis, Godm. and Salv.,+ and Z. vul-
nerata, Staud. t
* Papilio atys, Cr., Pap. Exot. iii, t. 259, figs. E, F (1782).
t Thecla bacis, G. and S., B.C.A., Lep. Rhop., vol. ii, p. 21, Pl.
XLIX, figs. 20-22 (1887).
t Thecla bacis, v. vulnerata, Staud., Exot. Schmett., p. 285, Pl.
XCVII.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART III. (SEPT.)
432 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce on
Thecla adamsi, sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 2.)
g¢. Upper-side. Both wings shining bluish-green, shading to
purple towards apex of fore-wing. Costa, apex and outer-margin
of fore-wing narrowly black ; apex and outer-margin of hind-wing
narrowly black, abdominal margin grey. Anal angle rather broadly
black with a narrow white line running from the abdominal margin
just below the lobe to the lower median nervule. Cilia of fore-wing
black, of hind-wing white, tipped with black. Tails black tipped
with white.
Under-side. Ground colour of both wings chocolate-brown, bluish
on basal and discal areas of fore-wing and pale brown along inner
margin of same wing, both wings crossed by three irregular pale
blue lines, the innermost of which is most clearly defined on both
wings. On the hind-wing these lines are angled towards the
abdominal margin. In addition to these lines there is a short blue
line closing the cell of the fore-wing and a longer blue line just
below the costa rather before the middle. Cilia of fore-wing brown,
of hind-wing white, tipped with brown. An anteciliary blue line
from the apex where it is faint, to the ablominal margin below the
lobe, which is deep black. Thorax green above, brown below.
Abdomen brown on both surfaces. Legs brown, spotted with white.
Expanse, 2 inch.
Hab. Picuts Roap, Peru, 3,000 ft. (Watkins and
Tomlinson).
TypE, Mus. Adams.
This insect is somewhat like 7. havila, Hew.,* but is
without the large double brand which is so well marked
a character of that species, and on the under-side has a
blue mark closing the cell, and differently arranged lines.
Thecla ematheon. (Plate XI, fig. 5.)
Papilio ematheon, Cr., Pap. Ex. ii, t. 163, F.G. (1779).
Hab. PERENE River, Peru, 2,000 ft. (Watkins and
Tomlinson).
This beautiful and distinct species has never been
recorded since it was described and figured by Cramer,
now more than a hundred years ago.
Mr. Adams’ specimen, which undoubtedly represents
* Thecla havila, Hew., Ill. Diur. Lep. Lyc., p. 76, Pl. XXX, figs.
23, 24 (1865). ¢. The Godman collection contains a ? which has
broader black margins and duller blue areas on the upper-side than
the ¢.
ers
oe
Some New and Little-known Neotropical Lycaenidae. 433
Crazner’s insect, has the discal areas of the fore-wing above,
adjoining the large black patch, suffused with purple when
seen in some lights.
Cramer records it from Surinam, which, if correct, seems
to point to a very extended range.
Hewitson wrote that he was hoping to receive it from
Cayenne, but he never obtained a specimen.
It is perhaps allied to 7. undulata, Hew.,* and 7. busa,
G. and 8.,f but the anal area is less pronounced, and the
tail is less spatulate than in either of these species.
Thecla gibberosa tomlinsont. (Plate XI, fig. 3.)
Thecla gibberosa, Hew. Ill. Diur. Lep. Lyc., p. 85, Pl.
XXXIII, figs. 48, 49 (1867).
6. Upper-side differs from the typical form by the whole of the
fore-wing being suffused with brilliant shining blue and the hind-
wing with grey blue, thus obliterating the white areas. Under-side
as typical form.
2. Both surfaces as typical form.
Hab, CHANCHAMAYO, Peru, and Rio CoLorapbo, Peru,
2,500 ft. (Watkins and Tomlinson). Mus. Adams. Cap-
tured in September.
T. gibberosa has the linear patch on the fore-wing below
as described in 7. numen, P. Z. S., 1907, p. 574.
Thecela amatista, Dognin.
Thecla amatista, Dognin, Anns. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p.
106.
Thecla candor, H. H. Druce, P. Z. S., 1907, p. 578, Pl.
MXM fie. -T.
Hab. Ecuapor, PERv.
On a recent visit to Paris M. Dognin has kindly shown
me the types of the three Zheclas described by him, and I
find that two of them are identical with forms recently
described and figured by myself. The third, 7. faga, is a
small brown insect which seems to me better placed in
the genus Scolitantides. We possess specimens of it from
* Thecla undulata, Hew., Ill. Diur. Lep. Lyc., p. 81, t. 32, figs.
41, 42 (1867).
Tt Thecla busa, G. and S., B.C.A., Lep. Rhop., vol. ii, p. 26, PI.
LI, figs. 1, 2 (1887).
434 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce on
Cuzco, Peru, and La Paz, Bolivia. It has remarkably long
palpi, especially i in the f, which are thickly clothed with
hairs, as noted by M. Dognin.
Thecla alatus, H. H. Druce. (Plate XI, fig. 13.)
Thecla alatus, H. H. Druce, P. Z. 8., 1907, p. 579.
Hab. PERU.
I have figured the type which is contained in Mr. God-
man’s collection. Although allied to 7. culminicola, Staud.,
it is distinguished by the paler blue areas, the broader
brown margins and the plain cilia. This insect inhabits
very high altitudes.
Thecla culminicola, Staud.
Theela culminicola, Staud. Iris, vii, Pl. I, fig. 6, 1894.
Hab. SAN MATEO, Peru.
TypE, Mus. Adams.
Mr. Adams’ specimen, a ¢ with a small pale brand at
the end of the cell of the fore-wing above, agrees well with
Staudinger’s figure, and has very ‘clearly defined black and
white chequered cilia to both wings on both surfaces. —
Thecla paphlagon, Feld. (Plate XI, fig. 1.)
Pseudolycoena paphlagon, Feld., Reis., Nov. Lep., p. 249,
Pl. XXXI, figs. 10-11 (1865).
Hab. CHANCHAMAYO, Peru, 2,000-7,500 ft.
TypE, Mus. Adams.
The f figured is larger, and of a darker shade of blue
than the t described by me in P. Z. 8., 1907, p. 594, and
has the black hairs along the submedian nervure of hind-
wing above, much as in “Thecla ochus, G. and 8.
—Theela piplea, G. and S.
Thecla piplea, G. and §., P. Z. S., 1896, p. 516.
Thecla subobscura, Lathy, Abstr. P.Z. S., 1904, No. 5, p. 19,
P.Z.S., 1904, vol.i, p. 452.
Hab. St. VINCENT. Dominica. W. Indies.
Mr. Lathy has kindly lent me the type of his 7’. sub-
obscura, which I find does not differ in any way from the
previously described 7’. piplea.
Some New and Little-known Neotropical Lycaenidae. 435
Thecla purpurantes. (Plate XI, fig. 12.)
Thecla purpurantes, H. H. Druce, P. Z. 8., 1907, p. 597,
Pl, MMXV, fron: &.
2. Upper-side paler than 4, blue areas slightly less extensive and
more cerulean in hue. Under-side as ¢, but paler.
Hab. SAN REmMON, Peru, 3,000 ft. (Watkins and Tom-
linson.)
Typr, Mus. Adams.
Captured in August.
Thecla crepundia, sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 6.)
4. Upper-side dull olivaceous-brown, the basal areas of both
wings dull indigo-blue which appears shining when held at an
angle. Cilia of both wings brown, whitish towards apex of hind-
wing. Under-side : fore-wing olivaceous-brown, paler along inner
margin, broadly tipped with creamy-white crossed by brown
nervules ; basal area shining greyish-blue. Shoulders very narrowly
bright red. Hind-wing creamy-white, basal and anal areas clouded
with brownish ; all the veins distinctly dark brown, A large red
basal spot. Thorax and abdomen black above, white below. Legs
black. Palpi white, terminal joint black. Antennae black, annulated
with white.
Expanse, 1 m.
Hab. Rio CoLorapo, Peru, 2,500 ft. (Watkins and
Tomlinson).
Typr, Mus. Adams.
This curious little insect is allied to Zhecla miranda,
G.and S8.,* and Thecla schausi, G. and §.,+ and belongs to a
group that is very little known. Besides other differences
it has only one red basal spot on the under-surface, and
that on the hind-wing. The figure is drawn 1} times
natural size to better show the details of coloration.
Thecla phrosine, sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 7.)
Q. Upper-side dull smoky-brown. Cilia of fore-wing pale brown,
of hind-wing pure white, tipped with grey at the anal angle. Under-
* Thecla miranda, G. and §., B.C.A., Lep. Rhop., vol. ii, p. 99
(1887).
+ Thecla schausi, ibid., p. 98, Pl. LVIII, figs. 22, 23 (1887).
436 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce on
side ; both wings pure white, discal area of fore-wing very faintly
bluish-grey. Fore-wing with an ultra-median band composed of
rich brown dots, commencing on the costa and reaching below the
first median nervule. Hind-wing with a central circular band com-
posed of larger rich brown blotches from the costa to the inner
margin. A submarginal row of brown dots. A clearly defined, black,
anteciliary line common to both wings. Cilia of both wings pure
white. Thorax and abdomen olivaceous-brown above, pure white
below. Palpi white, terminal joint black. Legs white with black
spots. Antennae black, annulated with white.
Expanse, 1 inch.
Hab, CHANCHAMAYO, Peru, 2,000-7,500 feet.
Type, Mus. Adams.
Not closely allied to any with which I am acquainted,
but possibly belonging to the group containing Thecla
aura, G. and 8.* The figure is drawn 14 times natural
size.
Thecla vesper, sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 8.)
$+ Upper-side. Both wings uniform rich shining blue with even
deep black borders and a black spot at the end of the cell of the
fore-wing adjoining the costal border. Cilia of both wings black ;
lobe orange with some white hairs above and below. A faint white
anteciliary line between the lobe and the lower median nervure.
Under-side ashen-grey. Fore-wing with a clearly defined dark
brown, nearly straight, ultra-median line bordered outwardly with a
fine white line. Some submarginal shades’ between the median
nervules. Hind-wing with a rich brown, broader, much broken
line, reaching from the costa, near the apex, to the abdominal margin,
where it is angled, outwardly bordered with a white line. A large
reddish-orange patch at the anal angle and another near the margin,
between the tails, containing a black pupil. Some whitish sub-
marginal shades and a fine anteciliary black line. Cilia of fore-wing
brown ; of hind-wing whitish, tipped with grey. Tails black, tipped
with pure white.
Expanse, 14 inch.
Hab. CHANCHAMAYO, Peru, 2,000—7,500 feet.
Type, Mus. Adams. :
Not nearly allied to any species with which I am
* Thecla aura, G. and 8., B.C.A., Lep. Rhop., vol. ii, p. 60, Pl. LV,
figs, 21, 22 (1887).
Some New and Little-known Neotropical Lycaenidae. 437
acquainted, but perhaps belonging to the same group as
T. thama, Hew.*
Theela joya, Dognin.
Theela yoya, Dognin, Anns. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 106.
Thecla callao, H. H. Druce, P. Z.8., 1907, p. 611, Pl. XXXVI,
fig. 11.
Hab. ECuapDor, PERU.
Thecla gamma, sp.nov. (Plate XI, fig. 9.)
Upper-side. Both wings dull greyish-brown; inner-marginal
area of fore-wing and basal, discal and anal areas of hind-wing pale
dull greyish-blue. Cilia of both wings reddish-orange tipped with
brown and chequered with white at the apex of the fore-wing.
Under-side, ground colour brown. Fore-wing; a white mark closing
the cell; apical and outer-marginal areas laved with white and
speckled with dark red scales as also is the costa near the base.
Hind-wing with a broad central pure white band commencing on
’ the costa and reaching the inner margin just above the lobe where
it is broken and less clearly defined. A pure white y-shaped mark-
ing near the base surrounded by dark red. The outer-marginal half
of the wing as well as the costa is thickly speckled with red scales.
A red anteciliary line common to both wings. Cilia brown.
and abdomen blue above, white below.
Expanse, ¢ inch.
Hab. TucuMAN, Argentine Republic (P. Girard),
Type, Mus. Druce.
Appears to be nearest to 7. sanguinalis, Burm.,+ of
which we have a good series from Paraguay, but is quite
distinct. I am unable to state positively the sex of the
specimen described, but believe it to be a 9. It has no
trace of any differently placed scales at the end of the cell
of the fore-wing. The figure is drawn 1} times natural
size.
Thorax
Thecla heodes, sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 10 ¢, 11 2.)
3. Upper-side. Fore-wing orange with the costa, apex and
outer-margin rather narrowly brown; the inner-margin narrowly,
* Thecla thama, Hew., Ill. Diur. Lep., p. 189, Pl. LX XV, figs. 591,
592 (1877).
t Thecla sanguinalis, Burm., Lep. Répub. Argent, Pl. VIII, fig. 12
(1879).
438 Mr. H. H. Druce on Neotropical Lycaenidae.
and the basal area broadly, suffused, with greyish-white scales.
Hind-wing brown ; the outer-marginal area orange and the inner-
marginal and basal areas suffused with greyish-white. An outer-
marginal series of pale-blue patches placed on the nervules, which
are brown. Cilia of both wings pale-brown. Under-side pale
brown sprinkled with white scales; fore-wing with the discal
area orange and a short band placed beyond the cell, composed of
three confluent dark brown spots much as in 7. quadrimaculata,
Hew., but nearer to the apex. Hind-wing with an ultra-median
linear dark brown irregular band commencing on the costa and
reaching to the inner margin. Cilia grey.
2. Upper-side brown with the median interspaces of the discal
area brownish-orange. Hind-wing brown with the inner-marginal
areas slightly dusted with bluish-white scales and a submarginal
row of rather large dark brown spots inwardly crowned with orange.
Under-side paler than in ¢, the short band on fore-wing placed
lower down and the band on the hind-wing almost obsolete. Cilia,
thorax and abdomen concolorus with wings.
Expanse, ¢ li inch. @ 1,% inch.
Hab. $ Uramarca, 2? San Marcas, Department of
Ancachs, N. Peru.
Types, Mus. Adams.
Differs from 7. guadrimaculata, Hew.,* and its allies by
the $ wanting the prominent patch of dark scales at the
end of the cell of the fore-wing, and by the whitish shining
basal areas on the upper-side.
Although the under-sides of the two specimens described
present considerable differences, I think there is no doubt
that they are sexes of one species.
* Thecla quadrimaculata, Hew., Ent. Mo. Mag., 1874, p. 106 ; Ill.
Diur. Lep., p. 208, figs. 695, 696 (1877).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
[See Explanation facing the PLatE. |
Sept. 20, 1909.
(490)
X. A description of the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera,
with a view to gwing a simpler and more certain Nomen-
clatwre to the Alary System of Jurine. By CLAUDE
MoRLEY, F.Z.S.
[Read June 2nd, 1909.]
It is with the hope of introducing something approaching
uniformity into the very diversified names at present in
use for the various wing cells and nervures of Hymenoptera
that I lay this paper before the Society.* The front wing
alone is dealt with, since the lack of uniformity in the
hind one renders any attempt to generalize upon its
nervures unprofitable. It was mainly on two accounts
that I have been led to study the subject—first, because I
had myself committed (loc. cit. post) such egregious errors
of nomenclature that they cried for redress; and second,
because so much attention is now, at length, being accorded
the Order that the psychological moment for attempting
uniformity appears to have arrived.
Respecting the origin of the neuration, it is quite im-
possible to say anything of the least exact value. I had
hoped to have discovered something to this purpose by an
examination of the Order’s palaeontology, but am satisfied
that nothing is to be deduced therefrom.+ Nor is it at all
* My intimate friend, Mr. Ernest A. Elliott, F.Z.S., F.E.S., upon
looking through the MS., writes to me: “You start with a ‘hope of
introducing uniformity,’ and it is to be supposed that you want
every one to use the terms proposed by you, or rather to accept your
statement that this cell or that nervure Is so-and-so, but no attempt
is made to show why this set of names is better than any other, or
more appropriate.” This is most fair criticism ; but I do not claim
this set of names to be better or more appropriate than any other: I
choose them purely for their simplicity, and all I aim at is uniformity
in their adoption.
{ Dr. Heer has described a single small wing from the Lias of the
Swiss Alps as “ Hymenopterous,” but it more probably belonged to
some other Order of insects, since no others have been discovered
therein, even in localities where Neuroptera, etc., have occurred in
plenty. The first authentic remains are in the Mesozoic Upper
Oolite, whence five distinct species are recorded, three of which are
referred to the genus Apiaria and one, doubtfully, to Bombus.
The chalk yields nothing ; but in the Middle Eocene leaf-beds of
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART IV. (DEC.) GG
440 Mr. Claude Morley’s Description of
evident which families are to be regarded as of the oldest
and most recent creation or development, unless we adopt
the (to me inconsequent) theory that those of few species
and aberrant conformation be such, in which case the
Bournemouth some (apparently undescribed) Hymenoptera remains
were found in the seventies.
It is, however, in the Upper Eocene—in the days when mammals
first began to become the dominant animals, though long before
man’s creation—that we find fossils in any numbers. A collection
of thirty-five wings was discovered at Gurnard Bay in the Isle of
Wight, and of these Frederick Smith (Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond., Dee.
19, 1877) referred “‘the great majority” to the recent genera Myrmica
and Formica. From strata of the same period near Aix, in Provence,
eleven genera of Hymenoptera, representing such diverse families as
the Tenthredinidae, Ichnewmonidae, Chalcididae, Formicidae, and
Vespidae were taken in 1829.
The Lower Miocene has produced only a single species of Vespidae
from Switzerland, with Apidae and Formicidae from Rhenish
Prussia. Hymenoptera began to take their rank as the most prolific
Order in the Middle Miocene, whence, in the marls of Croatia, eighty-
five species have been described by Heer, of which number fifty-
seven appertain to the Formicidae, twenty-two to the Ichneumonidae
(always, doubtless, sensu latissimo), and the remainder to the Ve-
spidae, Apidae, and Sphegidae. ‘The lacustrine Upper Miocene of
Oeningen also has furnished eighty species (though this time against
508 beetles and 133 Hemiptera), with the “ great majority” resting
among the Ichnewmonidae, Formicidae and Apidae. From the
Tertiary strata of North America, Scudder has described Ichneu-
monidae, Chalcididae, Formicidae and Myrmicidae ; and Heer, from
the fragmentary Spitzbergen fossils, has brought forward two other
species, Hymenopterites deperditus and Myrmicium boreale.
It is disappointing to find no Hymenoptera whatever in the
Pleistocene beds, since these, like so many of the contemporary
beetles, might be expected to represent forms still familiar to us;
but elytra of Coleoptera will survive where the delicate tissues of
bees and ichneumons comminute in such unstable deposits as
boulder clay and brick earth.
Thus we see that after two groups of Aculeata comes an influx of
most of the primary forms existing to-day and representing the
three great sections—Phytophaga, Entomophaga and Aculeata.
Then Aculecta, again, mingling in the superior Miocene with only
Ichnewmonidae, though Tertiary Chulcididae occur in America.
When we consider the periods of time of these formations and the
utter inadequacy of our knowledge, it is very plain that no reliable
conclusions are to be drawn therefrom ; and this is conclusively
illustrated by the sudden appearance of all the main groups together
en bloc, arguing long antecedent periods through which they had
‘‘evolved” into so similar a state to their present form that their
families and often genera could thus be assigned. The Hymeno-
ptera and Lepidoptera are usually regarded as the “ youngest,” 7. e.
most recently ‘‘evolved,” Orders of insects ; but I believe this to be
simply owing to the destructible nature of their tegument.
=
é-
eas
=
the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera. 441
Evaniidae, as regarded by Mr. Bradley, would doubtless
form one of the archaic types.
In the following catalogue of the wing cells and nervures
I have attempted to synonymize the names applied to the
various divisions by all the authors with whom [ am myself
familiar, and I will at once say that my sole object has
been to arrive at a simple system, which is equally applic-
able to all sections of the Order. That I have neglected
the works of many authors upon Aculeata and Tenthredi-
nidae I am fully aware, and my excuse is that I am
entirely persuaded that the simple venational structure
was, aS one would in the nature of things expect to be the
case, the earliest form, and that from which the complex
neuration of the sawflies on the one hand and bees on the
other have sprung. Jurine attempted to bring the whole
Order into line by tracing the venational development
from his Psilus (nec Galesus, Curtis), through Chalcis,
Codrus, Omalus, and the Aculeates, up to Hylotoma, of
which “the wing is filled with its greatest complement of
areolets.” I am of opinion we shall arrive at a more
natural system by tracing two branches, or better three,
for the links with the sawflies appear quite lost, and these
correspond peculiarly exactly with the Hntomophaga (ex-
cluding Phytophaga) and Aculeata of Westwood, or, as
modern authors are pleased to term them, /ehnewmonidea
and Vespovdea.
My conception of the ancestral wing of all Hymenoptera
is a compound of those of Bracon and Phygadeuon. A
comparison of these will reveal the actual conformity of
their structure, though the nervures are so differently dis-
posed that at first sight they appear entirely distinct. In
the former, venation is entirely obsolete on the disc, failing
to connect the cubital cells, ater se, in any way; and, in
common with all Braconids, the second recurrent nervure
is wanting. In the latter it is again the cubital nervure
which is deficient, but this time at its base; it is con-
tinuous with the first recurrent nervure, its point of origin
being indicated by the ‘“nervelet” or “ramellus” only.
This combination will give us the following neuration,
traceable more or less in its entirety throughout the Order,
as will be seen by the preceding wings, which are num-
bered in conformity with the following diagram. Addi-
tional nervures occur in the TZenthredinidae, and the
number of cubital cells is multiplied in the Aculeata, of
GG 2
442 Mr. Claude Morley’s Description of
which Shuckard regarded Gorytes mystaceus as possessing
the most perfect type of Hymenopterous neuration.
From the diagram it will be seen that there are
three BASAL cells, besides the PARASTIGMA, so rarely
e
ae
AT oe
a oeeae
Three f discridnt \g
A
B o
D> :
eee pipiens Seeds a
Mae ah BS a! sn ;
Fic. 3.—Hylotoma ustulata, Linn, (PHYTOPHAGA),
referred to in descriptions, though well developed in the
phytophagous group, and, as remarked by Jurine, in
Chalcis. The sTiGMa is always a conspicuous object, never
corneous in other Orders, and but feebly developed in the
Neuroptera. The RADIAL cell is one of the most con-
the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera. 443
stant. Lastly we come to the variable group of cells
constituting Kirby and Spence’s area intermedia, of which
the areolae mediae vary in shape and constancy much
more than the areolae apicales, though the latter are often
pellucid or wanting. Here are three distinct longitudinal
series of cells: those immediately beneath the radial are
the CUBITAL and vary in number; beneath them are the
DISCOIDAL; and approximating the inner margin of the
wing are the ANAL at the apex and the BRACHIAL on its
basal side. I have been at some trouble to satisfy myself
upon the true relationship of the brachial cell; usually it
has been considered to constitute one of the discoidal cells;
but Iam strongly of opinion that it belongs to the area
basalis rather than to the area intermedia; in any case it
papr
Fic. 4.—Diagrammatic Wing.
must not be commingled with the discoidal, but stand alone,
in which case Thomson’s name becomes most appropriate.
These cells are constituted by the intersection of the
wing tissues by sustaining “nervures,” in reality true
circulatory veins. The front margin of the wing is always
bounded by a strong sustaining cosTa, which may or may
not be united with an adjacent and parallel PosTcostTa.
The corneous STIGMA is a strong muscle to sustain the
more slender veins and assist in folding the wing. From
some part of it the RADIUS runs in a curve to or near the
apex of the wing. From the base two other elongate
nervures extend to beyond the centre of the wing; the
POSTICUS simply sustains the whole lower margin to the
sinus, but the MEDIUS is the central nervure and usually
goes direct to my point G; beyond this it has usually been
regarded as distinct under the name of discoidal vein, ete.,
but I find that in the very great majority of cases it is
444 Mr. Claude Morley’s Description of
undoubtedly entire. Through the centre of the medius
runs a transverse nervure, termed the BASALIS, which is
not always continuous, but sometimes coalescent for a
greater or less distance with the medius. From the
supra-basal a nervure runs more or less straightly to the
external margin of the wing in a direction somewhat
parallel with the radius; this is the CUBITUS, and it is
attached to the radius by one or more transverse nervures,
termed the INTERCUBITI, since they divide up the cubital
cell into two or more sections. Parallel with the cubitus
and below it is the ANALIS, also extending to the outer
margin, but rising at some point on the externo-medius.
Lastly, one or two RECURRENT nervures are seen, of which
the first always runs from the point G in the medius to
some point on the cubitus, and the second, when present,
from some point on the analis to the cubitus further from
the base than the first.
Thus we find but nine main nervures and two series of
transverse (the intercubiti and recurrenti) in a typical
wing. It is, consequently, remarkable to what extent
these have been renamed by the various authors, and
gives one some idea of the chaos from which the law of
priority—unfortunately inapplicable here—has saved zo0o-
logical nomenclature.
SYNONYMIC CATALOGUE OF TERMS.
Costa (A-E). Stiama (E-F).
Le bord externe, Jur. Le point ou carpe, Jur.
Costa, Latr. et auctt. Punctum costale, Fall.
Nervus costalis, Fall., Dahlb. Stigma, Grav.
Bord extérieur, Lep, Stigmate, Wesm.
Neura costalis, K, & 8. Le point épais, Lep.
Margo anticus, radius, Gr. Randmal, Forst.
Ire nervure humérale, Wesm.
Radius supérieur, Lep. Raptvs (T-U).
vorderrand, Forst. Radius, Lep., Wesm., etc.
Postcosta (B-E), Radialader, Forst.
cubitus, Jur. Nervus marginalis, Thoms.
Postcosta, Latr., Thoms. Radial nervure, Marsh.
Nervus auxillaris, Fall. Marginal nervure, Saund.
Neura postcostalis, K, & S.
Cubitus supérieur, Lep. Posticus (D-I).
Subcostal nervure, Cam. Neura analis, K. & S.
Postcostal nervure, Saund. 3me nervure humérale, Wesm.
the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera. 445
2nde nervure intermédiaire,
Lep.
Hinterader or vena _ postica,
Forst.
Brachium, Thoms., Schm.
Accessory nervure, Cam.
Pobrachial nervure, Marsh.
Anal nervure, Marsh., Shuck.
Posterior nervure, Saund.,
Morl.
Brachius et humerus, Morice.
Submedian or anal, Kief.
Anal vein, Bradley.
Meptus (C-G-I).
C-Ca. Nervure brachiale, Jur.
Nervus internus, Latr.
Cubitus, K. & 8.
Nervus radians, Dahlb.
2nde nervure humérale,
Wesm.
lre nervure intermédi-
aire, Lep.
Mittalader, vena media,
Forst.
C-G. Median, Berth., Morl.
Cubitus, Thoms., Schm.
Median nervure, Cam.,
Kief.
Praebrachial, Marsh.
Medius, Morice.
Externo-medial,
ley.
G-I, Humeralquerader, Forst.
N. recurrens interior,
Thoms.
Median nervure, Cam.,
Schm.
Anal nerve, Morice.
First recurrent, Mor.
First discoidal, Kief.
Ca-I. Discoidal vein, Bradley.
Discoidal nervure,
Shuck.
Brad-
Basauis (J-K),.
Basal nervure, Saund.,
Morl.
J-Ca. Nervus connectens,
Dahlb.
Die 1 humeralquerader,
Forst.
N. transversus ordi-
narius, Thoms.
Pobrachial transverse,
Marsh.
Medio-discoidal, Marsh.
Areal nerve, Morice.
Transverse median,
Kief.
Nervulus, Schm.
Transverse median,
Bradley.
Ca-K. Grundader, vena basa-
lis, Forst.
Vena basalis, Thoms.
Praebrachial transverse,
Marsh.
Margino-discoidal,
Marsh.
Discoidal nerve, Morice.
Basal nervure, Kief.
Nervus basalis, Schm.
Externo-medial (part),
Shuck.
Basal vein, Bradley.
Cupitus (L-M).
Cubitus, Lep., Wesm., Bradley,
etc.
Cubitus inférieur, Lep.
Cubital mnervure, Shuck.,
Cam.
Cubitalader, Forst.
Isto. nervus spurius, Thoms,
Schm.
446
InrTERcUBITI (W-X ; Y-Z).
Nervi transversi, Fall.
Nervus connectens, Dahlb.
Transverso-cubital n., Shuck.,
Kief.
Transverse cubital n., Marsh.
Intercubital transverse, Marsh.
Submarginal nervures, Saund.,
Morl.
Cubital nerves, Morice.
Transverse cubitus, Bradley.
ANALIS (N-O).
Nervure parallele, Wesm.
Subdiscoidal nervure, Shuck.
Mittalader (part), Forst.
20, nervus spurius, Thoms.
Second recurrent (part), Cam.
Anal nervure, Marsh., Morl.
Posterior nervure, Marsh.
Medius (apex of), Morice.
Discoidal nervure, Kief.
Mr. Claude Morley’s Description of
Nervus parallelus, Schm.
Subdiscoidal vein, Bradley.
RECURRENTES (R-S ; P-Q).
Nervures recurrentes, Jur.
Anastomoses medii alae, Latvr.
Nervi recurrentes, Dahlb.
Recurrent nervures, Shuck.,
Cam., ete.
Disco-cubitalader und
Die 2 discoidalquerader,
Forst.
Ramellus super. cubiti et
N. recurrens exterior, Thoms.
Interior discoidal, Marsh.
Medial nerves, Morice.
Internal cubital and
Second recurrent, Morl.
Transverso-discoidal, Kief.
Nervus discoidalis et
N. recurrens secundus,Schm,
Recurrent veins, Bradley.
The principal authors upon Hymenopterous Neuration
are: (1) Jurine—Nouvelle Méthode de Classer les
Hymeénopteres, 1807 (cf also his Observations sur les
ailes des Hyménopteres, in the Mém. Ac. Turin, 1820, p.
117); (2) Latreille—Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum,
iv, 1807; (3) Fallen—Specimen novam Hymenoptera
disponendi methodum exhibens, 1813; (4) Lepeletier de
St. Fargeau—Encyclop. Méthodique, v, 10, 45 (partie
Insectes, 1825); and in his Histoire Naturelle des
Insectes Hyménopteres, 1836; (5) Kirby and Spence—
Introduction to Entomology, vol. iv, 1826; (6) Graven-
horst—Ichneumonologia Europaea, 1829; (7) Nees von
Esenbeck — Monographia Hymenopterorum, 1834; (8)
Dahilbom—KExercitationes Hymenopterologicae, 1831; (9)
Wesmael—Monographie Braconides de Belgique, in Nouv.
Mém. Ac. Bruxelles, 1835-38 ; (10) Shuckard—A Descrip-
tion of the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera, with a
view to give a fuller and more certain Development to
the Alary System of Jurine, in the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1836,
pp. 208-14; (11) 6érster—Monographie der Gattung
Campoplex Gray., im the Verh. z—b. Ges. Wien, 1868, p.
a
the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera. 447
874 (cf. also his Ueber den systematischen Werth des
Fliigelgeiiders bei den Insekten und insbesondere bei den
Hymenopteren, in Programm der Realschule J. O. zu
Aachen fiir 1876-77); (12) Zhomson—Opuscula Entomo-
logia, v, 1873, p. 455, etc.; (13) Cameron—British
Phytophagous Hymenoptera, 1882; (14) MJarshall—Mono-
graph of Brit. Braconidae, in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885
|N.B—The Horismology in this fine work is based on
Halliday’s somewhat intricate Tabula Orismologica alarum
ad Ichneumonidas imprimis .applicata (Ent. Mag. 1838, p.
209), wherein are synonymized the terms used by Nees,
Lacordaire, Jurine, Lepeletier and his own earlier papers ;
Bridgman and Fitch have also attempted to utilize these
terms when dealing with the Ichneumonidae (sensu
stricto) in Entom. 1880, p. 29]; (15) MMarshall—André’s
Braconides d’Europe, 1888 ; (16) Sawnders—Hym. Aculeata
of the Brit. Isles, 1896; (17) Morice—Konow’s Nomen-
clature for the Tenthredinidae, in Ent. Month. Mag. 1903,
p- 47; (18) Morley—Ichneumonologia Britannica, vol. i,
1903; (19) Kveffer—André’s Proctotrypidae d’Kurope,
1904 (cf also André, Spp. des Hym. d’Europe et d’ Algérie,
etc., vol. i, 1879, p. lxu, e¢ seqg.); (20) Schmiedeknecht—
Die Hymenopteren Mitteleuropas, 1907, p. 542 (cf. also
Mayr’s Formicina Austriaca, in Verh. z.—b. Ges. 1855, p.
273; and Ernst Adolph’s Ueber Insectenfliigel and Zur
Morphologie der Hymenopterenfliigel, in Nova Acta
Leop Akad., 1870, p. 231; 1879, p. 293; and 1888, p.
41); (21) Bradley—On Evaniidae, m Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc. 1908, p. 101 (cf also Comstock and Needham’s
Wings of Insects, in Amer. Nat. 1898 et 1899, and
Macgillivray’s Study, in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1906, p. 569;
but also ¢f Woodworth’s excellent Wing Veins of Insects,
in Californian Univ. Bull. 1906, pp. 1-152).
( 449 )
XI. New Genera of British Mymaridae (Haliday). By
Frep. Enock, F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.M.S.
[Read October 6th, 1909. ]
PLATES” XTI—XV.
It is with no small amount of pleasure that I am able to
bring before the notice of entomologists eight genera of
Mymaridae, new to science.
Perhaps before entering into particulars I may be
allowed to say that, with one or two exceptions, no
entomologist has taken up the study of this much-neglected
family of insects, since the year 1833, when Andrew
Haliday first established it. We are not, therefore,
surprised to find that in our own Entomological Society
there are members who are quite unaware of its existence,
so I may be excused for saying that this small family is
composed, so far as we know, of microscopic Hymenoptera,
whose larvae are ovivorous in their habits.
Possibly their microscopic size has been the cause of the
neglect and want of interest shown by British entomologists.
Haliday, after arranging the few species into seven genera,
seems to have given up their study and passed on his
manuscript to Mr. Francis Walker, who in 1846 increased
the genera to twelve and the species to thirty-five.
(“Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” vol. xvii,
p. 49, 1846.)
Following this in 1847, Foerster still further increased
the genera to fifteen and number of species doubtful—the
additional genera being found in Germany—but neither
Haliday, Walker nor Foerster published any illustrations,
only short descriptions from which it was impossible to
identify many of the species referred to.
Such was my own experience when in 1872 I commenced
my own observations from a simple exhibit by Mr.
Frederick Fitch at the Quekett Microscopical Club. Under
the microscope was shown “A Fairy Fly in a Spider’s
Web.” It was illuminated on a black background, which
gave it the most wonderful appearance, every limb, each
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART IV. (DEC.)
450 Mr. Fred. Enock on
tiny hair and the long cilia resembling brilliant silver. It
was a most fascinating object to any one, and speaking for
myself, I had never before seen anything to compare with
its delicate fairy-like structure. I then and there
determined to know more about its relatives. Next day
I searched the spiders’ webs in my garden at Holloway
and found quite a number of several species, which I
mounted in Canada balsam.
During August and September of that year, 1879, I
obtained from the same source, and running up windows
in houses and conservatories, some dozens of specimens—
which our fellow member and then Secretary, Mr. E. A.
Fitch, named for me and set me in the right track for
further information—but this was too soon exhausted, and
though I made great efforts to discover what had become
of Haliday’s and Walkers MSS. I utterly failed—but
went on adding to my collection.
On removal in 1882 to Woking I very soon found I was
in the land of plenty for Mymaridae, which simply
swarmed on the windows of the house and in a very small
conservatory—where I caught seven of the new genera
which I am introducing for the first time to-night.
In 1895, at last, I heard that Haliday’s Type Collection
of Mymaridae was in possession of the Dublin Museum,
and which, by the great kindness of Dr. Scharf, I was
permitted to examine at my leisure, “all that was left of
them,” less than one hundred.
It was a most disappointing examination, for of the
special type wanted not one was to be found—only the
very commonest species remained, and they were so
encrusted with dirt and crystals of sorts that it was utterly
impossible to identify species. Before returning the
collection, I made most careful drawings under the
microscope of the wings of every specimen which had
wings left, as I consider they will prove to be the best
guide to classifying the species. I must not dismiss
Haliday’s Collection without mention of one specimen,
which Haliday has named Panthus, showing a peculiarity
of the marginal branch. Dr. Scharf gave me permission
to remove this specimen from the card, and mount it in
Canada balsam, and when under the microscope I was
enabled to identify it with Walker’s description of the
genus Limacis, the balsam bringing out the number of
joints in antennae and tarsi in its own peculiar way.
New Genera of British Mymaridae. 451
The microscopic drawings, though tedious to do, brought
out valuable characters which I considered would be of the
greatest help whenever I could spare time to begin my
monograph—which I have long considered my duty to do—
and follow out the hope expressed by Francis Walker, who
(in the “Entomologist” for 1872-73, vol. vi) wrote:
“From the number of specimens which I have observed,
I believe that the Mymaridae are considerably more
numerous than what has been recorded. Their exquisite
elegance would appear to advantage in highly magnified
figures of each kind, and one of the ‘coming race’ of
entomologists will do well to investigate their successive
epochs of life and to publish his discoveries with illustra-
tions.” Ever since I read this, I have felt that this
message appealed peculiarly to myself, as I had been so
long engaged in microscopic work, as well as microscope
drawing, but owing to increasing weakness of sight I was
obliged to give up drawing the Mymaridae, but, like many
other apparent disappointments, this turned out for the
best, as it riveted my attention to photography, more
especially photo-micrography, which I have since proved
is the only means whereby the microscopic structure and
form of the wings of the Mymaridae can be truthfully
shown, the extreme minuteness of the species rendering
them most apt subjects for photo-micrography, for no
drawings can be trusted for minute structural detail.
For the past three years I have received the most valu-
able help in the way of carded specimens and naming the
genera, from our late President, Mr. C. O. Waterhouse,
who has, I am delighted to say, become captivated by these
Fairy Flies, and with whom I look to both capturing many
new species as well as co-operating in my monograph on
our British Mymaridae, which are to be found almost
everywhere and anywhere, in the most unlikely places,
such as the corners of a top sash bar in a conservatory
at Holloway where, ten years ago, I captured a male
Doriclytus, new to Great Britain, and last August, another
new genus on the self-same pane of glass, as well as a
female Doriclytus. These facts prove that there is no
royal road to success. Only additional workers are
needed to bring out the many unrecorded genera and
species which are waiting to be captured and recorded.
At some future time I hope to bring before the
Entomological Society some of the facts in the life-history
452 ‘' Mr. Fred. Knock on
of such species as I have been enabled to work out in the
past thirty years.
STETHYNIUM, n. gen.
Tarsi 4-jointed ; abdomen sessile. Antennae of male 13 joints,
the female 11 joints, including the club, composed of three joints.
Scape twice as long as broad, having a number of circular concavities.
Wings broad and symmetrically curved on costa and inner margin.
Cilia very long.
Stethynium triclavatwm, n. sp. (PI. XII, figs. 1-5.)
General colour, light testaceous. Antennae of the male, 13
jointed. The scape much swollen on the outer side, twice as long
as broad, with a number of circular concavities. The pedicel cup-
shaped, as broad as long. The 3rd as long as the 2nd. The 4th to
the 13th of about equal length. The 12th and 13th joints forming
a narrow club. The whole of the antennae testaceous. Antennae
of the female 11 joints in all, including the club of 3 joints. The
scape testaceous, becoming darker. The outer side much swollen,
the surface pitted with a number of circular concavities. The
pedicel equal in length and breadth, the 3rd and 5th joints the same
length and cylindrical, the 4th slightly longer, the 6th, 7th and 8th
a little shorter and broader. The club equal in length to the 2nd,
3rd and 4th, combined, is composed of 3 joints, the second articula-
tion commencing at right angles from the upper side to the centre,
then turning off in a curve towards the tip, emerging at the lower
side about three-quarters the length of the club. The 2nd arti-
culation emerging just before the tip, giving the three joints some-
what of a flabellate appearance.
The head is broader than the thorax, which is longer than the
abdomen.
The wings of the male are 0°8 mm. long by 0°23 mm. broad. The
longest cilia 0°23 mm. Those of the female are 0°7 mm. long by
0-2 mm. broad. The curves of both male and female wings are
symmetrical, uniting in an obtuse angle.
The ovipositor projecting just perandl the tip of the abdomen.
Length 0°7 mm.
Hab. Wox1nG : September 1885 (Fred. Enock) ; SOMER-
sET (Dr. Gooch).
This species somewhat resembles some of the Anagri in
its colour and form, but is quite distinct in the number of
New Genera of British Mymaridae. 453
the joints in the antennae of the female, as well as the
decided form of the wings.*
CLERUCHUS, n. gen.
Tarsi 4-jointed. The abdomen sub-sessile. The antennae of the
male 13 joints; of the female 9 joints. The scape is very long.
The apical joint forming an elongated elliptical club.
The scape springing from a very decided ridge, projecting from
between the eyes ; giving the head a somewhat flattened appearance.
The wings are almost destitute of surface hair, with the exception
of a central row running from the base to the tip. The cilia are
very long and slender. The anterior wings are narrow, parallel from
near the base to just before the apex, where they gently curve down.
The posterior wings a very little shorter than the anterior, and about
half the width and parallel.
The ovipositor projecting beyond, and the tip rising above the
abdomen.
Cleruchus pluteus, n, sp. (Pl. XII, figs. 6-10.)
General colour, smoky brown; the head and front part of the
_ thorax darker.
The antennae of the male, 13-jointed, are dark brown, the joints
slightly increasing in length to the apex: those of the female, nine
in number, are brown, paler at the base. The scape very long and
compressed, curved and tapering to the base, which springs from a
projecting ridge between the eyes. The pedicel is short and broad,
the 3rd joint very short, the 4th almost twice as long as the 3rd,
the 4th, 5th and 6th equal in length, the 7th and 8th a trifle shorter
and broader.
The club the same length as the scape.
The wings smoky brown, 0°6 mm. in length by 0:075 mm. in
* Mr. Waterhouse has furnished me with the following note on
the colour of a fresh male specimen of this genus, apparently
referable to the same species, taken by him in Richmond Park on
Oct. 23rd on Juncus glaucus—
“‘ Head pale dirty yellow, the ridge between the eyes nearly black ;
the three large ocelli are also nearly black. Thorax light smoky
brown, with a pale dirty yellow dorsal line. The metanotum has
the appearance of being slightly excavated, with a pale yellow
membrane across it. Abdomen rather darker brown than the
thorax. Legs pale yellow, the apical joint of the tarsi pale fuscous.
Antennae pale dirty yellow, the basal joint clear yellow.
“Length 0°75 mm.”
454, Mr. Fred. Enock on
width, the longest cilia 0°2mm. The legs somewhat short, the femora
compressed.
Length 0°6 mm.
Hab. Woxine: July 1885; Loveuron: July 1897
(Fred. Enock); BURNHAM BEECHES: 1908 (C. 0. Water-
house).
PARALLELAPTERA, 0. gen.
Tarsi are 4-jointed. The abdomen sessile. The antennae of the
male 11 joints, of the female 8 joints.
The wings are without any surface hairs and almost’parallel ; the
posterior wings are the same length as the anterior.
The ovipositor projecting beyond the apex of the abdomen.
Parallelaptera panis, n. sp. (Pl. XIII, figs. 1-5.)
Head dark brown ; the thorax and abdomen lighter. The antennae
of the male 11 joints, of the female 8 joints—testaceous. The scape
somewhat slender ; the pedicel the same width as the scape in the
centre ; the 3rd and 4th joints the same length, cylindric, the 5th
joint much longer, the 6th longer than the 5th and the 7th equal to
the 3rd, 4th and 5th combined. The club equal to the 6th and 7th
combined and having two ridges running down half its length, and
twice as broad as the funicular joints. The base and tip slightly
pointed ; the sides parallel ; the eyes dark. The thorax longer than
the abdomen. The wings quite clear of all surface hair, rounded on
the outer margin, the anterior wing is 0°45 mm. long by 0°33 mm.
broad, the sides almost parallel. The cilia long, the longest 0°2 mm.
The tarsi much longer than tibiae.
Length 0°6 mm.
Hab. Woxine: September 1885 (fred. Enock).
This and the preceding new genus are quite distinct in
the shape of the wings from any of those hitherto recorded.
ERYTHMELUS, 0. gen.
The tarsi are 4-jointed ; the abdomen sessile ; the antennae of the
male 13 joints, of the female 9 joints. The scape is long, the same
length as the club, which is pointed, The wings are straight on the
costa, and very much swollen on the inner margin. The anterior
wing is 0°65 mm. in length by 0°16 mm. in width ; the longest cilia
0:16 mm. The ovipositor projecting just beyond the apex of the
abdomen.
Or
New Genera of British Mymaridae. 45
Erythmelus goochi, n. sp. (PI. XIII, figs. 6-10.)
The head and thorax black ; the sides yellowish. The legs and
basal half of abdomen yellowish ; the apical half black. The antennae
of the male are 13-jointed and of one length and width throughout,
with 4 longitudinal ridges. The thorax very long. The antennae
of the female are 9-jointed; the scape is very long ; the pedicel much
broader than the scape; the 3rd and 4th joints the same length;
the 5th a very little broader and longer; the 6th and 7th broader
but same length; the 8th equal to the 5th and 6th together. The
club long and pointed, only slightly broader than the 8th and equal
in length to the 2nd to 6th combined. The thorax is long, but
shorter than the abdomen. The tarsi of the front legs are much
longer than the tibiae, the middle tarsi and tibiae about the same
length; the hind tibiae and tarsi are longer than the others. The
wings are 0°65 mm. long by 0°16 mm. ; from the widest point to the
apex the surface is slightly hairy ; the longest cilia 0°16 mm., the
ovipositor projecting a little beyond the apex.
Length 0°8 mm.
Hab. SOMERSET (Dr. Gooch); HotLoway, Lonpon, N.:
August 1908 (F. Enoch).
DIcoPUS, n. gen.
The tarsi 5-jointed ; the abdomen sessile. The antennae of the
female 10 joints. The scape compressed with three angular pro-
jections on the upper edge, the space between the first and second
gently sinuate, the basal projection not so prominent as the others.
The wings 0°4 mm. in length and 0°05 mm. in width. The cilia
very long, the longest 0°23 mm. The oviposifor very minute and
short, just level with tip of abdomen.
The male is at present unknown.
Dicopus minutissima, n. sp. (Pl. XIII, figs. 11, 12, 13.)
General colour, testaceous; the head slightly broader than the
thorax ; the antennae of the female pale testaceous, the scape com-
pressed with three angular projections on the upper edge, the space
between the first and second gently sinuate, the basal projection not
so prominent as the other. The pedicel half as long as the scape,
as broad as the scape across the prominences—the 8rd and 4th joints
are about equal length. The 5th and 6th equal length, the 7th, 8th
and 9th shorter, but broader. The club equal in length to the 6th,
7th, 8th and 9th combined. The wings are very delicate and oar-
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—pPaRT IV. (DEC.) HH
456 Mr. Fred. Enock on
shaped ; the anterior 0'4 mm. long by 0°05 mm. broad; the cilia of
great length; the longest 023mm. The legs light testaceous, the
tibiae longer than the tarsi, the tarsal joint minute and of equal
length. The ovipositor just level with the tip of the abdomen.
Length 0°4 mm.
Hab. Wox1nG: September 1885 (red. Enoch).
ENAESIUS, n. gen.
The tarsi are 4-jointed, the abdomen sessile ; the antennae of the
male are 13-jointed; of the female 9-jointed. The scape long,
narrow and hairy. The wings 0°85 mm. in length, by 0°175 wide;
the basal quarter of the anterior wings devoid of surface hairs. The
ovipositor level with apex of abdomen.
Enaesius agilis, n. sp. (Pl. XIV, figs. 1-5.)
General colour, almost black or dark brown ; the antennae of the
male 13-jointed, brown throughout; of the female 9-jointed, the
scape very long; the pedicel about the same length as the 3rd, 4th,
5th and 7th joints the same length, the 6th and 8th a little longer,
the club increasing in width from the base, the tip rounded. In the
male the 8rd to the 12th joint inclusive, are of the same length—the
13th slightly shorter—all of one width. The head is about the same
width as the thorax, the eyes rounded; the wings 0°85 mm. long by
0175 broad ; straight on the costa and much swollen on the inner
margin; the longest cilia 0°175 mm.; the apical half covered with
coarse surface hairs. The legs of the male have dark brown femora
in the centre, the front tibiae testaceous, the trochanters very long
and cylindrical. The femora of the front legs of the female are
brown changing to testaceous at the base and tips; the middle legs
with the basal half of the tibiae testaceous, brown at the tips, the
tarsi testaceous to brown. The hind femora brown, testaceous at
the tips and trochanters; the tibiae testaceous, brown at the base,
the tarsi brown. The abdomen of the female testaceous at the base ;
the rest dark brown ; the ovipositor level with the tip.
Length 1 mm.
Hab. Woxine: September 1885 (Fred. Hnock) ; BROAD-
STAIRS: 1908 (C. O. Waterhouse) ; RICHMOND PaRK: August
(Fred. Enock); 1909, I. of Wicut (C. 0. Waterhouse).
Enaesius laticeps, n. sp.
General colour, brown; the antennae of the female 9-jointed
(the male not yet known), the scape very long ; light testaceous, t e
New Genera of British Mymaridae. 457
pedicel about the same length as the 3rd joint. The 3rd, 4th, 5th
and 7th the same length ; the 6th and 8th longer, the club long,
shuttle shape, brown. The head very wide, 0°2 mm. by 0°125 mm.
The eyes rounded ; the thorax narrower than the head ; the wings
0°85 mm. long, by 0°175 mm. broad, straight on the costa, and much
swollen on the inner margin; the longest cilia 0°175 mm., the apical
half covered with coarse surface hairs. All the femora slightly
darker in the centre, the other parts light testaceous. The abdomen
testaceous at the base, the rest brown ; the ovipositor level with the
tip.
Length 0°9 mm.
Hab, WoKING: September 1885 (Fred. Enock).
STEPHANODES, n. gen.
The tarsi 4-jointed ; the abdomen petiolate. The antennae of the
male 13-jointed, of the female 9-jointed ; the scape in both sexes
asperate. The wings 1°3 mm. long and 0°31 wide; cilia short, the
longest 0O'-1l mm. Inner margins of eyes bounded by carinae which
run three-quarters round the eyes, and smoothing down level at the
lower margin. The ovipositor level with the tip of the abdomen.
Stephanodes elegans, n. sp. (Plate XIV, figs. 6-11.)
General colour, intense black.
The tarsi 4-jointed. The abdomen petiolate. The head, thorax
and abdomen, smooth and shining ; intense black. The head almost
square with well-rounded corners, slightly depressed between the
antennae ; the margins of the eyes, except on the outside, surrounded
by a small carina, running out level above and below the eyes, which
are rounded the same curve as the cheeks. The antennae of the
male 13 joints. Scape asperate in both sexes. The pedicel half the
length of the scape; light testaceous ; the 3rd joint about the same
colour as scape—brown ; the 4th to 13th very dark brown and joints
of equal length. The scape and pedicel of the female similar to the
male ; the 3rd joint a little longer than the 2nd, the 4th darker and
longer; the 5th and 6th shorter and darker, the 7th and 8th short,
dark and thicker, the club darker, and twice as broad as the 8th and
longer than the 7th and 8th combined. The thorax oval ; the petiole
testaceous. The wings 1:3 mm. long by 0°31 mm. broad. The cilia
very short ; the longest cilia 0-11 mm. The outer margin almost
semicircular. The surface evenly covered with short hairs. The
front tarsi longer than tibiae ; the 4th joint brown; the Ist joint
equal to 2nd, 3rd and 4th combined, the middle and hind tibiae a
HH 2
458 Mr. Fred. Enock on
little longer than the tarsi. The ovipositor just level with the tip of
the abdomen.
Length 1:15 mm.
Hab. Woxine: July 1885 (Fred. Enock); SoMERSET
(Dr. Gooch); BuRNHAM BEECHES: 1907 (C. 0. Water-
house).
This species at first sight resembles a Cosmocoma, but
the totally different “gait” from the insects of that genus
gave us the first impression that it was something new,
which the peculiar asperate scape and carina confirmed.
This beautiful species is one of the most elegant and fairy-
like in its movements.
OOPHILUS, n. gen.
The tarsi 4-jointed; the abdomen sub-sessile. The antennae of
the male 13-jointed, those of the female 11 joints. The wings large
and ample, 1°35 mm. long x 0°56 mm. broad; the cilia very short,
the longest 0°11 mm. The ovipositor very long, projecting 0°25 mm.
beyond the tip of the abdomen.
Oophilus longicauda, nu. sp. (Plate XV, figs. 1-6.)
The general colour black.
The head slightly narrower than the thorax ; the antennae of the
male 13-jointed, black and 1°65 mm. long. The scape very long and
compressed, centre is black, the base and tip yellowish ; the 4th to
11th joints of equal length and thickness, the 12th and 13th a little.
shorter ; the pedicel yellowish in the female ; the club longer than
the scape; the joints 3 to 11 gradually increasing in length and
breadth ; the club 0:2 long, the lower edge serrated. The thorax
slightly broader than the head. The wings broad, 1°35 mm. long x
0°5 broad, of a milky colour, the outer margin very slightly flattened.
The cilia very short, the longest 0°1 mm., the inner margin straight,
the surface covered with short hairs ; the femora of the female com-
pressed, with yellow tips and bases, black in the middle. Front tibiae
shorter than tarsi. The abdomen long and tapering to tip; the
ovipositur very long, powerful, projecting 0°25 mm. beyond the apex.
Length 1°6 mm.
Hab. Richmond Park, SurREY: July (fred. Enock
and C. 0. Waterhouse) 1908.
DoricLytus, Forster, Linnaea Ent., I, 1847, p. 226.
The tarsi 4-jointed ; the abdomen petiolate. The antennae of the
male 13-jointed; of the female 9-jointed ; the wings 1°13 mm. long
New Genera of British Mymaridae. 459
by 0:275 broad, the cilia long. The tarsi of the front, middle and
hind legs longer than tibiae, those of the hind pair are the longest,
viz. tibiae 0°35 mm., tarsi0’5 mm. The ovipositor projecting beyond
the tip of the abdomen, which is pointed at the base and tip.
Doriclytus vitripennis, Forster.
General colour black. The antennae of the male 13-jointed, of the
female 9-jointed. The joints of the male are long and narrow. From
the 3rd to the 12th of about the same length, the 13th a little shorter,
the scape long and slender, the pedicel about half the length of the
scape, and of a slightly lighter colour. The antennae of the female
varying in colour from the pedicel which is light testaceous to the
club, of intense black ; the 3rd joint is the shortest and narrowest,
the club as long as the 3rd and 4th combined. The head is wider
than the thorax. The wings long and curved on the costa and inner
margin, the curve of the outer margin forming an obtuse finish. The
anterior wing is 1113 mm. long x 0:275 broad. The longest cilia
0°23 mm., the surface covered with short hairs. The legs form good
characteristics of this genus, all the tarsi being much longer than the
tibiae—those of the hind legs are 0°5 mm, long, against 0°35 mm. of
the tibiae. The front edge of the tibiae of the front legs is armed
with sharp projections, surmounted by a fine hair ; the femora and
tibiae are black, with testaceous tips and bases; the tarsi light
testaceous, the 4th joint brown and the 1st much the longest. The
trochanters black, the coxae yellowish. The petiole is testaceous.
The ovipositor projecting slightly beyond the tip of the abdomen,
which is pointed both at the base and tip.
Length 1 mm.
Hab. Hottoway, Lonpon, N.: $ July 1897; ¢ July
1908 (Fred. Enock).
Both species caught on the same pane of glass, with an
interim of eleven years.
This genus, new to Great Ee was first established
by Forster in 1847.
It is near to Cosmocoma, but the very long tarsi separate
it from that genus.
EXPLANATION OF PLates XII—XYV.
[See Explanation acing the PLaTEs.]
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( 461 )
XII. On aw new genus and species of Noctuidae from
Britain. By Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bart.,
F.Z8., ete.
[Read October 6, 1909. ]
Prate, XVI
Genus PEUCEPHILA, nov.
Type, P. essont.
Proboscis fully developed ; pulpi obliquely upturned, the second
joint extending to about middle of frons and fringed with long hair
in front, the third short; frons smooth ; eyes large, round, strongly
hairy, not overhung by cilia; antennae of female ciliated ; head and
thorax thickly clothed with hair and hair-like scales, the prothorax
with large, sharp, triangular crest ; the metathorax with spreading
erest ; tibiae fringed with hair above and without spines ; abdomen
with dorsal series of hairy crests. Fore-wing with the apex rect-
angular, the termen evenly curved, crenulate; veins, 3 and 5 from
near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing
with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hind-wing with veins
3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ;
6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
PEUCEPHILA ESSONI, sp. n.
9. Head and thorax grey mixed with dark brown; antennae
whitish ; abdomen flesh-pink, greyish at base, the crests dark brown
mixed with grey; palpi, pectus, and ventral surface of abdomen
flesh-pink; legs brownish ochreous, the tarsi with fuscous bands.
Fore-wing flesh-pink tinged with brown, the costal area suffused
with grey-white leaving the costal edge pinkish, the veins streaked
with grey-white, the terminal area whitish with pinkish patches in
the interspaces, especially towards apex; traces of a waved brown
subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; ante-medial line blackish
at costa, then indistinct, brown, oblique, sinuous; claviform small,
blackish filled in with grey scales; orbicular and reniform grey-
white defined by blackish, incompletely above and below, the former
small, round, the latter somewhat quadrate and with some flesh-
colour in its upper part; traces of a sinuous dark medial line
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1909.—PART IV. (DEC.)
462 Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., on
oblique from costa to reniform and inwardly oblique from lower
angle of cell to inner margin; postmedial line blackish, bent out-
wards below costa, then obsolescent, dentate and produced to short
black streaks on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then oblique; sub-
terminal line whitish, obsolescent towards costa and dentate to
termen at veins 4°3, some dark suffusion before it; cilia pink with
slight whitish line at middle and whitish tips. Hind-wing ochreous
white with a slight fuscous tinge at upper angle of cell, short post-
medial black streaks on veins 7 to 2, and a fuscous tinge on sub-
terminal area between veins 4 and 2; cilia tinged with reddish
ochreous except at tips. Underside of both wings ochreous white,
the costal and terminal areas strongly tinged with flesh-pink, a
postmedial series of short black streaks on the veins.
Hab, SCOTLAND, Aberdeen (L. G'. Hsson), 1 2 type. Hap.
40 mill. vi.
The unique female was taken at sugar in July of this
year on the trunk of a pine in a pine-wood eight miles
from Aberdeen by Mr. L. G. Esson, a most energetic and
careful naturalist, who is to be much congratulated on his
interesting discovery, and who, it is to be hoped, will next
year turn up other specimens of this fine addition to the
British fauna. The specimen is obviously only just emerged
from the pupa, and its coloration irresistibly suggests
that it habitually rests on the trunks of pine-trees. It
belongs to the Hadeninae, the hairy-eyed subfamily of the
Noctuae trifinae, and is a development from Perigrapha
and Monima (Taeniocampa), differing from both in having
a dorsal series of abdominal crests and from the latter in
having a sharp triangular pro-thoracic crest; from Miselia
(Mamestra) it differs in having the sharp triangular pro-
thoracic crest and its hairy scaling; in coloration it some-
what reminds one of Panolis flammea. Apart from its
structure there does not seem to be any British species
of which it could possibly be an aberration, whilst the
specimen itself has no appearance of abnormality. The
suggestion that it is a hybrid between two genera, of
which MMiselaa would be one and some form with sharp
pro-thoracic crest and hairy scaling the other parent
appears to me much more improbable than that a new
British Voctwa should be discovered, and I conclude that the
species is either indigenous or perhaps imported, probably
in the egg stage on some exotic conifer; I have, however,
failed to find any described species from any part of the
Ee
a new genus and species of Noctuidae from Britain. 463
world to which it could belong, and have worked up the
whole group in vol. v of the British Museum Catalogue
of Moths. The type has been kindly purchased by the
Hon. L. W. and N.C. Rothschild and presented to the
British Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
[See Haplanation facing the PLATE.]
XI. A list of Chrysids taken by the writer in two visits
to Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho, vith descriptions of
new species. By the Rev. F. D. Morics, M.A., F.ES.
[Read October 6th, 1909.]
THE Chrysids enumerated below were taken (with one
exception) by myself while visiting Palestine with Professor
Dr. Schmiedeknecht in April 1899 and again, exactly ten
years later, in March-April 1909. As many of the species
are considered rarities I have thought that a list with
precise dates and localities of capture may be of some use
to future collectors or students of Hymenoptera from that
district. It is possible that the list may not be quite
complete, as I have given away a certain number of
specimens as duplicates and am not sure that I have
always kept record of these. But as far as it goes I
believe it to be correct; and at least one specimen of
each species has been determined or verified for me by
the Vicomte R. du Buysson, so that the names here given
may safely be trusted.
Our first visit to Palestine lasted only a fortnight
(April 6-20, 1899), of which a week was spent at Jericho.
In 1909 we were in Palestine for a full month (March 22
to April 20) and devoted three entire weeks (March 26 to
April 16) to Jericho. But on this occasion the conditions
of weather, etc., were far less favourable for collecting
Chrysids than on our previous visit, so that the four weeks
of 1909 produced not very many more species and probably
fewer individual specimens than the fortnight of 1899.
In all I seem to have found 28 species or named varieties,
13 of which occurred in 1899 only, 19 in 1909 only, and
the remainder (15) in both years.
Naturally a large proportion of these Palestine Chrysids
occur also in Egypt, but it is rather curious that among
them is no representative of the genera Hedychrum
Chrysogona and Stilbum—all which occur (and the last
at least abundantly) in the Delta. Nor do my captures
include any Notozws; and several of our commonest
Kuropean species of Chrysis, such as succincta, cyanea and
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART IV. (DEC.)
466 Rev. F. D. Morice’s List of Chrysids
even ignita, are also absent from my list. Many of these
vacancies would doubtless have been filled up if I had
remained in the country for another month. But to
collect Chrysids even for a month in any district without
encountering a single ignita is, I should think, a most
unusual experience.
As to the names of the localities quoted, Jaffa, Jerusalem
and Jericho explain themselves, but each name covers a
radius of two or three miles round the actual town. Ain
Dilb is a pretty valley among the hills between Jerusalem
and Jaffa, not far from Kolonieh. Khan Hadrur (the
so-called “ Inn of the Good Samaritan ”) is halfway between
Jerusalem and Jericho. I collected there, only for half-an-
hour or so each time, on three out of the four short halts
made by the carriages which conveyed us from Jerusalem
to Jericho and back—on the fourth occasion the weather
made collecting impossible. The insects indicated as from
“ Bethlehem ” were taken during an excursion through that
place from Jerusalem to Marsaba, and their actual place of
capture may have been anywhere along the route.
LIsT.
CLEPTES syriacus, Buyss. Khan Hadrur, 26, iii, ’09.
ELLAMPUS auratus, L., var. abdominalis, Buyss. Jericho,
11, iv, 799.
PHILOCTETES deflexus, Ab. Jericho, 11-15, iv, ’99.
Z chobauti, Buyss. Jericho, 11, iv, ’99.
HonopyGa fervida, F. Jericho, 28, iii, ’09.
‘. gloriosa, F., var. viridis, Guer. Jericho, 5, iv,’09.
‘ 2 var. punctatissima, Dhlb. Jericho,
4-15, iv, 99; 13-26, iv, ’09.
. 3 var. ignicollis, Dhlb. Jericho, 11,
iv, 99.
HEDYCHRIDIUM jJemoratum, Dhilb., var. miricolor, VAR. NOV.,
Jericho, 28, ii, ’09.
In this curious variety the abdomen is coloured much as
in typical H. rosewm, i.e. it is scarcely metallic and more
resembles pink coral. The head and thorax are coloured
as in normal femoratum, but their surfaces (above) slightly
more shining, the puncturation being more irregular and
not quite so close.
taken in Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho. 467
SPINOLIA dournovi, Rad. Bethany, 9, iv, 99; Jericho, 10,
iv, 99.
x herodiana, n. sp. Jericho, 27, 11,09. Five 92
about burrows of Odynerus (Hoplopus)
vartegatus, F., near the stream coming
from “ Elisha’s fountain.”
This is evidently a true Spinolia, though its neuration is
abnormal in that Genus, the radial cell not being more
“open” at the apex than in several species of Chrysis.
SPINOLIA HERODIANA, 0. sp. @.
Statura formaque S. dournovi, Rad., sed tota (supra subterque !)
cupreo-fulgens, nonnusquam (praecipue in thorace postice) sub
quadam incidentia lucis viridi suffusa (nusquam autem caeruleo) ;
capite (facie pure viridi excepta), pleuris, sternis, tegulis, antennarum
pedumque basibus concoloribus, tarsis tibiisque flavescentibus ;
Clypei nitidissimi margine apicali (ut in Sp. rugosa, Buyss.)
evidenter exciso; abdominis apice fere simplici, haud spinuloso,
lateribus vix angulatis, item serie ante-apicali fossularum fere nulla ;
abdominis dorso in medio longitudinaliter carinato, et colore ibidem
plus minusve obfuscato (violaceo vel plumbeo) ;
Differt ab omnibus Spinoliis hactenus descriptis nervo radiali alae
anticae haud post inflexionem suam fere statim terminato sed
continuato ita ut ad marginem alae multo propius accedat !
Long. corp. 7-8 mm.
EvucHROEUS douwrsi, Grib. Jericho, iv, 99; 6, iv, 09.
CuRYSIS rebecca, n. sp. Ain Dilb, 18, iv, ’09.
This insect superficially resembles C. cyanea, but belongs
to another of Dahlbom’s “Phalanxes,” the apex of the
abdomen being simple or very slightly emarginate in
the centre (not at all tridentate). It differs in other
points of structure, and especially in the “genae,’ which
are much shorter and not convergent.
CHRYSIS REBECCA, n. sp. &.
Parva (long. corp. 6 mm.), viridis, hic illic aureo-micans, anten-
narum pedumque basibus concoloribus, tarsis nigris; dorsi areis
nonnullis plus minusve caerulescentibus ;
Genis mediocribus, longitudine articuli antennarum 4" ; articulo
hoc 5% que simul sumptis articulo 3° nonnihilo longioribus ; cavitate
468 Rev. F. D. Morice’s List of Chrysids
faciali tenuiter striolata, superne a fronte (hac crasse punctata ac
prominente sed vix transversim carinata) subarcuatim terminata ;
punctis thoracis segmentique abdominis 1™ crassis rugosisque sed
non profundis, huius segmentis 24 3° que tenuius irregulariter
punctulatis ; postscutello normali, subgibboso ;
Abdominis serie ante-apicali fossularum (quattuor decem) bene
impressa ac distinctissima ; margine ipso apicali integerrimo, sub-
truncato, in medio lenissime intus sinuato, lateribus obtusissime
angulatis ?.
C. incrassata, Spin., var. gratiosa, Mocs. Jericho, ii, ’09.
, delma, Buyss. Jerusalem, 24, ii, ’09.
» varicornis, Spin. Bethlehem, 8, iv, ’99; Ain Dilb, 18,
iv, 09.
, erigone, Mocs. Jerusalem, 10, iv, ’09.
pustulosa, Ab. Jericho, 11, iv, 99; 28, ii, ’09.
,, pelopoeicida, Buyss. Jerusalem, 19, v, ’96.
This specimen was not taken by myself; but as it
is in my collection, and bears a definite date, I
mention it.
C. osiris, Buyss. Jaffa, 20, iv, 99. (Three 92? visiting
snail-shells occupied by cells of Osmia ligulicomus,
Friese, on the dunes between Jaffa and Sarona.
The bee occurred again 22, iv, ’09, but I could
not rediscover the Chrysid.)
ignifrons, Brullé (= aurifrons, Dhib.). Bethlehem, 8,
iv, 99; Bethany, 9, iv, 99; Jerusalem, 10,
i "99; Jerusalem, 24, i11, 09; Jericho, 31,
ii, 09; Ain Dilb, 18, iv, 09,
5» OSMIUME, Aiea Jericho, iv, 09.
» Kohli, Mocs. Khan Hadrur, 18, iv, 99; Jericho, 5, 15,
iv, 09.
» joppensis, Ab.Buyss. Jericho, 16, iv, ’99.
,» uniformis, Dhlb. Jerusalem, 24, 111, 09.
, oraniensis, Luc. Jerusalem, 25, 111, ’09.
, curtana, Luc. Bethlehem, 8, iv, 99.
, Lydiae, Mocs. Jerusalem, 10, iv, 99 ; 24, ii, 09.
angustifrons, Ab. Jericho, 12— 16, 09 ; 6, iv, 09.
, dichroa, Dhlb. Bethlehem, 8, 1v,'°°99% Bethany, 9, iv,
99; Jerusalem, 10, iv, 99: Jerusalem, L925;
iii, ’09.
, barbata, Buyss. (The type specimen!) Jerusalem, 10,
iv, 99.
“
S
-
.
”
»
”»
-
-
taken in Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho. 469
. atechka, Buyss. On umbellifers in a garden between
Jericho and the Jordan ford, 14, iv, ’09.
saussuret, Chevr. Same place as the last, 14, iv, ’09.
elegans, Lep. Jericho, 12-18, iv, ’99; 27, iii, 09; 6, 7,
iv, 09
In several of the $f the abdomen is brightly tinted
with greenish gold, in others it is as usual deep-red.
. versicolor, Spin. Jericho, 17, iv, 99; 3, 4, iv, ’09.
bihamata, Spin. Jericho, 6, iv, ’09.
palliditarsis, Spin. Jericho, 11, iv, ’99.
annulata, Ab.—Buyss. Three $f on umbellifers in
garden between Jericho and the Jordan ford,
14, iv, ’09.,
viridula, L. (= bidentata, L.). Bethany, 9, iv, ’99;
Jerusalem, 10, iv,’99; Jericho, 15, iv, ’99;
Jericho, 26, ii, ’09, 13, iv, ’09.
The specimens do not belong to any of the remark-
able Mediterranean varieties, but are just like rather
small normal British specimens.
. thalhammeri, Mocs. One ? on umbellifers in garden
between Jericho and the Jordan ford,
14, iv, ’09.
amasina, Mocs. Jericho, 31, iii, ’09.
verna, Dhlb. Jericho, 31, iii, ’09.
mutabilis, Buyss. Jericho 11-17, iv, 99; 27-81, iii,
"09; 2° av. ’09:
incisa, Ab._Buyss. Jerusalem, 10, iv, ’99.
rujitarsis, Brullé (= angulata, Dhlb.). 10-15, iv, ’99;
6-13, iv, ’09.
,, facralis, Ab—Buyss. Jerusalem, 10, iv, ’99.
PARNOPES schmiedeknechti, Mocs. Bethany, 9, iv, 99
Jerusalem, 10, iv, ’99.
i ig ae
(471)
XIV. An Account of some Experiments on the Edibility of
certain Lepidopterous Larvae. By H. ELTRINGHAM,
M.A., F.Z.8.
[Read October 6th, 1909. ]
For a considerable period, following on the first enuneia-
tion of the theories of Batesian and Miillerian mimicry
and common warning colours, the criticism that these
theories were based on small practical evidence was to
some extent justified. Such criticism, however, did not
in any way invalidate the theories in question. It had
also the highly salutary effect of acting as a stimulus, not
only to the upholders but also to the opponents of these
theories, to carry out practical experiments with a view
to obtaining actual evidence bearing on some of the points
involved.
It is a matter of common knowledge amongst those who
have studied these subjects, that the experiments which
have been recorded all tend to support the now well-known
theories of mimicry which had their origin in the celebrated
arguments published nearly fifty years ago by Mr. H. W.
Bates. Amongst the many points to be elucidated, one
of the most important was the proof of the comparative
inedibility of many insects. For much valuable evidence
on this head we are indebted to the experiments of Mr.
Jenner Weir, Mr. A. G. Butler, Prof. Weismann, Mr. F.
Finn, and especially to those of Prof. Poulton and Mr.
G. A. K. Marshall, and it can no longer be said with justice
that the hypothesis of the comparative distastefulness
of most warningly coloured insects rests on insufficient
evidence. 7
Arising out of the foregoing experiments, one of the
results obtained by Prof. Poulton * was as interesting as
it was unexpected. Whilst in accordance with anticipa-
tion, warningly coloured larvae were found to be distasteful,
and cryptic larvae edible, one instance was discovered in
which a larva (that of Mania typica), though exceedingly
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, Experimental Proof of the Value of
Colour and Markings in Insects in Reference to their Vertebrate
Enemies.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART IV. (DEC.) I1
472 Mr. H. Eltringham on some Haperiments on
well protected by its colour and habits, proved to be dis-
tasteful to the lizards which were being used for the
purpose of the experiments. The importance of this result
is fully discussed by the author,* who points out that we
have here an instance in which the distasteful qualities
are present as an accidental and useless character, but
providing an excellent example of how the distasteful
properties of many forms may have existed prior to the
development of warning colours, conditions being thus
favourable to the development of the latter in the event
of any change being brought about in the larval habits.
It was in the hope of perhaps discovering another case
of a similar character, that I decided to carry out some
experiments with the only insectivorous creatures which
were available, viz. lizards, and with such larvae as I was
able to obtain.
Two green lizards (probably Lacerta viridis) were installed
in a fairly large vivarium, and their number was subse-
quently increased by the addition of three more of the
same small variety, and two fine examples of the larger
Channel Islands form. There were also two orange and
black salamanders, but these proved to have such poor
appetites that they provided very little imformation.
The general results of feeding the lizards with various
insects confirmed those already obtained by other observers,
though there were some unimportant exceptions. The
larva of Pieris brassicae is recorded by Prof. Weismann
as having been refused by his lizards. J found that on
some occasions it was eaten, though with considerable
hesitation and usually when the animal was hungry. One
of the salamanders refused it after examining it carefully
for some time. Earthworms were eaten with avidity,
and “blue-bottles” (Calliphora vomitoria) were always
taken with evident relish. The larva of Spilosoma lubrici-
peda was generally refused, though the lizards took con-
siderable interest in it, One lizard followed the larva
round the cage for some time, feeling it with its tongue,
but the hairs always put it off, and it was finally abandoned.
A young larva not so hairy was eaten on one occasion after
some trouble with the hairs, a fact which seems to suggest
that the protection is mechanical and not due to actual
distastefulness. A “devil’s coach-horse” (Ocypus olens)
was eaten, though the operation took a considerable time,
* L.c., p. 241, et seq.
the Edibility of certain Lepidopterous Larvae. 473
and once the beetle appeared to nip the lizard with its
mandibles, as it dropped it suddenly and went through
surprising contortions.
The imago of P. rapae was eaten with apparent relish,
as also that of Plusia ganuma. Green and greenish-brown
larvae of cryptic habits were eaten, as also were the
extremely cryptic geometrid larvae of Amphidasys betularia
and Selenia lunaria. A bee was attacked and dropped,
though the salamanders ate bees with impunity. The most
interesting results were obtained with the larvae of Boarmia
rhomboidaria. ‘This larva was found in large numbers
feeding on ivy. Probably few British larvae have attained
to a more perfect development of cryptic form, colour and
habit than this species. It resembles so perfectly the
twigs of the ivy that it is frequently only possible to detect
it by the sense of touch. If thrown down it will often lie
perfectly straight and motionless, when it is practically
indistinguishable from a small piece of stick. According
to the general rule it would be expected that this larva
when detected would prove to be as palatable as betwlaria,
lunaria, and other similar forms. My experiments, how-
ever, proved that quite the opposite is the case. I was
interested to discover whether this unpalatability could
be traced to any definite secretion, such as potassium
hydroxide. A crushed larva gave a slight alkaline reaction
with litmus paper, so I boiled a considerable number of
the larvae and tested the filtered solution. The alkalinity
was, lhowever, so slight that it seemed unnecessary to
pursue the examination in this direction, and it appeared
probable that the food-plant might be directly responsible
for the chemical reaction. This again proved not to be
the case, as the crushed shoots of ivy were found to be
slightly acid.
As the larva in question will eat other plants than ivy
it occurred to me to try the effect of a change of food-
plant on its edible properties. I found that after being
fed on apple for from two to three days and onwards, the
distasteful properties disappeared and the apple-fed larvae
were eaten without any hesitation.
I herewith append notes from my journal made at the
time of each experiment, in order that those interested
may judge of the results for themselves.
August 29—A salamander ate an earthworm, then a
bee (without apparently being stung), and then another
Il 2
474 Myr. H. Eltringham on some Experiments on
worm. It then very carefully inspected a larva of P.
brassicae, started backwards slightly, and finally refused to
look at it.
One lizard ate a small worm, then part of a larger one;
it then examined a larva of brassicae and seized it, holding
it in its mouth by a very small grip of the skin for about
three minutes, then it bit it harder and put it out. Then
it picked it up very doubtfully and swallowed it very
slowly. The other lizard, which had had nothing for at
least two days, seized the same kind of larva and swallowed
it, apparently without compunction; it then rubbed its nose
against the glass of the cage for some time, and once
appeared to writhe on the floor. Later on it was offered
another of the same larvae, but it would have nothing
to do with it. It then turned round and bit the other
lizard twice, though the object of this manceuvre was not
apparent.
August 30.—One of the lizards tried to eat a larva of
rhomboidaria, but left it after two attempts.
August 31.—A lizard after some hesitation appeared to
swallow one of these larvae, but a moment later vomited
it up again, ran violently round the cage, and then drank
some water. A few hours later it bit another, but put it
out and rubbed its nose on the pebbles.
September 1—The other lizard behaved in exactly the
same way this morning. The first lizard was given a larva
of Spilosoma lubricipeda. It followed it all round the cage
feeling it with its tongue, but though it evidently wanted
to try it the hairs put it off, and it finally abandoned it.
After this neither lizard would eat anything.
September 2.— One lizard examined a larva of S. lubrict-
peda, but the hairs put it off. Then each lizard ate a
worm, and one subsequently ate a larva of P. brassicae
rather slowly, putting it out once but finally swallowing
it. Later in the day one lizard attacked a “devil's coach-
horse” (Ocypus olens). It took about half-an-hour to eat
it, continually dropping it and picking it up again. Once
it dropped it suddenly and went through the most violent
contortions, rubbing its head sideways and half burying
itself under the gravel. Whatever the cause of this may
have been, it again picked up, the beetle and began to
swallow it; apparently it had the greatest difficulty in
doing so, as it shook it out of its mouth several times.
Ultimately, however, it got it down.
—
the Edibility of certain Lepidopterous Larvae. 475
September 3.—One lizard ate three blue-bottles and a
P. rapae. The other one ate a green caterpillar (probably
Hadena oleracea). Neither would touch a larva of rhom-
boidaria. Later on the first lizard ate another P. rapae,
and the second ate two brownish-green larvae taken off
chrysanthemum plants.
September 5.—Lizards had nothing to eat yesterday.
This morning one of them ate a blue-bottle, and I then
offered it a larva of rhomboidaria. It seized it by the
tail and held it in its mouth for a short time, then worried
it furiously. As soon as it got a little more into its mouth
it dropped it and began rubbing its mouth violently on
the floor of the cage. Afterwards it would not look at it
again. The larva was still alive and the other lizard came
and looked at it, but either smelt it or recognized its
appearance, as it would not bite it. The first lizard
immediately afterwards ate a “blue-bottle,” and about
two hours later a small earthworm. The manner in which
it swallowed these was very different to that in which it
treated the caterpillar. There was no hesitation, and the
worm was gulped down very rapidly.
(Note.—These lizards ate larvae of P. brassicae but
slowly, and as though not greatly appreciating them.)
Later in the day one lizard ate four “blue-bottles” and
a P. rapae. The salamander ate three bees. The lizard
snapped up a bee but dropped it again suddenly, as though
stung, and would not look at another.
September 7.— Lizard ate two “blue-boitles,” a brownish-
green larva from the chrysanthemums, and a “gamma”
moth.
The other lizard ate a larva of rhomboidaria which had
been fed on apple for two days. While it was eating it
the other lizard chased it round and round the cage.
A second apple-fed larva was refused by both lizards.
Later on one lizard ate a worm but tasted and refused a
wood-louse.
September 8.—First lizard would not look at an apple-
fed rhomboidaria larva, but the other one ate it, rather
slowly at first. An ivy-fed one was then offered, but
neither lizard would touch it. The first lizard then ate
two “blue-bottles.”
September 9.—Five more lizards arrived.
One of the original pair ate an ivy-fed caterpillar with
some hesitation, afterwards drinking water. One of the
476 Mr. H. Eltringham on some Experiments on
new lizards, presumably hungry, was given an ivy-fed larva
of raomboidaria, it bit it and then dropped it, going
through violent contortions and rubbing its nose on the
pebbles. A little while later it was given a larva which
had been fed on apple for four days, It ate it without
any hesitation. It was then offered the ivy-fed larva
which it had before refused, and after some hesitation it
swallowed it, though evidently without any keenness.
Another of the new lizards was then offered an ivy-fed
larva. It bit it and dropped it suddenly, rubbing its nose
on the pebbles. It then took another bite and put it out
again, opening its jaws wide and then rubbing its nose on
the floor. After a while it was induced to try an apple-fed
example, which it swallowed rapidly after a short hesita-
tion. The ivy-fed larva previously refused was then again
offered, but it would not touch it.
One of the original lizards ate a larva of betularia
and one of dunaria, but smelt and refused an ivy-fed
rhomboidaria.
September 10.—A large lizard ate an ivy-fed larva with
considerable hesitation, putting it out four times. This
lizard had had nothing to eat for some days. After this it
ate another ivy-fed larva with rather less hesitation. A
third was seized by it and another lizard. They fought
over it furiously, and the caterpillar was pulled in two and
each swallowed its own piece. The competition apparently
had something to do with the result, as immediately after
the second lizard bit another larva and dropped it, rubbing
its nose violently. A third lizard came up and examined
the larva, when the other seized it again but dropped it
like a hot coal. Another lizard twice examined and
refused one .of these larvae.
September 11.—A lizard ate rapidly and without
hesitation two larvae of betularia and a “green-bottle.”
An ivy-fed rhomboidaria was then offered, but it examined
it carefully and refused to touch it.
September 12.—An ivy-fed larva was offered to one of
the lizards. It seized it at once and nearly managed to
swallow it, but suddenly ejected it and rubbed its nose
violently on the pebbles. After this it would not even
eat a “blue-bottle,” and an apple-fed rhomboidaria was
disregarded. One of the large lizards was given a
rhomboidaria larva which had heen ted on apple for about
a week. It seized it and ate it at once. It was then
the Edibility of certain Lepidopterous Larvae. 477
given another taken from the ivy. It seized it at once
and gave it two bites, dropped it and rubbed its nose on
the pebbles. The original two lizards were offered ivy-fed
caterpillars, but after inspection they would not touch
them. They appear to have learnt that they are not good
to eat. Another lizard seized an ivy-fed larva, but after
two bites dropped it and rubbed its nose. It subsequently
ate a “blue-bottle.” Another lizard ate a young larva of
lubricipeda, though the hairs bothered it a good deal at
first, the lizard being apparently either pricked or tickled.
An older and more hairy larva was examined, but refused
on account of the hairs. Greenish larvae (probably Hadena
oleracea) were eaten without hesitation.
September 13.—During a short sunny interval one of
the large lizards came out and tasted an ivy-fed larva,
but dropped it after two bites and rubbed its nose. It
would not eat anything else after this.
Soon after the last-named date I was called abroad for
a time, and was therefore unable to continue the experi-
ments. Nevertheless it appears to me that extremely
interesting conclusions may reasonably be drawn there-
from. It should be remembered that the mere bald
statement that a lizard did or did not eat a certain insect
scarcely supplies that conviction which the actual carrying
out of the experiments conveys. The behaviour of the
reptiles when dealing with their food gives a vivid
impression of the degree of relish with which each-
particular morsel is consumed, and I am quite convinced
by carefully watching the lizards that ivy-fed larvae of
Boarmia rhomboidaria are extremely distasteful, and I am
equally persuaded that when fed for a time on apple those
distasteful qualities are removed. Ivy-fed larvae were
tasted and refused with disgust seventeen times, and
eaten five times. Even on the mere figures the evidence
of distastefulness is ample, but in the cases where the
larva was eaten, it was consumed with hesitation and
evident lack of relish, whilst once it was eaten under stress
of competition, the influence of which is hinted at by the
example of the lizard which had tasted and refused the
larva making a second attempt to eat it when threatened
with interference by another of the reptiles. In strong
contrast to this behaviour is the fact that apple-fed larvae
were eaten in every case in which they were tasted, such
hesitation as was shown being due to association with the
478 Mr. H. Eltringham on Lepidopterous Larvae.
appearance of the previously discarded ivy-fed example
whilst an apple-fed specimen was in no case rejected and
again seized, but always swallowed uninterruptedly and
without any of the characteristic nose-rubbing and other
contortions which accompanied the dealings with those
fed on ivy. From these facts it seems quite reasonable to
conclude that when feeding on apple this highly cryptic
larva remains as edible as are most other insects which are
well protected by their colour, shape, and habits. The
caterpillar is even better protected on ivy owing to the
density of the foliage and the irregularity of the twigs,
and yet when on that plant it becomes extremely dis-
tasteful, and furnishes an exactly similar case to that of
Mania typica, discovered and described by Prof. Poulton.
We thus have further evidence that the distasteful qualities
of larvae may have arisen in similar accidental ways, and
the difficulty of those “ first steps” in evolutionary changes
are still further decreased. We can see how a cryptic
larva which occurs on acertain food-plant might be sought
out and discovered by its enemies, and if the latter were
sufficiently numerous and persistent, the insect might be
exterminated. If, however, the larva can adapt itself to
a change of food, it may gain some respite until again dis-
covered. This may bring about a great change in the
creature's method of defence. Its new food-plant endows
it with inedible properties, and thus the insect has a further
opportunity of developing a new mode of protection along
different lines. To extend such reasoning, it seems not
impossible that a purely Batesian mimic might become
a Miillerian mimic by the same method. Batesian mimics
are much associated with their models during life, and the
instinct which guides a butterfly to lay its eggs on the
right food-plant is not invariably infallible. Thus ova of
an inedible species deposited on a new food-plant might
conceivably give rise to larvae which survived and produced
distasteful butterflies; and whilst the fact of such an
occurrence may remain unproved, its evident possibility
should serve to remind us once more of the complicated
conditions under which butterflies in common with other
creatures maintain their existence in the struggle for life.
(Note.—I am indebted to my friend, Commander J. J.
Walker, for kindly identifying the Geometrid larvae above
described.)
( 479.)
XV. On the Characters and Relationships of the less-known
groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera, with descriptions
of new species of Hybosorinae, etc. By GILBERT J.
Arrow, F.E.S.
[Read October 6th, 1909. ]
In the Zamellicornia, as in other groups of animals, the
forms which throw most light upon the problems of origin
and phylogeny are those which are least numerous and
obtrusive, and which, unless they happen to be individually
rare, have no special attraction tor the general collector.
The super-family ZLamellicornia is so multitudinous, and
contains such an abundance of forms which attract atten-
tion by their beauty, size, or strangeness of aspect, that the
groups in which these qualities are deficient have been
very generally neglected, and the classification of some of
the most primitive and interesting families has remained
practically unstudied since Erichson, in 1848, published
the most important contribution which has been made to
the subject of Lamellicorn classification.
Erichson’s division of all the Scarabaeidae into two
great series, according as the posterior abdominal spiracles
are situated in the dorsal part of the ventral segments
(Plewrosticti) or in the membranes connecting the dorsal
and ventral segments (Laparostict?), has been universally
adopted, although his criterion has never been actually
applied to some of the minor groups, and the position and
relations of several have been accepted as they were
assigned by him, although it is precisely in regard to these
that the scheme detailed in his “ Insecten Deutschlands ”
was least carefully elaborated. Some of the groups do
not belong to the German fauna, and in any case the
forms known to Erichson were so few that it was not
possible to ascertain what features were fixed and funda-
mental, and what characteristic only of species or genera.
In endeavouring to distinguish these groups by reference
to the formulae devised by Erichson and adopted by his
successors, I have found these formulae of little use and
have been obliged to investigate their mutual relation-
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PART IV. (DEC.)
480 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
ships anew, by means of the much larger materials now
available.
The division of the Scarabaeidae into Laparosticti and
Pleurosticti according to the situation of the spiracles,
although useful, does not correspond to any sharp natural
line of cleavage. There are not only two, but several
types, which pass one into the other, so that the point
selected for the line of division must be more or less
arbitrary, and if fixed with reference to this single
character alone may be quite unnatural. It has long.
been recognized that the Laparostict type is normally
accompanied by a more primitive condition of the labium,
which has a free bilobed ligula, while in the Pleurosticts
the ligula is indistinguishable, or almost indistinguishable,
from the mentum. This is a test sometimes difficult to
apply, and of little use in the case of those genera in
which the organs of the mouth are partially atrophied.
A more obvious distinction, ind one which seems to me to
be of some significance, is found in the conformation of
the hinder part of the abdomen. In typical Pleurosticts
this is large, highly chitimous and rigid above, but in
Laparosticts it is less bulky, the dorsal part is scarcely
chitinized, and, except in the most highly specialized
groups (e.g. the Coprinae), not at all rigid. In all Lamel-
licornia the last dorsal segment is very strongly chitinized,
and in the Pleurostict sub-families the one preceding it is
closely connected with it, large, rigid and continuous at
the sides with the penultimate ventral segment, forming
a solid ring, in which the last spiracle is situated. In
the Laparosticts this segment is not completely rigid, or
if it is so is not continuous with the corresponding
ventral segment.
Certain insects of peculiar conformation, the most
important of which are the Glaphyrinae, have been
attached by some systematists to one and by others to
the other of these great divisions. In the case of the
Glaphyrinae there has been a general agreement since
Erichson to treat them as Laparosticts, but Leconte
and Horn in their Coleoptera of North America com-
promised matters by placing a very large portion of the
Lamellicornia in an intermediate third division called
Melolonthinae, which he divided into Laparostict JZelolon-
thinae and Pleurostict Melolonthinae, the former consisting
of the Glaphyrini and another little anomalous group, the
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 481
Oncerini. It is strange that the actual location of the
abdominal spiracles in the Glaphyrinae appears never to
have been really observed, for it is of a unique type which
contradicts all the suggested affinities of the insects in
question. The abdomen is bulky, and the propygidium
forms with the penultimate ventral segment a complete
horny ring, in the dorsal part of which a spiracle is placed ;
but this spiracle is not the last, for, quite contrary to rule,
another is found on each side of the last dorsal segment
near, but a little distant from, the anterior angle. This
curious fact appears to me to indicate that this tergite
is not the homologue of the pygidium of all other Lamel-
licornia, but rather of. the penultimate tergite, for the
spiracle is not an additional one, the total number being
the normal one of six. According to Lacordaire, the
Lamellicornia possess seven abdominal spiracles, but the
first of these is found in the membrane connecting the
abdomen and metathorax, and is almost always different
from, and not placed in line with, the other six. I there-
fore prefer to consider that as a metathoracic spiracle and
to count six as belonging to the abdominal segments.
Of these the pygidial spiracle of the Glaphyrinae forms
the sixth, the preceding one is situated in the dorsal part of
the penultimate seginent, and the four anterior ones I have
found in Amphicoma vulpes in the membrane connecting
dorsal and veniral plates, and in Amphicoma papaveris in
the dorsal plates themselves. As these two species are
undoubtedly very nearly related the difference is evidently
here of little significance. The position of the last two
spiracles and their complete exposure indicate that the
Glaphyrinae have a nearer relationship to the Pleurosticts
than to the Laparosticts, but the remarkable peculiarity
described places them in a very isolated position.
The Oncerini, associated with the above group by
Leconte and Horn, consist of three or four minute species,
of which Chnaunanthus is the principal genus, and the
only one of the three described which is known to me.
This was placed by Lacordaire among the Melolonthinae
together with the European Chasmatopterus, and I can
discover no reason at all for Leconte and Horn’s view.
The abdomen is of the normal Pleurostict type, although
the ventral segments, except the last, are completely
consolidated. The spiracles are very difficult to see
owing to their very small size, but by microscopica.
482 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
preparations I have ascertained that they also are in the
normal situation for the Melolonthinac, i.e. tue three
posterior are in the dorsal part of the ventral segments,
the sutures of which in this part are still visible.
Two peculiar genera, Aclopus and Phaenognatha, were
placed by Erichson in the Glaphyridae, but removed to
the Melolonthinae by Lacordaire on the ground that the
situation of the spiracles is of the Pleurostict type. By a
preparation of the abdomen of Aclopus brunneus, I found
the spiracles to be completely Laparostict ; but, in a paper
published since the present one took shape, Dr. Ohaus
(Deutsche ent. Zeits., 1909, p. 427) has made the highly
interesting announcement that, while this is so in the
male, in the female the four last spiracles are actually
situated in the chitin of the ventral segments; that is,
the species is Pleurostict in this sex. All the examples
of Phaenognatha and Aclopus hitherto described are males,
although Burmeister incorrectly considered both sexes to be
represented among the specimens of Aclopus he described,
and Lacordaire’s account shows that, in spite of his state-
ment as to the spiracles, he knew only the male. The
female is wingless and clumsily built, and there is little
doubt that this is the case in both genera, and that, as in
Pachypus, all the females are very retiring and inert. Dr.
Heller considers the group to be rather closely related to
Pachypus; but although I believe all agree in being near
the primitive Lamellicorn stock, it is likely that the
resemblance is in part due to similarity in the mode of
life. There are wide differences in the structure of the
antennae and head, and the greatly exserted labium and
mandibles connect the Aclopinae with the Geotrupinae and
allied groups. There is certainly no special affinity with
either the Glaphyrinae or Melolonthinae, and the propriety
of regarding them as an independent and rather isolated
sub-family can hardly be questioned.
An interesting feature of the genus Aclopus, and, no
doubt, a primitive one, is the existence of apparently
sensory hairs upon the dorsal surface of the prothorax.
This is perfectly free from hairs, except for one or two
long ones standing upright on each side and arising from
a couple of small pits, one on each side of the middle.
These pits are always visible, even when in roughly-used
specimens the hairs have been lost. Somewhat similar
hairs are found on the head or thorax in certain Carabidae
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 483
Phytophaga, etc., but so far as I know they are not found
in any other Lamellicorma.
The distribution of the Aclopinae is exceedingly inter-
esting. Until recently only three species have been
recognized, but although difficult to distinguish they will
have to be considerably multiplied. Aclopus is peculiar
to South America, while Phaenognatha consists of various
Australian species (all but one of them described later in
the present paper), and one or more from South America
so closely related to them as to be quite fittingly placed in
the same genus.
The proper systematic position of the remarkable
Californian genus Pleocoma has been the subject of a
prolonged controversy, and its structure has been pretty
thoroughly investigated. Leconte and Horn claimed it
as an undoubted Laparostict allied to the Geotrupinae;
while Gerstaecker placed it with equal confidence in the
Pleurosticti near Pachypus. The latter writer was wrong
in declaring the spiracles to be situated in the chitinous
rings; but I believe his view of the affinities of the genus
was not altogether unjustified, and that although the two
theories quoted above appear quite irreconcilable, it is
not necessary to entirely reject either. I believe both
Pleocoma and Pachypus to be among those ancient sur-
vivals which are destructive of all clear-cut systems, but
which throw most valuable light upon phylogeny. Dr.
Horn has himself pointed out that Pleocoma has the
spiracles so placed as to make it doubtful whether it is
Laparostict or not. They are indeed surrounded by
membrane, but so placed as to appear as though this
encroached upon the horny segments. Both Pleocoma
and Pachypus have the very un-Melolonthine feature of
possessing a horn in the male sex, the former upon the
head and the latter upon the thorax; but both have also
the entirely Melolonthine characteristic of a many-leaved
antennal club. The number of joints in the club is
invariably three in the whole of the Scarabaeidae, except
in many Melolonthinae and these two genera. On the other
hand, Pleocoma appears to have very little in common
with the Geotrupinae, except the total number of eleven
joints to the antenna, which if there were any similarity
in these organs themselves would certainly be a very
important fact, for this number of joints, general in other
Coleoptera, occurs in no other Lamellicornia so far as
484 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
is known. It is remarkable that, while the Laparostict
condition must certainly be regarded as more primitive
than the Pleurostict, all the least primitive forms of the
antenna are found in the Laparostict division, and one of
the most highly modified types of all (Lethrus) occurs
in the family in which alone (except in Pleocoma) the
primitive number of eleven joints still exists.
It is interesting to find the habits of Pleocoma prac-
tically identical with those of Pachypus, the females of
both being wingless and remaining always below the
surface of the ground, where they are sought out by
bevies of males. Clitopa and other Melolonthine genera
have similar habits, but there is no resemblance whatever
to those of the Geotrupinae.
In view of all the facts it seems to me that both
Pleocoma and Pachypus, although by no means closely
related, are probably more nearly related to each other
than to any other known forms, and that, while they are
best classed among the Laparosticti, they are scarcely less
related to the Plewrostiti.
Prof. Kolbe has added to the Lamellicorn series the
family Synteliidae, consisting of the small genus Syntelia,
which he regards as forming a link with the Staphylinid
series through the Histeridae. But the latter family is
probably one of the latest branches of that series and
Syntelia is in many respects by no means primitive. The
antennae are of a well-developed Clavicorn type, and if
there is any special relationship between the two great
series, which is as yet very hypothetical, I] think the
Synteliidae are more naturally placed on the Staphylinid
side. If J] am right, however, in regarding the genera I
have just discussed (those with many-lamellated antennae)
as the most primitive Lamellicornia, then the ancestry of
the series should probably be traced in quite another
direction. I may point out, as of some significance, that
the Lamellicornia are invariably characterized by having
only a single articulated spine to the front tibia. In the
Synteludac, Histeridac, Silphidae, etc., there are two.
The following Table indicates what appear to me to be
the primary subdivisions of the Laparostict Scarabaeidae—
Antennal club of more than 3 joints.
Antennae ll-jointed . . . . . . . . PLEOCOMINAE.
Antennae 8-jointed . . . . . . . . . PACHYPODINAE.
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 485
Antennal club of 3 joints.
| Labrum and mandibles horizontally ex-
truded, flattened.
o Eyes divided in front.
Labrum as long as mandibles . . . . ACLOPINAE.
Labrum shorter than mandibles.
Antennae ll-jointed . . . . . . GEOTRUPINAE.
Antennae 10-jointed.
Antennal club telescopic, joints cu-
puliform sy .° . HyYBOSORINAE.
Antennal club pla: faitsatlate:
Stridulating plate in hind coxal
Geuyatye 1 . . 'TAUROCERASTINAE.
Stridulating plate on ‘hindi coxa. ORPHNINAE.
Antennae 9-jointed.°. . . . . . CHIRONINAE.
@EHyesentire. .. . OCHODAEINAE.
Labrum and tition dst ‘int Aosaontally ex-
truded.
, Antennae 10-jointed.
Labrom very small) .')) 1). ) ) . | IpresTommmam!
Bebrnmr large 2) 28 VE) Se) DRoeram
_ Antennae 8- or 9-jointed.
Hind tibia 2-spined : mid-coxae contiguous APHODIINAE.
Hind tibia 1-spined: mid-coxae separate. COPRINAE.
In this scheme of classification, most of the diagnostic
characters introduced by Erichson and adopted by La-
cordaire and all later systematists have been abandoned.
The number of visible ventral segments in the abdomen
was employed for a primary division by Erichson; and
although both Lacordaire and Westwood remarked that
it was scarcely of sufficient weight for the purpose, neither
ventured to reject it, and the occurrence of five segments
only has remained the criterion of the Zvoginae and led
to the wide separation of genera very nearly allied. The
visibility or otherwise of the metasternal epimera, similarly
used for the separation of the Laparostict sub-families, is,
like the number of recognizable ventral segments, subject
to gradual transition and no more capable of application
as a sharp dividing line. My study has thus led to a
certain fresh delimitation of frontiers and re-arrangement
of the component genera of certain sub-families, especially
the Hybosorinae and Troginae, which it is necessary to
define.
486 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
Two genera, Anaides and Chaetodus, placed together
in the Zvogidae by Westwood, were separated by La-
cordaire, and the second transferred to the Hybosoridae.
Phaeochroops, of Candéze, which has distinct affinities
with both these genera, and in which the fusion of
the ventral segments, regarded as characteristic of the
Hybosorinae, reaches its maximum, is placed in the
Troginae on account of the number of those segments
externally visible. Ziparochrus again, which has the
faculty of folding the body so characteristic of the small
Troginae, has the antennal club of the very different
form found in the Hybosorinae, and the asymmetrical
front claws of the male, which I believe are found in
no other Laparosticts except the Hybosorine genus
Phaeochrous, also occur in Liparochrus. It is obviously
unnatural to interpose between these closely-related
genera the great groups of Coprinae and <Aphodwnae,
as proposed by Erichson, or even the Creotrupinae, as
Lacordaire has done, and indeed in my opinion it is
impossible to refer them to different sub-families.
The genus Zvox is a peculiar and rather isolated one
which, except in the form of the abdomen and elytra, has
few points of resemblance to those mentioned above.
In the structure of the head, antennae, organs of the mouth,
prothorax, scutellum and legs it is entirely different. Its
only near ally is Cryptogenius, a genus with a slight
superficial resemblance to Anaides, of which the second
known species is described at the end of this paper. The
essential characters of the Z'oginae are also found in the
curious contractile-bodied group of the Acanthocerina.
The following genera, which have been assigned to the
Troginae, 1 propose to transfer to the Hybosorinae, viz.
Liparochrus, Anaides, Phacochroops, Phaeochridius. and
Pantolaswus.
These two sub-families are most easily grouped according
as (1) the antennal club is simple, the head more or less
angular in front, and the labrum and mandibles not ex-
tended horizontally (Zvroginac); or (2) the jomts of the
antennal club are cup-shaped and telescope one within
the other, the head quadrate or elliptical in front, and
the labrum and mandibles horizontal, flattened and
plainly visible from above (Hybosorinae).
In the Zroginae the first joint of the antenna is
greatly enlarged, more or less bent, and usually projects
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 487
beyond the articulation with the second joint; the
clypeus has a free edge all round, and the organs of the
mouth are bunched together and not visible from above.
The labrum is thick and more or less vertical, and the
mandibles are stout and not projecting. The elytra are
very ample, and the abdomen is always deeply sunk within
them. The claws are simple and symmetrical, and the sexes
are alike externally.
The Hybosorinae have the first joint of the antenna only
slightly enlarged and of normal form, the club globular
with the joints fitting one within the other. The clypeus
is flat, not pointed, and not covering the labrum and
mandibles, which appear to form a continuation of it.
The labrum is transverse, and lies upon the base of the
mandibles, which are exposed at the front and sides.
The front tibiae are generally finely serrate along the
outer edge, with three larger and sharper teeth. The
claws are simple or toothed, and sometimes the front
claws of the male are unsymmetrical. The two sexes
often differ considerably.
Sub-family.—H YBOSORINAE.
Professor Kolbe has called attention to the absence of
this group from the Australian region, but the inclusion of
the genus Liparochrus supplies this deficiency. In addition
to the genera I have already transferred to the group
must be mentioned Aporolaus, of Bates, which is very
closely related to Dicraeodon, Erichson, and indeed if other
species are found it will probably be necessary to unite all
under the latter name. ‘“ Coelodes, No. 2,” of Bates, in the
Biol. Centz.-Americana, is a species of Dicraeodon.
Hybosorus rufulus, described in a fragmentary manner
by Castelnau, has always been an object of uncertainty.
It was placed in the genus Coelodes in the Munich
catalogue and in Hapalonychus by De Borre, who believed
it to be identical with HA. Waterhousei, Westw. I
believe this to be right as regards the genus but not
the species. I have examined female specimens from
Haiti, determined, I think correctly, as H. rufulus, and
associated with H. Waterhousei, of which only a single
male from Cuba was described by Westwood. The other
sex of that species I do not know, but the true male of
H, rufulus is a very remarkable insect which has not
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PraRT IV. (DEC.) KK
488 Mr, Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
yet been described. Like the female it has head, pro-
thorax and legs of a bright yellow colour and the elytra
usually a little duller, but the claws have in the male
a strong tooth near the middle, the labrum is larger,
and the mandibles are broad and prominent, almost as
in the males of Phacochrous. The front tibiae and tarsi
are longer, and the tibiae have only two teeth instead of
three. A very curious feature is the contraction of the
hind tarsi, which are very short and thick. Finally,
the hind tibiae bear at the end a tuft of very long hairs
which actually extend beyond the tarsi. This curious
genus is almost the only Lamellicorn genus which is
apparently peculiar to the West Indian Islands.
The most salient characters of the Hybosorinae are
frequently peculiar to the male, a fact unknown to West-
wood, who relied chiefly upon these features in his synopsis
of the genera (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., IV, 1847, p. 157).
This is therefore useless and liable to mislead unless the
sexual differences of the species under examination are
known. As several recently described genera are yet un-
known to me I cannot at present replace it witha fresh
tabulation of the now much more numerous genera.
The genus Phacochridius consists of the two species
P. derasus, Har., and P. Haroldi, Fairm., and the only
character which has been mentioned as distinguishing it
from Phacochroops is the existence of a transverse carina
on the posterior tibiae. This is found in quite typical
species of Phacochroops and therefore has no generic value ;
but there is a considerable difference in the shape of the
pronotum, which is more or less quadrate in Phaeochroops,
while in Phacochridius there is no trace of hind angles, the
margin forming a continuous curve from one front angle to
the other. To this distinction may be added a peculiar
sexual feature. In the female the puncturation of the
elytra is interrupted on each side behind the scutellum,
leaving a very conspicuous shining patch. I have found
this constant in a considerable series of P. Haroldi from
Batu I. in the Genoa Museum, and have ascertained by
dissection that it is distinctive of the female sex. Harold
described the same peculiarity as occurring in P. derasus,
so that the type of that species is a female.
Hypseloderus, of Fairmaire, from the description is
evidently not a member of the Hybosorinac. It probably
belongs to the Z'roginae.
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 489
The following new species belong to this sub-family—
LIiparochrus dux, sp. n.
Ovatus, niger, nitidus, valde convexus, pectore pedibusque
breviter fulvo-setosis ; capite distincte punctato, clypeo sat parvo,
lateribus rugoso-punctato ; prothorace laevissimo, omnino marginato,
postice lato, angulis rotundato, basi leviter sinuato, medio prominulo,
lateribus latis, punctis nonnullis vage impressis, angulis anticis
productis, rotundatis ; elytris post medium amplissimis, postice paulo
productis, impunctatis, stria profunda suturali, alia marginali
parisque 4 interpositis, primo solum ad marginem anticam attingente ;
corpore subtus pedibusque subtiliter striolatis, tibiis anticis extus
serratis, dentibus duobus majoribus :
¢, pedum anticorum dentibus 2 tibialibus minutis haud acutis,
unguiculo interno valde inflecto, dilatato: 9, pedum anticorum
dentibus 2 tibialibus acutissimis. Long. 18mm. Lat. max. 10 mm.
Hab. 8.E. NEw GUINEA: Moroka (1300 m.), Paumomu
R. (Loria, 1892-3). In the British and Genoa Museums.
This and the following species are remarkable for
their great size, their dimensions being far larger than
those of any other Hybosorinae known. J. dux appears
to resemble Z. papuus, Lansb. (with L. alternatus, Macl.,
and ZL. sulcatus, Montr., the only non-Australian species at
present known). It is extremely smooth and shining, and
the elytra are a little attenuated behind, decorated with
deeply impressed striae in pairs and entirely devoid of
punctures. The front tibiae have only two external teeth
in addition to the usual close serration.
Liparochrus vngens,* Felsche, Deuts. Ent. Zeits., 1909,
p. 764,
Nigro-piceus, nitidus, breviter ovatus, valde convexus, corpore
subtus opaco, parce fulvo-setoso ; capite subtiliter punctato, clypeo
sat parvo ; prothorace laevi, omnino marginato, extus minute punc-
tato, lateribus bene arcuatis, angulis anticis productis, subacutis,
posticis rotundatis, margine basali leviter sinuato ; elytris sat brevi-
bus, post medium latissimis, omnino sat irregulariter striatis, striis
antice et latera versus vage punctatis, dorsi interstitiis partim
tessellatis, pectore abdomineque crebre striolatis, opacis; tibiis
anticis serratis, dentibus tribus majoribus :
* Just before going to press I have received Herr Felsche’s descrip-
tion of this species, to which I had given another name. By the
author’s kindness I have been able to examine the type.
KK 2
490 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
¢, pedum anticorum dentibus majoribus minus gracilibus,
unguiculo interno valde inflecto, dilatato.
Long. 15-17 mm. Lat. max. 10-10°5 mm.
Hab. 8. New GuINnEA: Irupara, Ighibirei (Z. Doria,
July, August 1889-90).
In the British and Genoa Museums.
This species is closely related to the preceding one, but
rather more globose and less black and shining. The
elytra are more closely striated, and upon the dorsal part
the alternate interstices, and all the interstices towards
the apex are broken into short elevations and depressions
which produce a tesselated appearance. The front tibiae
are armed with three moderately sharp teeth in addition
to the fine serration.
Liparochrus timidus, sp. n.
Niger vel piceo-niger, nitidus, late ovatus, capite transverse
ruguloso, clypeo brevi, quadrato, antice laevissime emarginato ;
prothorace medio parcissime vix perspicue punctulato, lateribus
modice dilatatis, haud crebre fere rugose punctatis, angulis anticis
modice prominentibus, paulo rotundatis, posticis obtusis, scutello
laevi, acuto ; elytris profunde striatis striis geminatis, profundis, vix
punctatis, interstitiis parcissime et minutissime punctulatis ; tibiis
anticis serratis, dentibus tribus magnis.
, Long. 65-9 mm. Lat. max. 45-5°5 mm.
Hab. Nortu Austrauia: Alexandria (Oct. to March).
A series of specimens collected by Mr. W. Stalker
have been presented by Sir W. Ingram to the British
Museum.
It is a black, globose and very shining species with the
head rugose, the pronotum very finely and thinly punc-
tured, and the elytra furnished with several pairs of deeply
incised, not distinctly punctured striae, the interstices
thinly and irregularly sprinkled with minute punctures.
The shape and general appearance are as in L. geminatus,
Westw., but Z. timidus is larger on the average, and a
little more elongate, with the pronotum much smoother
and the elytra more deeply striated and more sparingly
punctured.
The described species of the genus Coelodes, with the
exception of C. castaneus, Westw., and C. nigripennis, Arrow,
have the elytra punctured in double rows, with wide,
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 491
smooth intervals. The two following new species have
them evenly punctured all over.
Coelodes fumipennis, sp. 0.
Rufo-testaceus, elytris minus laetis, marginibus omnibus late et
vage fumatis: subglobosus, capite fere laevi, clypeo leviter rugo-
sulo; prothorace toto impunctato, lateribus fere rectis, baseos
medio laevissime prominente ; elytris undique sat regulariter seriato-
punctatis, stria suturali profunda, punctata :
¢, prothorace antice laevissime impresso, marginis antici medio
subacuminato,
Long.6mm. Lat. max. 4 mm,
Hab. AMAZONS: Para, Eoa (H. W. Bates). British
Museum.
This is easily recognized not only by the uniform fine
puncturation of the elytra, but by its rather peculiar
colouring, the head, prothorax, legs and lower surface
being bright orange-testaceous, while the elytra are almost
of the same colour in the middle of the back, but change
imperceptibly to a smoky black at the margins.
Coelodes punctipennis, sp. n.
Laete testaceus, prothorace interdum paulo dilutiore, modice
elongatus: capite rugosulo, postice medio laevi; prothorace im-
punctato, lateribus leviter arcuatis; elytris undique fortiter et
regulariter seriato-punctatis, stria suturali profunda punctata :
dg, capitis vertice leviter transverse carinato ; prothorace antice
sat late impresso, marginis antici medio subacuminato,
Long. 5°5-6°5 mm. Lat. max. 3°5-4 mm.
Hab. Ecuapor: Canelos, Mirador (Buckley); Peru:
Nauta (H. W. Bates).
This is more brightly coloured than C. castaneus,
Westw., and the elytra are very strongly and uniformly
punctured, whereas in Westwood’s species they are very
feebly and irregularly punctured.
Chaetodus exaratus, sp. n.
Rufo-piceus, nitidus, supra leviter cupreo-micans, longe ovatus,
ubique parce sat fortiter ferrugineo-setosus ; capite parce punctato,
elypeo parvo elliptico; prothorace nitidissimo, marginibus antica
492 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
et lateralibus fortiter punctatis, disco utrinque parce et grosse
punctato, angulis anticis acutis, posticis paulo arcuatis; elytris
postice paulo productis, profunde striatis, striis pone partem anticam
multo divisis, tenuissimis, interstitiis angustatis, carinatis, parcissime
setiferis, corpore subtus minutissime striolato.
Long. 8-85 mm. Lat. max. 4°5 mm.
Hab. Brazin: Rio de Janeiro.
This is a rather large, slightly metallic species, very
distinct from those hitherto described. The elytra are
rather drawn out behind, so that the body does not appear
broadly rounded there, and the striation is very close and
deep. The striae are simple in the anterior part, but
become broad and multiple, so that the interstices are
narrowed to carinae, upon which are placed scanty hairs at
intervals.
The British Museum collection contains, besides a speci-
men taken at Rio de Janeiro by the late Alexander Fry,
one from Dejean’s collection labelled Adelops striatus,
Brazil: Sommer. It is quite different from Chaetodus
striatus, de Borre.
Phacochroops peninsularis, sp. n.
Longe pyriformis, fusco-brunneus, ubique longe rufohirtus ; capite
erebre et grosse punctato, clypeo parum elongato ; prothorace dense
et aequaliter sat grosse punctato, absque linea mediana laevi, antice
angusto, angulis anticis acutis, lateribus postice leviter arcuatis, basi
quam elytris ad humeros sensim angustiore ; elytris sat subtiliter
annulato-punctatis, utroque obsolete 3-costato, marginibus longe et
dense ciliatis ; tibiis anticis toto serratis, longe 3-dentatis, posteri-
oribus sat gracilibus, haud carinatis; tarsis quam tibiis multo
brevioribus.
Long. 13-14 mm. Lat. max. 7°5 mm.
Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Perak (W. Doherty).
One specimen of each sex was taken by the collector.
It is a species extremely close to P. gigas, Arrow, and
when describing that species I regarded them as identical.
It is a little smaller, and the tarsi are noticeably shorter
relatively, at least in the male, in which sex they are a
little longer than in the female. The pronotum is rather
more densely punctured, less shining, and without a
smooth longitudinal line along the middle. Its sides are
a little more rounded and very slightly incurved beyond
the middle, so that the base is a little narrower than in
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 493
P. gigas. The prothorax and elytra have long marginal
fringes of tawny hairs.
Phacochroops opacicollis, sp. n.
Longe pyriformis, fusco-brunneus, rufo-hirtus, elytris nitidis ;
capite dense punctato, clypeo sat brevi, prothorace densissime minute
aequaliter punctato, erecte piloso, lateribus antice rectis, angulis
acutissimis, postice subtiliter curvatis et late marginatis, angulis
sat distinctis, basi ad elytrorum latitudinem (ad humeros) aequali,
elytris sat longis, crebre punctatis, singulo obsolete 3-costato, costis
breviter setosis, marginibus longe rufo-ciliatis, tibiis anticis minute
serratis, longe 3-dentatis, posterioribus haud carinatis, tarsis sat
gracilibus.
Long. 15 mm. Lat. max. 7°5 mm,
Hab. TENASSERIM: Plapoo, Mt. Mooleyit (Z. Fea, April
1887).
In the British and Genoa Museums.
This species is like P. peninsularis and gigas, but a little
more elongate and with a less conspicuous hairy clothing.
The prothorax is exceedingly densely punctured and clothed
with closer but shorter hairs, its sides being nearly straight,
with a smooth shining margin, the posterior half of which
is rather broad. The elytra are well punctured but very
shining, and each has three slight costae which bear fine
hairs. The lateral edges of both prothorax and elytra are
furnished with long and close fringes. The legs are slender.
Phaeochroops vulpecula, sp. u.
Pyriformis, fusco-brunneus, longe rufo-hirtus; capite fortiter
punctato, clypeo sat longo ; prothorace fortiter et aequaliter punctato,
lateribus bene arcuatis, vix marginatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis
fere rectis, minute rotundatis ; elytris modice nitidis, undique sat
crebre annulato-punctatis, singulo leviter 3-costato, longe sat parce
hirto, lateribus externis haud dense ciliatis, tibiis anticis sat grosse
serratis et acute 3-dentatis, dente supero paulo retro-instructo, tibiis
posterioribus haud carinatis.
Long. 12-13 mm. Lat. max. 6°5-7°5 mm.
Hab. MenTAWE! Is.: Sipora (Z. Modigliani, May and
June 1894).
In the British and Genoa Museums.
P. vulpecula is extremely close to P. peninsularis, Arrow,
but the clypeus is longer and coarsely, but not rugosely,
494 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
punctured, the pronotum is rather more evenly and densely
punctured, and the fringe of hairs at the sides of the
elytra is considerably longer and thicker.
Phaeochroops rattus, sp. n.
Pyriformis, fusco-brunneus, sat breviter fulvo-hirtus ; capite
grosse fere rugose punctato, clypeo parvo, oculis prominentibus,
laevibus ; prothorace densissime punctato, transverso, lateribus vix
curvatis, angulis omnibus acutis, posticis ad humeros exacte coadap-
tatis ; elytris modice nitidis, fortiter fere confuse punctatis, singulo
leviter anguste 3-costato et ad marginem internam magis elevato,
marginibus externis vix ciliatis ; tibiis anticis extus toto minutissime
serratis et acute 3-dentatis, posterioribus medio obsolete carinatis ;
tarsis quam tibiis paulo brevioribus.
Long. 10 mm. Lat. max. 55 mm.
Hab. SuMATRA: Setinjak (1800 ft.), Si-Rambé (£.
Modigliani, Dec. to March).
In the British and Genoa Museums.
Two specimens were found by the late Mr. Ericson in
the first locality during January 1898, and a series was
collected in the second by Sig. E. Modigliani from Decem-
ber 1890 to March 1891. It is a small species, with shorter
and scantier pubescence than usual, and without lateral
fringes to the prothorax and elytra. The clypeus is small
and the eyes prominent, very finely facetted and shining,
with the anteocular ridges well developed and not very
oblique. The prothorax is relatively rather short, the sides
nearly straight behind, and the base rather broad, with
prominent hind angles. The elytra are rather more coarsely
punctured than in the other species. The legs are moder-
ately slender and fringed, but not thickly, with short hairs.
Phaeochroops niasianus, sp. n.
Pyriformis, nigro-fuscus, parcissime setulosus; capite grosse
punctato, clypeo parvo, oculis magnis, nitidis ; prothorace brevi,
dense et grosse punctato, lateribus postice laevissime arcuatis, angulis
anticis acutis, posticis minute obtusatis, elytris dense, fere rugose
punctatis, punctis haud profundis, singulo elytro leviter 3-costato,
marginibus vix ciliatis.
Long. 9-10 mm. Lat. max. 5 mm.
Hab. Nias I. (H. Raap, 1897-1898).
In the British and Genoa Museums,
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 495
This is closely similar to P. rattus and P. batuensis, but
generally rather darker in colour, and distinguishable by
the rather larger and more distinct punctures with which
the pronotum is covered. It is also smaller than P. rattus
and larger than P. batwensis and differs from the former
by its very shining and finely facetted eyes and the more
rounded sides of the pronotum, and from the latter by the
finer and less deep puncturation of the elytra.
Phaeochroops batuensis, sp. n.
Pyriformis, fusco-rufus, haud dense fulvo-hirtus ; capite grosse
punctato, oculis nitidis, prothorace brevi, dense punctato, lateribus
postice laevissime arcuatis ; elytris grosse et profunde rugose punc-
tatis, singulo lineis tribus longitudinalibus vix elevatis instructo,
marginibus vix ciliatis.
Long. 8-9 mm. Lat. max. 4-5 mm.
Hab. Batu I. (7. Raap, 1896-1897).
In the British and Genoa Museums.
This is extremely close to P. niasianus, but a little
smaller on the average and a shade lighter in colour, with
longer and more evident pubescence upon the upper
surface. The punctures of the prothorax are more
numerous and those of the elytra deeper and rougher.
Phaeochroops mentaweiensts, sp. n.
Pyriformis, fusco-brunneus, sat parce fulvo-setosus ; capite rugose
punctato, clypeo brevi, oculis haud nitidis, grosse granulatis, pro-
thorace brevi, dense punctato, postice lato, lateribus vix arcuatis,
angulis posticis prominentibus ; elytris dense et rugose punctatis,
singulo lineis tribus longitudinalibus vix elevatis instructo, mar-
ginibus vix ciliatis.
Long. 9mm. Lat. max. 5 mm.
Hab. MENTAWEI Is.: Sipora (#. Modigliani, May and
June 1894).
In the British and Genoa Museums.
This species is at first sight exactly like P. niasianus,
but the eyes are more coarsely facetted and not glossy,
the clypeus is more finely and rugosely punctured, and
the elytra are more coarsely and rugosely sculptured, with
rather sharper costae.
496 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
Phacochrous dissimilis, sp. n.
Piceo-niger, ore pedibus, prothoracis et elytrorum marginibusque
brunnescentibus, abdomine ferrugineo; capite crebre punctato, pro-
thorace nitido modice punctato, lateribus grosse et crebre punctatis,
elytris crebre punctatis, seriebus tribus longitudinalibus regulariter
quadristriato-punctatis, interstitiis crebre confuse punctatis :
¢, multo major, mandibulis modice prominentibus, rotundatis,
capite subnitido, prothoracis lateribus latissimis, confluenter punc-
tatis, elytris opacis, parte antica angusta nitida; lateribus cum
pedibus longe rufo-hirtis, tibiarum anticarum dente supero minuto ;
?, sat nitida, capite rugoso, tibiis anticis fortiter 3-dentatis et
serratis.
Long. 13-16 mm. Lat. max. 7:5-8°5 mm.
Hab, TENASSERIM, Moulmein (LZ. Fea, May 1887).
In the British and Genoa Museums, and M. Réne
Oberthiir’s collection.
This is the largest species of Phacochrous I have seen,
and the disparity between the sexes, always considerable
in this genus, is very remarkable. The anterior half of
the upper surface of the male is shining, and the posterior
half (7.¢. the whole of the elytra except a narrow anterior
strip) entirely dull and sooty. The female is shining above
and beneath, except upon the head, which is rugose. The
elytra (in both sexes) are finely and densely punctured, and
each has three longitudinal bands composed of four straight
lines of punctures. The colour is rather dark with the
abdomen reddish.
The claws of the male are blunt, with the basal append-
age inconspicuous and the tooth of the outer claw reaching
beyond the middle.
A similar sexual difference in the elytra is found in a
West African species, Phaeochrous dispar, Qued.
Phaeochrous pallidus, sp. n.
Laete ferrugineus, sat parvus, prothorace distincte haud dense
punctato, elytris fortiter et aequaliter crebre striato-punctatis, haud
costatis :
¢, mandibulis latis, prominentissimis, capite nitido, modice punc-
tato, tibiis anticis latis, tridentatis, dente tertio minuto, margine
supra leviter crenulato, haud distincte serrato :
9, capite fortiter rugose punctato, elytrorum interstitiis minute
sat parce punctulatis.
Long. 9-10 mm. Lat. max. 4-5 mm.
of the less-known growps of Lamellicorn Coleoptera, 497
Hab. Sourn Mysore: Nilgiri Hills (A. LZ. Andrewes,
Sir G. F. Hampson); CEYLON.
Type in the British Museum.
P. pallidus is very much like P. emarginatus, Cast., but
is of a bright mahogany colour and rather smaller than
the normal size of that species. The pronotum is moder-
ately sparsely punctured and the elytra finely and closely
striate-punctate, with the intervals not elevated. In the
males the front tibiae are rather broad and indistinctly
serrate before and after the minute uppermost tooth, only
three or four serrations being distinguishable above it.
The mandibles are a little broader and more prominent
than in P. emarginatus. In our single female specimen
the elytra are very finely but distinctly punctulated in the
interstices.
Phaeochrous arabicus, sp. n.
Piceus vel rufo-piceus, modice nitidus; capite crebre prothorace
parce sed distincte punctato, elytris crebre striato-punctatis antice
sat regulariter, postice confusius ;
¢, mandibulis prominentissimis antice omnino arcuatis, tibiis
anticis tri-dentatis, forcipis lobo dextro lanceolato, modice acuto,
lobo sinistro lato, fere quadrato.
Long. 9-11 mm. Lat. max. 5-6 mm.
Hab. ARABIA: Yemen (Millingen). British Museum.
This species was contained in the bequest of the late
Alexander Fry. It is intermediate between the Oriental
and African groups, the elytra in the first being striate,
while in the second they are more or less irregularly
punctured. In P. arabicus the elytral punctures are
arranged in longitudinal rows, some of which are lightly
impressed, but towards the apices they become broken up.
Phacochrous nitidus, sp. n.
Nigro-piceus, nitidus, ore, pedibus, corporeque subtus ferrugineis ;
prothorace irregulariter punctato ; elytris creberrime confuse punc-
tatis, punctorum seriebusque tribus longitudinalibus quadruplice
instructis, tibiis anticis tridentatis et sat minute serratis :
¢, mandibulis prominentibus, capite fortiter punctato, prothorace
hand late marginato, lateribus antice modice arcuatis ; forcipis lobo
dextro anguste lanceolato, haud distorto, sinistro brevi, basi vix
dentato.
Long. 10°5-12 mm. Lat. max, 6-6°5 mm.
498 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
Hab. GERMAN E. Arrica: Masailand, Kilimanjaro.
In the British Museum.
P. nitidus is another species very difficult to distinguish
from P. Beccarti, but the puncturation is a little finer and
the surface therefore rather more shining. The form also
appears to be a trifle more elongate. In the male the pro-
thorax is a little less dilated, the sides rather more rounded
in front and less divergent behind. The examination of
the genitalia, however, is the only means of discrimina-
tion which I have found really conclusive. To facilitate
comparison I give here a short description of this part in
the male of P. Becearii, Har., of which by Dr. Gestro’s
kindness I have been able to examine the original
specimens :—
Forcipis lobo dextro longo, paulo contorto, apice lanceolato, basi
paulo inflato, lobo sinistro sat brevi, basi fortiter dentato.
Phacochrous mashunus, sp. n.
P. madagascariensis, Péring. (nec Westw.), Trans. S. Afr.
Phil. Soc., 1900, p. 497.
Nigro-piceus, parum nitidus, ore, pedibus, corporeque subtus
ferrugineis ; prothorace sat distincte irregulariter punctato; elytris
punctorum seriebus tribus longitudinalibus quadruplice instructis,
interstitiis creberrime confuse punctatis, tibiis anticis tridentatis et
sat minute serratis :
¢, mandibulis antice prominentissimis, subtruncatis, capite
sat leviter punctato, prothorace sat late marginato ; forcipis lobo
dextro breviter lanceolato, acutissimo, sinistro latissimo, basi minute
dentato.
Long. 11°5-12°5 mm. Lat, max. 6-6°5 mm.
Hab. MASHONALAND: Salisbury (G. A. K. Marshall) ;
NYASALAND (Zhelwall).
Mr. Peringuey has described this under the name of
P. madagascariensis, but although very like that (and all
the species of Phaeochrous are extraordinarily alike) it still
more closely resembles P. Beccarit, Har. It is a little
smaller than the Madagascan species, and the puncturation
is less fine and regular. From P. becearw it is distin-
guishable by the less distinct quadruple rows of punctures
upon the elytra, which are a little more shining in the
male. The mandibles in that sex are also more
prominent and more quadrate externally.
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 499
Phaeochrous amplus, sp. n.
Ferrugineus, latus, sat nitidus, capite fortiter, prothorace distincte,
punctatis, elytris crebre et toto irregulariter punctatis, absque lineis
longitudinalibus distinctis :
g, mandibulis haud prominentissimis, tibiis anticis distincte tri-
dentatis ; forcipis lobis duobus productis, dextro acuto, sinistro
obtuso.
Long. 10-12 mm. Lat. max. 5°5-6°5 mm.
Hab. CAMEROONS: Mundame (R&. Rohde). In the
British Museum and German Entomological National
Museum.
This is closely related to P. gambiensis, Westw., but
both sexes are more shining, more strongly punctured on
the head and thorax, and without smooth longitudinal
lines upon the elytra. The male is a little broader, and
the front tibiae, which in P. gambiensis have only two
front teeth, are distinctly tridentate.
Phaeochrous camerunensis, sp. 0.
Piceus, vel rufo-piceus, fere nitidus, capite prothoraceque ubique
leviter punctatis; elytris fortiter irregulariter punctatis, lineis
distinctis longitudinalibus, antice elevatis :
¢, mandibulis prominentissimis, tibiis anticis acute bidentatis ;
forcipis lobo dextro longo, contorto, apice acutissimo, uncinato, lobo
sinistro brevissimo, lato.
Long. 10-12 mm. Lat. max. 5-6 mm.
Hab. CAMEROONS: Mundame (2. Rohde).
In the British Museum and the German Entomological
National Museum.
It is rather darker-coloured and less broad than the
previous species, with the head less punctured and the
elytra more coarsely punctured, with distinct longitudinal
lines, which are slightly elevated in front. It is exceedingly
like P. mashunus, but a little less shining, less coarsely
punctured, and the front tibia of the male has only two
sharp teeth, as in P. gambiensis, Westw.
Phacochrous thomensis, sp. n.
Rufus, capitis vertice elytrisque piceis, sat nitidus; capite pro-
thoraceque parce punctatis, elytris sat crebre punctatis, lineis
longitudinalibus modice distinctis :
¢, mandibulis prominentibus, subcircularibus; tibiis anticis
500 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
distincte 3-dentatis ; forcipis lobis longitudine subaequalibus, dextro
lanceolato, basi paulo inflato, sinistro obtuso.
Long. 10-11 mm. Lat. max. 6 mm.
Hab. W. Arnica: St. THomé L, Vista Alegre (L. Fea,
Oct. 1900). In the British and Genoa Museums.
This is another rather bright and shining species close
to P. amplus, but less broad, with darker and less finely
and uniformly punctured elytra.
Hybochaetodus, gen. nov.
Corpus breviter ovatum, convexum. Oculi haud prominentes, de
supra visi vix perspicui. Clypeus semicircularis, fere ut latus quam
caput. Labrum breve, porrectum, transversum. Mandibulae
porrectae, falciformae, extus obtuse angulatae, apicibus acutis.
Antennae breves, sat crassae. Prothorax lateribus arcuatus. Scu-
tellum minutum, vix perspicum. Corpus subtus grosse striolatum.
Pedes haud longi. Tuibiae anticae 3-dentatae, supra serratae.
Hybochaetodus obscurus, sp. n.
Niger vel piceus, capite pronotoque obscure cupreis, his grosse sat
crebre punctatis, pronoti medio leviter sulcato, ante marginem
posticam late et profunde triangulariter impresso, lateribus regulariter
arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis obsoletis, singulo elytro
carinis angustis circa 13 praebentibus, 4°, 7°, 10° et 13° paulo magis
elevatis, integris, reliquis plus minusve interruptis, tibiis anticis
acute 3-dentatis, supra serratis.
Long. 8mm. Lat. max. 4 mm.
Hab. Peru: Vilcanota.
Two specimens were contained in the Berlin Entomo-
logical Museum, one of which has been presented to the
British Museum.
The genus is a well-marked one allied to Chactodus, but
more ovate and not setose. The scutellum is much re-
duced and covered by the pronotum when the latter is
not drawn forward. The mandibles are large and very
acute, and when the tips meet a gap is left between
mandibles and labrum. The pronotum is very strongly
punctured and has a deep pit just before the base. The
elytra are opaque and closely carinate, each third carina
being very slightly more regular and pronounced than
those intervening.
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 501
Sub-family.—_TROGIN AE.
I have said above that the only genus with any close
relationship to the well-known and widespread genus
Trox is Cryptogenius, known only by a single rare species.
That species, C. miersianus, Westw., inhabits Colombia.
A second species is here described which has been found
in Brazil.
Cryptogenius Fry, sp. nv.
Fusco-brunneus, haud nitidus, angustus, sat depressus, undique
grosse sat parce setosus ; capite rugoso ; prothorace crebre punctato,
lateribus valde rotundatis, serratis, post medium abrupte inflexis,
angulis posticis acutis, baseos medio obtuse angulato, elytris longi-
tudinaliter strigose vermiculato, tuberculis paucis seriatim instructis,
carina acuta integra laterali aliaque interna vestigiali antica, lateribus
obsolete serratis ; pedibus sat longis, femoribus anticis subtus fortiter
mucronatis, tibiis omnibus serratis,
Long. 75 mm. Lat. max. 4mm.
Hab. Brazit: Petropolis.
A single specimen was found in October 1851, by the
late Alexander Fry.
This species has nearly the same size and shape as
C. meersianus, but is a little shorter relatively, not so dark
in colour (which may be only individual), and more finely
and closely sculptured. There is a slight coppery lustre
upon the femora and the front margin of the prothorax.
The most remarkable feature is the very strong hooked
tooth situated at the middle of the lower edge of the front
femur and pointing outwards. The pronotum is very
coarsely and closely punctured, and has not the strong
oblique carinae of C. miersiunus, and the elytra are entirely
covered with fine irregularly broken up_ longitudinal
striations.
It will perhaps not be out of place to record here that
Trox trisuleatus, Curtis (Chili), of which the type is in the
British Museum, is the very common and widespread
species 7’. scaber, L.
Sub-family —IDIOSTOMINAE.
I formed this sub-family in 1904 for a single new genus
of which two species were described, both inhabitants of
502 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
Southern Patagonia. It appears that this curious group
of beetles ranges over a much larger area of South
America and perhaps contains many species. Two or
three have been already described and placed in different
genera of Dynastinae, a group to which, as I pointed out,
they have a superficial resemblance. It will be useful to
bring together the references, which are as follows—
Genus Ip1ostoma, Arrow, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904,
p. 740.
Landbeckt, Phil. (Oryctes), Stett. Ent. Zeit., 18738, p. 309,
Pl. II, fig. 2; Anal. Univ. Santiago, 1887. Chili.
syn. Paulseni, Fairm. (Phyllognathus), Bull. Soc. Ent.
France, 1885, p. 189.
Medon, Arrow, l.c. p. 741. Patagonia.
rufum, Arrow, l.c. S.W. Patagonia.
simplicifrons, Fairm. (Phyllognathus), /.c. Peru.
The two species of Fairmaire are very inadequately
described, but M. Germain has stated that J. Paulsen,
Fairm., and J. Landbecki, Phil., are identical, and that they
belong to a new genus of Orphnidae. I have not seen
M. Germain’s paper, owing to the Chilian periodical not
reaching this country, but my friend Dr. Ohaus has kindly
given me this information and has also sent me for com-
parison with our specimens an example of J. Landbecki
found by himself at San Isidro, Chili. It closely resembles
I. rufum, but is rather more elongate and much less
strongly punctured, while the maxillae have distinct inner
and outer lobes, the inner one very short and both fleshy
and unarmed.
Sub-family.—ACLOPINAE.
Only two genera of this peculiar group are known,
Aclopus, containing two South American species, and
Phaenognatha, containing one species from North Australia,
to which Dr. Heller has recently added another from
Argentina. This is not very similar superficially, but is
so close in all essential points that, although a genus
might well have been made for it, there is no incongruity
in the course which Dr. Heller has preferred, while the in-
teresting geographical distribution of these forms, supply-
ing another instance of the special relationship of the
Australian to the South American fauna, is emphasized.
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 503
In the British Museum there is a specimen of another
Argentine species, not in sufficiently good condition for
description, and a careful examination of all the Australian
examples of Phaenognatha I have been able to bring
together has led me to distinguish six species, all of which
are now represented in the National collection. The
species of Aclopus are still more numerous, but specimens
in good condition are rare. I have described only one
new species.
In comparing the mouth parts of P. Jenseni with those
of P. EHrichsoni, Hope, Dr. Heller has relied upon West-
wood’s figures, which are not in every particular accurate.
The last joint of the maxillary palpus is not shorter than
the preceding joint, but distinctly longer, as it is in
P. Jensen. The Phaenognatha from Rockhampton
examined by Dr. Heller is not Hope’s species but
P. aequistriata, one of the forms here described.
The body is rather soft and plastic in these beetles, and
owing to their rarity it is difficult to determine what
features are most constant and significant from the
systematic point of view. The genitalia are little chitinized
and of very simple form, affording no assistance in the
discrimination of the species. I have already mentioned
that males only have so far been found, and so few of these
exist in European collections that no satisfactory system-
atic study is yet possible. It is to be hoped that closer
investigations by collectors will soon enable the present
rather tentative survey to be superseded.
The following short diagnosis of the typical species is
drawn from the type specimen in the Oxford Museum.
Phaenognatha Evrichsoni, Hope.
Trans. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1845, p. 113, Pl. VI, fig. 5.
Testaceo-rufa, elytris, margine antico excepto, nigris ; corpus sat
latum, clypeo prope marginem anticum cornu recurvato apice
acuminato armato, prothorace lato, elytris sat brevibus, postice valde
attenuatis, profunde geminato-striatis, striis punctatis, interstitiis
alternis latis, irregulariter punctatis, apicibus intus subangulatis,
tarsis posticis longissimis, unguibus minutis.
Long. 15 mm. Lat. max. 8-9 mm.
Hab. NorrH Avstratia: Port Essington.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909.—PaRT [v. (DEC.) LL
504 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
There is a second specimen of this species in the British
Museum, taken by the ornithologist, Gould, at the same
time as the Oxford example.
Phacnognatha angusta, sp. n.
Testaceo-rufa, elytrorum dimidio posteriore nigro; corpus sat
angustum, fulvo-hirtum, clypei medio cornu bicuspidato armato,
prothorace quam elytris paulo latiori, antice late fossato et fulvo-
hirto, elytris sat longis, valde attenuatis, dorso profunde geminato-
striatis, striis punctatis interstitiis alternis latis, irregulariter
punctatis, tarsis posticis longissimis, subtus sat dense _hirsutis,
unguibus minutis.
Long. 145-16 mm. Lat. max. 8 mm.
Hab. N. QUEENSLAND.
This species has been confused with P. Hrichsoni in the
British Museum and other collections. It differs from it
in the following particulars. It is narrower in shape, and
the black patch is restricted to the hinder half of the
elytra. The cephalic horn is placed at a distance from the
margin of the clypeus, and is narrow, parallel-sided and
two-cusped at the end.
Phaenognatha tristis, sp. n.
Nigra, nitida, corpore paulo elongato, subtus dense fulvo-hirto,
clypeo prope marginem anticum cornu recurvato, sat lato, apice
acuminato, armato; prothorace lato, antice late retuso et fulvo-
hirsuto ; elytris postice valde attenuatis, profunde geminato-striatis,
interstitiis alternis latis, omnino irregulariter crebre punctatis ;
tarsis posticis longissimis, sat dense fulvo-pubescentibus, _ pilis
decumbentibus, unguibus minutissimis.
Long. 17-19mm. Lat. max. 9-10 mm.
Hab. N. QUEENSLAND: Mein.
This is the largest species I have seen of the genus.
In addition to its size and dark colour, it differs from
P. Evichsoni, which it most resembles, by its elytra being
more produced behind. The hind tarsi are very long and
thickly hairy. As in P. Hrichsoni, the cephalic horn is
produced to a point and the elytral striae are very distinctly
paired, with the intervening spaces broad and strongly
punctured,
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 505
Phaenognatha aequistriata, sp. n.
Testaceo-rufa, elytrorum apicibus nigris, corpore sat lato, subtus
fulvo-hirto; clypei medio cornu brevi, apice truncato aut bicuspi-
dato, armato ; prothorace latissimo, antice leviter fere semicircula-
riter depresso et fulvo-hirsuto; elytris sat latis, postice modice
attenuatis, profunde punctato-striatis, interstitiis fere aequalibus,
subsuturali et humerali irregulariter punctatis; tarsis posticis
longissimis, articulis longe erecte setosis, unguibus minutis.
Long. 15-16 mm. Lat. max. 8-9 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND. (Simson.)
A small specimen of this species in Herr Felsche’s
collection is from Rockhampton and another from Mackay.
This species has almost the same shape as P. Hvichsona,
and the coloration of P. angusta. The cephalic horn is
very short, tapering but not acuminate, and placed at a
distance from the clypeal margin. The pubescent depres-
sion at the front of the pronotum is very slight, not wide,
and its hind margin is not sharply defined. The elytra
are rather broad, the striae nearly equidistant and the
subsutural and humeral interstices irregularly, but not
very strongly, punctured, and the intervening interstices
not or scarcely punctured. The hind tarsi are very long,
each joint having at its extremity a circlet of long out-
standing bristles, and the claws are not quite as small as
in P. angusta and Hrichsoni.
Phaenognatha seutellata, sp. un.
Rufo-castanea, scutello fere nigro elytrisque testaceis, apicibus
vage infuscatis, capite corporeque subtus sat longe fulvo-hirtis ;
capite omnino rugoso, lato, oculis parvis, sat distantibus, clypeo
prominente, cornu a margine remoto, brevi, angusto ; prothorace
quam elytris vix latiore, lateribus irregulariter punctato, medio fere
laevi, antice paulo retuso et pubescente ; elytris profunde striatis,
strlis vage punctatis, interstitiis aequalibus, subsuturali et humerali
irregulariter punctatis; tarsis posticis quam tibiis duplo longioribus,
articulis extremitate setis longis instructis, unguibus gracilibus,
longitudine vix ad articuli ultimi dimidium aequalibus.
Long. 10-115 mm. Lat. max. 5°5-6°5 mm.
Hab. QUEENSLAND.
The type specimen has been kindly presented to the
National Collection by Mr. B. G. Nevinson, who has a
LL2
506 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow on Characters and Relationships
second example. It is a small species, similarly coloured
to P. Erichsoni, but the scutellum is black, and the black
apical patches of the elytra fade quite gradually in front.
The horn upon the head is slender and distant from the
front of the clypeus. The labrum is very prominent but
not pointed, and the mandibles are rounded at the sides.
The elytra are moderately broad at the shoulders and
taper to the extremities. They are marked with deep and
almost equidistant striae, and the subsutural and humeral
intervals are slightly punctured. The hind tarsi are twice
as long as the tibiae, the joints are circled with long,
stiff, outstanding bristles, and the claws are moderately
long but less than half the length of the claw-joint.
Phaenognatha pusilla, sp. n.
Nigra, vel piceo-nigra, supra nitida, capite corporeque subtus
longe haud dense fulvo-hirtis ; capite lato, oculis parvis, sat distanti-
bus, clypeo prominente, granuloso, cornu postico, brevi, acuminato,
a margine remoto; prothorace quam elytris vix latiore, undique
irregulariter punctato, antice paulo retuso et dense pubescente;
elytris profunde striatis, interstitiis subsuturali et humerali punctis
nonnullis instructis ; tarsis posticis quam tibiis duplo longioribus,
articulis extremitate setis longissimis instructis, unguibus sat longis,
gracilibus, longitudine ad articuli ultimi dimidium aequalibus.
Long. 8°5-10 mm. Lat. max. 5-6 mm.
Hab. N. AustRatta: Alexandria (W. Stalker).
Two specimens have been presented to the Museum by
Sir William Ingram.
It is a uniformly dark species. The eyes are rather
small and distant and the cephalic horn is short and sharp
and situated considerably behind the front margin of the
clypeus. The labrum is narrow, rounded at the apex and
not tapering, and the mandibles are uniformly curved
externally and not sinuated. The anterior depression of
the pronotum is divided in the middle by a slight longi-
tudinal carina and the elytra are not long, moderately
convex and deeply striated, the striae very coarsely but
indistinctly punctured and the interstices smooth except
the subsutural and humeral ones, which bear a few
irregular punctures. The middle and hind tarsi are about
twice the length of the tibiae, the claws are moderately
long (more than half the length of the claw-joint), and the
of the less-known groups of Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 507
tarsal joints have each a circlet of outstanding bristles at
the extremity, each bristle as long as the joint.
Aclopus robustus, sp. 0.
Niger vel nigro-piceus, elongatus, robustus, femoribus tibiisque
crassis, tarsis modice gracilibus ; capite parvo, vertice late arcuatim
impresso et confuse punctato, clypeo fere quadrato, grossissime
punctato, labro sat lato, margine incrassato ; prothorace haud longo,
sat parce punctato; elytris convexis, fortiter crebre punctatis, postice
attenuatis, lateribus arcuatis, costa suturali crassa; tibiis brevibus,
anticis fortiter bidentatis, posterioribus dilatatis, tarsis sat longis,
setis haud erectis.
Long. 10-115 mm. Lat. max. 4-5 mm.
Hab. Rio DE JANEIRO: Cantagallo; Banta.
One specimen in the British Museum was taken by the
late Mr. A. Fry at Cantagallo, and Herr Felsche possesses
two examples from Bahia.
It is a large, strongly-built species, and distinguished,
in addition to its colour, by its short and flattened posterior
tibiae and not excessively long tarsi. The elytra are more
strongly punctured, more rounded at the sides and more
tapered behind than in A. brunneus, Er., the clypeus is
larger and rather rectangular, with a broad thickened
margin, and the labrum is broad and _ has a similarly
thickened anterior margin.
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XVI. Two remarkable forms of Mantid oothecae. By
R. SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
[Read October 20th, 1909. ]
Prate XVII.
In a miscellaneous collection of insects formed by the late
Mr. F. P. Pascoe and recently presented to the Hope De-
partment, Oxford University Museum, by Miss Pascoe, was
found a box containing five Mantid oothecae from Delagoa
Bay. These specimens, together with an ootheca found
at Chamicuros, Peruvian Andes, by the late Edward
Bartlett and now in the Oxford Museum,* are so unlike
the usual type of Mantid egg-case, that descriptions and
figures of them will not be without interest.
The East African specimens, which vary considerably in
size (830 mm.—15 mm. in length x 14 mm.—12 mm. in
diameter), are semi-transparent, bladder-like structures,
elongate-oval to almost spherical in shape and straw-yellow
in colour. Each is attached by a slender ring of parch-
ment-like consistency to the twig of a plant. The sub-
stance forming the walls of an ootheca also resembles very
thin parchment and is in direct continuity with the
attaching ring; its surface is seen to be finely reticulated,
an appearance that is due to the inclusion of air-bubbles
in this dried and hardened secretion of the thecogenous
glands. The oothecae are firmly attached and stand out
from the twigs at varying angles. Along the middle line
on the upper surface of the ootheca there runs a well-
defined ridge. This ridge is made up of a double series
of empty cells, 70 to 40 in number, open at the top but
closed at the bottom, so that they do not communicate
with the interior of the ootheca. The outer walls of these
cells are higher than the inner walls, the ridge, consequently,
when viewed from above, appears to be grooved ; the inner
cell-walls of one series interdigitate with the inner cell-
walls of the other series in a perfectly regular and sym-
* The South American specimen bears the label “ g, ? and
nest,” but I have not been able to find the insects in the Hope
collection of Mantidae,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1909,—PART IV. (DEC.)
510 Mr. R. Shelford on
metrical way. When an ootheca is cut open a septum will
be seen dividing the oothecal cavity almost completely
into a right and left half; it extends inwards from
immediately below the ridge on the upper surface of the
oothecal wall towards the opposite wall, which, however,
it does not reach. The septum is a homogeneous vesicular
membrane of no great thickness but quite opaque; its free
border is irregular in outline. The eggs are placed in 15
to 20 rows on either side of the septum with their long
axis at right angles to it and with the heads of the
embryoes directed outwards; they form two compact
masses which do not cover the whole of the septum but
only about a third of its surface, extending from the free
border towards the line of attachment. In one of the
larger oothecae there are 136 eggs situated on one side of
the septum and apparently an almost equal number are to
be found on the other side. There is no information
accompanying the specimens, so that it is not possible to
say if they were made by a single or by more than one
individual.
The South American specimen is rather different in
appearance from the Delagoa Bay examples, though it is
built on essentially the same plan. It is almost a perfect
sphere, 15 mm. in diameter, hollow, dark green in colour
and semi-transparent; its walls are quite smooth with the
exception of inconspicuous reticulations, and there is no
ridge as in the African specimens. The ootheca is borne
on a slender tubular stalk, and no doubt this was originally
attached to a twig, but it has been cut by the collector so
that the method of attachment cannot be determined now.
In the centre of this hollow sphere is an imperfectly
spherical mass of densely vesicular material like dried foam
in appearance. About 80 eggs are embedded in this mass,
they are set close together with the anterior pole directed
outwards and their arrangement is, roughly speaking,
radiate. This central egg-mass is attached to the outer
wall of the ootheca by a thin septum which incompletely
divides the ootheca into two halves; the line of attach-
ment of this septum corresponds to that of the septum in
the East African oothecae and undoubtedly the two
structures are homologous. A few fragile strands of dried
foam help to moor the central egg-mass to the surrounding
wall of the ootheca.
The accompanying diagrammatic figures of transverse
Two remarkable forms of Mantid oothecae. 511
sections through the two oothecae, together with the
photographs, should make clear anything that is at all
obscure in the foregoing description.
These two forms of Mantid oothecae differ radically from
all those that have previously been described on account
of their hollow nature, whereby the enclosed mass of eggs
Fic. 1.—Diagrammatic transverse Fic, 2.—Diagrammatic transverse
section of the ootheca from section of the ootheca from
Delagoa Bay. the Andes.
Fic. 5.—Portion of the grooved ridge of the Delagoa Bay
ootheca viewed from above.
is surrounded by an empty air-space. Thanks to the
admirable researches of Giardina * we are acquainted with
the structure and method of formation of the ootheca of
the European Mantis, JZ, religiosa. In this species—and
it is probable that in nearly all the J/antinae the structure
of the ootheca is essentially similar—the eggs are enclosed
in a double series of thin-walled cells; the cells, except a
few at the anterior and posterior ends of the ootheca, are
practically divided into an internal and an external half ;
the former contain the eggs, the latter are empty and
together form a thick spongy layer protecting the inner
core of eggs. Hach egg-cell communicates with the
exterior by a narrow passage, opening on the upper surface
* Natural. Siciliano (N.S.), Anno II,and Giorn. Soc. Sci. Nat. Econ.
Palermo, XXII (1899).
512 Mr. R. Shelford on
of the ootheca, which here presents a double series of
imbricating scales; these scales are in reality the free ends
of the lamellae which form the walls of the egg-cells and
between them lie the passages to the interior of the egg-
cells. The young larvae, when ready to emerge, have
merely to push their way along the “canali di uscita,” as
Giardina terms them, in order to gain access to the outer
world. This is a very bald description of an extremely
complicated structure, but it suffices for my present purpose,
and readers anxious for further details must consult
Giardina’s two memoirs. The nests of species of Ameles
are described by the same authority; they chiefly differ
from that of Mantis religiosa by the presence of a grooved
ridge apparently very like that in the Hast African
oothecae here described ; at the bottom of the ridge occurs
the double row of the openings of the “canali di uscita.”
The ridge, in fact,is strictly homologous with the double
row of imbricating scales in the nest of Mantis and is
formed by the free ends of the lamellae composing the
walls of the egg-cells. I will return to this point later.
The ootheca of Gongylus gongylodes (sub-fam. Hmpusinae)
has been described in some detail by Captam C. E.
Williams in the Transactions of this Society for 1904,
pp. 129-1381, and I need not allude further to this excel-
lent piece of work beyond remarking that the egg-cells
are not protected by a surrounding spongy layer of empty
cells but by a layer of hardened foam only $in. thick; the
young larva “softens the end of the cell in which it lies,
and this falls outwards as a small disc hanging by a silk
thread,” and the larva is now free to walk out of its
prison. The ootheca of Hymenopus bicornis (sub-fam.
Harpaginae) is very like that of Gongylus and the emerg-
ence of the larvae is effected in the same manner.
Turning now to the Blattidae, which are more nearly
related to the Mantidae than is any other family of the
Orthoptera,* we find that the ootheca of a species such as
Blatta orientalis is a chitinous capsule in which the eggs
are tightly packed; when the larvae are ready to emerge
either by their movements or perhaps by the action of a
cephalic ampulla (cf. Mlle. Pavlova, Zool. Anz., 1895, p. 7)
* Handlirsch (Die fossilen Insekten, p. 1290) regards the Blattidae
and the Mantidae as orders of the sub-class Blattaeformia, and the
Acridiidae + Locustidae + Gryllidae, the Phasmidae and the Der-
maptera as orders of the sub-class Orthopteroidea.
ee
Two remarkable forms of Mantid oothecae. 513
the sides of the capsule are forced apart and the larvae are
liberated.
But the larvae of the Mantidae that formed the remark-
able oothecae described in this paper, when they throw off
their egg membranes are in very different case, for they
find themselves in a relatively vast and empty space, the
walls of which are both tough and smooth. ‘They can
find no point d'appui whence they can exert pressure on
the oothecal wall, and it is difficult to see how with their
tender mandibles they can gnaw their way through this
resistant tissue. At one time I was inclined to believe
that the ridge on the East African oothecae was a line of
dehiscence and marked, so to speak, the line of least resist-
ance in the structure. But this is not so, the ridge is the
toughest part of all,and even if it was a line of dehiscence,
where is this line in the South American specimen? For
the release of the larvae, then, either the bladder-like
oothecae must crack open at the propitious moment, or, as
appears more probable, the larvae are provided with some
special organ that enables them to pierce or rasp a way
through the walls of their prisons.
The grooved ridge on the East African ootheca deserves
another word of notice. Superficially it resembles the
grooved ridge on the ootheca of Ameles and might be
regarded as formed in a similar way. But this cannot be
so. The ridge of the ootheca of Ameles is the product
of the free ends of the lamellae forming the walls of
the egg-cells; as each cell is made and each egg laid a
portion of the ridge is formed and its construction pro-
ceeds part passu with the growth in size of the ootheca.
It is plain, therefore, that each element or division of
the ridge is in direct relation with an egg and egg-cell.
The ridge in the African oothecae is, as stated, made up
of a double series of compartments, but these compart-
ments bear no relation to the internal structure of the
ootheca. The septum is homogeneous and shows no trace
of the segmental arrangement characteristic of the internal
structure of the ootheca of other Mantidae. Moreover, the
eggs not only lie at right angles to the direction of the
ridge, instead of in the same plane as in Ameles, but are
also much more numerous than the compartments of the
ridge, and the number of rows in which they are arranged
is less than the number of compartments. It seems, then,
almost certain that this grooved ridge is functionless as
514. Mr. R. Shelford on Mantid oothecae.
regards the emergence of the larvae, so that if it is the
morphological equivalent of the grooved ridge in Ameles
ootheca and of the imbricating scales of Mantis oothecae—
and I am by no means convinced that this is the case—it is
certainly not the physiological equivalent of those struc-
tures. The sequence of events in the construction of the
African oothecae can, in the absence of direct observations,
only be guessed at. The first part to be formed is evi-
dently the attaching ring, then on this is built in a semi-
circular sweep the grooved ridge, to which is fixed the
septum with the eggs; the final stage in the process is
probably the formation of the thin enveloping wall. Such
may or may not be the sequence of events—an hour’s
observation of the living insect at work can upset the
most closely-reasoned theory formed in the museum or
laboratory. It is noteworthy that neither in the African
nor South American oothecae are the eggs enclosed in
separate cells.
Bilateral symmetry, which is so marked a characteristic
of all Mantid oothecae, is clearly distinguishable in the
African egg-cases here described, but is scarcely to be dis-
tinguished in the South American specimen owing to its
spherical shape and to the radiate arrangement of the
eggs; the position of the septum is the only feature that
remains to show that this ootheca is derived from a
bilaterally symmetrical form.
A much reduced figure of an ootheca from the Egyptian
Sudan, closely resembling those described above from
Delagoa Bay, is figured on Plate II of SitzB. Kais. Akad.
Wiss. math, naturw. Klasse cxvi, Abt. 1 (1907); it was
taken at Gondokoro by Dr. Fr. Werner. There is no
mention of it in the text.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
[See Explanation facing the PLATE. |
Dec. 31, 1909.
hens
ane
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.
Variation in clasps of Plebeiws argus (aegon). Ends of clasps
x 60 diams.
Figs. 1 and 2.
39 3 ” 4
” 5 9 6
ot dh Vas Os
9 9 9) 10
+ 11
5 12
. 13
+ 14
15
Right and left clasps of a specimen from Bejar, Spain.
. Right and left clasps of a specimen from Canales,
Spain.
. Right and left clasps of a specimen from Digne,
France.
Right and left clasps of a specimen from Claremont,
England.
. Right and left clasps of a specimen from Kent (?),
England.
. One clasp from a Japanese specimen.
. One clasp from a Japanese specimen (micrargus).
. One clasp from an English specimen.
. One clasp from an English specimen (Kent ?).
. One clasp from an English specimen (Kent 2)
froc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate A.
Photo. A. E. Clark. C. Hentschel.
PLEBEIUS ARGUS: VARIATION IN CLASPS.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE B.
Ancillary appendages of species of PLEBETUS to illustrate relation-
ships of P. argus (aegon). (See Proc. p. xvii.)
Fig. 1. Dorsum of P. argus, x 30.
2. a , PL. argyrognomon, X 30.
3. End of clasp of P. argyrognomon, x 100.
aS a, 5s P. scudderi, x 60.
5. Dorsum, x 20 nt Wee
6 End of clasp, ~60 J of P. rutilans.
7. Dorsum, x 20 oo
3. End of clasp, x 60 } Sag ti
9. Dorsum, x 20 \ 5
10. End of clasp, TOOT RB Aho
11. Dorsum, x 20 ? oe
12. End of clasp, x 60 i of P. haberhauert.
13. Dorsum, x 20 i a ue
14, End of clasp, GO | of P. sieversi.
N.B.—Note, in comparing, the greater enlargement of Fig. 3, to
show the fine teeth, and that Figs. 1 and 2 are enlarged one and a
half times more than Figs. 5, 7,9, 11, and 13.
Plebeius cleobis and eversmanni are very similar to P. argyrognomon.
P. scudderi, melissa, and zephyrus (lycidas) have dorsa something
like that of P. argus, but ends of clasps similar to those of the
P. argyrognomon group.
I have not met with any species with ends of clasps more definitely
intermediate between those of P. argus and P. argyrognomon than
those here figured.
All these species (with very various macroscopic characters) are
rather intermediate between P. argus and P. argyrognomon than out-
side them. This is what makes it difficult to believe that the
general similarity of those two species shows close relationship and is
not rather due to approach from similar environment or other cause.
Except P. lycidas they are the only European species of the genus,
the only generally distributed species.
Plebeius acmon and some others are apparently outside the
limits marked by P. argus and P. argyrognomon, and there are,
I need hardly say, a few species I have not had an opportunity of
examining.
T. ASG)
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate B.
Photo, F. N. Clark.
ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF PLEBEII.
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DMO ANY Malye
8,
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE C.
To illustrate colour differences in pupae of P. brassicae exposed to
different temperatures at period of pupation (see Proceedings, p. lviii).
All the P. brassicae were affected like those photographed. Pupae
of P. rapae treated in the same way showed similar effects, but with
decided exceptions.
3 upper figures at normal temperature.
3 lower figures at 86°.
Twice natural size.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate C.
Photo, H. Main.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PIERIS BRASSICAE
AY PUPATION.
Pa ey eee PS en a a Ce ea ae
EXPLANATION OF PLATE D.
PLUME-SCALES OF PIERINAR.
Fic. 1. BeLENoIis THYSA—f, fimbriae; J, lamina; s, footstalk ;
d, disc.
2. KUCHLOE CARDAMINES.
3. MyYLOTHRIS AGATHINA.
4, GANORIS RAPAE.
In these figures, magnified about 480 diameters, an attempt is
made to represent in each case the characteristic sculpturing of
the chitinous scale.
Noticeable points in Belenois thysa are (1) the bend in the foot-
stalk, which as it leaves the lamina is directed first upwards and
then downwards, and (2) the large comparative size and opacity of
the accessory disc.
In Euchloe cardamines may be observed (1) the comparative
bluntness of the apex, (2) the longitudinal ribbing of the lamina in
relation with the fimbriae, and (3) the small size of the accessory
disc.
The figure of the scale of Mylothris agathina shows the chitinous
network of the lamina, and other remarkable features characteristic
of the African Mylothris.
In Ganoris rapae should be noted the elegant contour of the scale,
its elaborate and regular sculpturing, and the opacity arising from
the accumulation of small granules near the apex,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate D.
i)
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F, A. Dixey del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE E.
PLUME-SCALES OF PIERINAE.
Fic. 1. TERACOLUS PHLEGYAS. Fig. 6. LEUCERONIA PHARIS.
2. +s CHRYSONOME.
By = ERIS.
4, PrycHOPTERYX (Hronia)
~I
ERONIA CLEODORA.
EUCHLOE EUPHENO.
DAPTONURA LYCIMNIA.
LUCASII. 10, PINACOPTERYX LILIANA.
5. NEPHERONIA PHOCAEFA.
so 90
The scales represented in this plate are drawn only in outline, and
are magnified about 260 diameters.
The figures show the large size of the disc in the purple-tipped
and protomedia groups of Teracolus ; the curiously attenuated scent-
scale of 7. eris; the differences characterising the three kinds of
‘““ Fronia”; the remarkable and unique scale of “ Ptychopteryx”
(or “ Eronia”) lweasii ; the peculiar hair-like plumule of Huchloe
eupheno ; the still more hair-like scent-scales of Daptonura ; and
the flask-shaped lamina with large oval or figure-of-eight-shaped
dise found in Pinacopteryx liliana.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate £.
sill
yy
Ff, A, Dixey del.
PLUME-SCALES OF PIERINAE.
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ya hy We
EXPLANATION OF PLATE F.
PLUME-SCALES OF PIERINAE.
Fig. 1. BELENOIS GIDICA. Fic. 8. MYLOTHRIS LYPERA.
2. PEREUTE SWAINSONII. 9, LEPTOPHOBIA ARIPA.
3. EUTERPE TEREAS. 10. NYCHITONA DIONE.
4, CATASTICTA FLISA. 11. TACHYRIS PLACIDIA (fore-
5. DELIAS PANDEMIA. wing).
6. PIERIS PHALOE. 12. TACHYRIS PLACIDIA (hind-
Vie 3» PYLOTIS. wing).
The figures in this, as in the preceding plate, are drawn only in
outline, and are magnified about 260 diameters.
They illustrate the remarkable scent-scale, unique in its genus, of
Belenois gidica; the extreme breadth in proportion to length found
in the scent-scales of many species of Catasticta; the great difference
in respect of these structures between the genera Pereute and Euterpe ;
the resemblance in lamina and difference in disc between Delias and
a section of “ Pieris” or Perrhybris; the likeness between another
section of “ Pieris” and the so-called American Mylothris; the
wide difference between the latter and the African species related
to M. agathina and M. chloris (compare Plate D, fig. 3). Other
points to be noted are the minute disc of Leptophobia; the trowel-
like outline of Nychitona ; the relatively enormous accessory disc
characteristic of the scales from the hindwing in species of the
celestinw group of Tachyris, and the other remarkable differences
between scales from fore- and hind-wing respectively in T. placidia.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1g09, Plate F.
4 wy
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/
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uid i\t
‘a7
ao
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Lr. A, Dixey del.
PLUME-SCALES OF PIERINAE.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fic. 1. Larva of Hamanumida daedalus (Fab.), viewed dorsally,
on upperside of leaf of its food-plant, Combretwm quienzii, Sond.
(From specimen preserved in formalin.) Hab. Durban, Natal.
Fras. 2, 2a. Hoplitis phyllocampa, n. sp, ¢ and 9. Hab.
Malvern, near Durban, Natal.
Fies, 2b, 2c. Larva of Hoplitis phyllocampa, n. sp., viewed later-
ally, and also:dorsally. (From specimen preserved in formalin.)
Hab. Malvern, near Durban, Natal.
Fras. 2d, 2e. Larva of Hoplitis phyllocampa, n. sp., viewed later-
ally, and also from behind and rather below, on stem of its food-
plant, Combretum quienzii, Sond. (From photographs of living
specimens taken by Mr. J. N. Burn, of Durban.) Hab. Malvern,
near Durban, Natal.
Fias. 3, 3a. Eulophonotus myrmeleon, Feld., ¢ and 2. Hab.
Durban, Natal.
Fia. 3b. Larva of Huwlophonotus myrmeleon, Feld. (From speci-
men preserved in formalin.) Hab. Durban, Natal.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., tgo9. Plate I.
Horace Knight, del. André & Sleigh, Ltd.
SouTH AFRICAN LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE, &C.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Fia.1. Metriorrhynchus apterus, Lea.
2. Telephorus nobilitatus, Er.
3. Pa kershawi, Lea.
4. Laius armicollis, Lea.
5. Carphurus pravus, Lea.
6. Neocarphwrus sobrinus, Lea.
7. Helcogaster parallelus, Lea. Head seen from behind.
8. 5 varius, Lea. . a ‘9
9) niger, Lea. bs . 33
10. 35 tuberculifrons, Lea. %y k 3
tails bs maculiceps, Lea, 3 * 5p
12: re T-tuwberculatus, Lea. 5 33 5
13. 45 helmsi, Lea. A : 0
14, Head seen from the side.
e}r) ”
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate J/1.
A. M. Lea del. C. Hentschel.
AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN MALACODERMIDAE.
Fie.
. Metriorrhynchus atratus, Fab.
15
16.
ike
18.
‘LG:
20.
21,
22.
SS
24,
26
27
28.
29.
30
dl.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
”
EXPLANATION OF PLATE ITI.
rhipidius, W.S. Macl. Antennae,
Mh)
Antenna.
= Antennal rami.
testaceicollis, Macl. Antennae.
ramosus, Lea. Antenna.
constricticollis, Lea. e
heterodoxus, Lea. 5
. Pseudolychus wallacei, Lea.
. Trichalus semiatratus, Lea.
”
”
flabellicornis, Lea.
oP) PP
. Heteromastix gagaticeps, Lea.
crassicornis, Lea.
distortus, Lea,
macleayi, Lea.
laticollis, Lea.
inflatus, Lea.
gagaticeps, Lea.
crassicornis, Lea.
laticollis, Lea.
decipiens, Lea.
distortus, Lea.
>
Antennal rami.
Antenna.
” cde] ?
” ” ”
> ” ”
Joints 3, 4&5 of antenna.
: =)
8 AG Se IE ADS NG
i A ican
PZ Lee
onan.
BLLLLIILDS =
CS raanaeee
TOE. |
ALVIS ROA FO
NR Bs vine .
Bat
x it's
5
ee ae
ied Heise ae.
sey x PARES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Fig
oe are ix bicolor, Bot Terminal joints of
49, f eteromastix bicolor, Boh. erminal joints of antenna.
43, var. secundus, Lea. ,, Pe 7
44, )
45. | id flavifrons, Lea. Pe , oa
46.
47. “3 Frater, Lea. " ue -
48, | ;
49. J a pallipes, Lea. » ” ”
50. Laius armicollis, Lea. ) 35 ss
51. ,, cinctus, Redt. Antenna.
52. ,, conicicornis, Blackb. %
53. , major, Blackb. “A
54. ,, sinus, Lea. <
55. ,, pallidus, Lea. 3
56. ,, villosus, Lea. 55
57. ,, plagiaticollis, Fairm. -
58. , carus, Lea. is
59. ,, mnidicola, Lea.* i
60. ,, alleni, Lea. ‘
61. ,, sculptus, Lea. es
62. ,, orthodoxus, Lea. -
63. ,, tarsalis, Lea. ¥3
64. ,, cavicornis, Lea. %
65. ,, cimetus, Redt. Basal joints of antenna.
66. 4, cyanocephalus, Lea. 5 i
67. ,, wrugiceps, Lea. A si
68. ,, ~ intermedius, Lea. Pe 3
69. ,, villosus, Lea. 5 O
70. 4, nodicornis, Blackb. 5
71. 4, + planiceps, Lea. ‘ 4
72. 4, nidicola, Lea. vs é
73. 4, orcicornis, Lea. “4 a
74. ,, torsalis, Lea. a a
"6. \ » cavicornis, Lea. - ‘5
77. Hypattalus dispar, Lea. Antenna,
78. Helcogaster foveicoriis, Lea. “
79. e By ss Basal joints of antenna.
* The antennae of nodicornis and cyanocephalus look much the
same as this from certain directions.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate IV.
I
A, M. Lea del. C. Hentschel.
AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN MALACODERMIDAE.
I
- ie are Lore
&
a
af ‘a ae, Bah a bie eid
te;
nye a Mine aX, us isi ane a
i = ae
alt coches see
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Fia.
80. Metriorrhynchus ampliatus, Macl. Prothorax.
81. es posticalis, Macl. %
82. es basiflavus, Lea. a
83. 53 constricticollis, Lea. ,,
84. eA triareolatus, Lea. re
85. ee costicollis, Lea. A
86. a militaris, Lea. ”
87. . variupennis, Lea. 9
88. ns heterodoxus, Lea. A
89. Trichalus insignis, Lea. 55
90. a griffithi, Lea. %
91. Heteromastix tenwis, Lea. 5
92. Carphurus pallidipennis, Macl. v
93. - marginiventris, Fairm. 93
94. 4 rhytideres, Lea. Side view of prothorax.
95. Neocarphurus chlorops, Lea. Prothorax.
96. Helcogaster incisicollis, Lea. -
o%. ss spinicollis, Lea. 5
= | Lawiola humilis, Oliv. Apical segments of abdomen.
100. x pudica, Oll. 33 5
ia \ ' platygaster, Lea. ” ” ”
103. Atyphella brevis, Lea. ” Y ”
104. :
105. \ Selenurus appendiculatus, Lea, » ” »
106. Hypattalus mucronatus, Lea. Elytron.
107. Carphurus cristatifrons, Fairm.
108. os blackburni, Lea. 4
109. A uncinatus, Lea, is
ite: | Metriorrhynchus tibialis, Lea. Hind, tibia.
112. Heteromastix distortus, Lea. Front leg.
113. Laius cinctus, Redt, 5
Wh sp sy a Front femur.
115. Laius alleni, Lea. Front leg seen from below.
116. ,, tarsalis, Lea. Front tarsus.
117. Hypattalus australis, Fairm. Hind tibia.
118. A pulcherrimus, Lea. Front femur.
119. 3 mucronatus, Lea. Front leg.
120. *s dentipes, Lea. Le
121. Hypattalus dentipes, Lea. Hind leg.
122. ‘ distortipes, Lea. Hind tibia.
123. Carphurus elegans, Lea. Front tarsus,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate V.
ia
=
ba)
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OBE
a
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bp)
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C. Hentschel.
AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN MALACODERMIDAE.
~~
%
a4 ¢
a
te
S
~'
Ks
as
?
i
ier
nee
eS
BN
a
R @
Ss
™N
3
“
~
®
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
*
Fia.
124, Laius verticalis, W. 8. Macl. Elytron.
125
126. } » btrisignatus, Germ. 4
127.
128. ,, bellulws, Guer. a
sh \ » einctus, Redt. a
131. 4, conicicornis, Blackb. ¥
132. ,, major, Blackb. a
133. ,,_ eyanocephalus, Lea. *
134. ,, pallidus, Lea, var. *
135. ,, rugiceps, Lea.
136. ,, intermedius, Lea. a
137.
138 \ » villosus, Lea.
139. ,, plagtaticollis, Fairm. oh
140. ,, 5-notatus, Fairm. 3
141, ,,. carus, Lea. ig
142. ,, egenus, Lea. e
143. ,, planiceps, Lea. _
144. ,, _ sculptrs, Lea. $y
= \ , orthodoxus, Lea. -
147. —,, ~~ tarsalis, Lea. 3
148,
149, } » flavopictus, Lea. a
150. 5, cavicornis, Lea, 35
151. Hypattalus alphabeticus, Lea. B
152. 3 pulcherrimus, Lea. 54
153. i exilis, Lea. 3
154. Selenurus variegatus, Blackb. -
155. 7 annulatus, Macl. .
156. 5 luteopictus, Fairm. Fe
157. Telephorus curvipes, Lea. .
158. - mastersi, Macl, 4
Fic.
159,
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
Td.
178.
Explanation of Plate
Telephorus imperialis, Redt.
Metriorrhynchus disconiger, Redt.
a nigrovittatus, Lea.
\ 3 triareolatus, Lea.
A. constricticollis, Lea.
Helcogaster varius, Lea.
< marginicollis, Lea.
Carphurus atricapillis, Lea.
\ 9 elongatus, Macl.
Selenurus tricolor, Lea.
Telephorus flavipennis, Macl.
P imperialis, Redt.
. curvipes, Lea.
i nobilitatus, Lea.
VI.
Elytron.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate VI.
thes
env anves
VU Fy
ones i Seon
eg
iH
es
my w @. 175
A.M. Lea del. C. Hentschel.
AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN MALACODERMIDAE.
Fie. 1.
12.
13.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Polyzosteria pubescens, Tepp., 9.—Apex of abdomen,
dorsal view.
Euzosteria patula, Walk., 9.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria melanaria, Er., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, a,
dorsal view, b, ventral view.
Platyzosteria melanaria, Er., 9 .—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria aterrima, Er., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria aterrima, Er., 2.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria ferox, sp. n., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, a, dorsal
view, b, ventral view. ;
Platyzosteria armata, Tepp., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria armata, Tepp., 9 .—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria bifida, Sauss., ¢.— Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria punctata, Br., 9.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria novae-seelandiae, Br., ¢.—Left tegmen.
Platyzosteria variolosa, Bol., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate VII.
C. Hentschel.
H. Knight del.
AUSTRALIAN BLATTINAE.
i ae 341A
Poe PX Ss Dae dee ie bee ek a
at Be vile t
Sis 1 Taye ,
fs oy a
ie eee Se De OF) ie ~
i
Pye Aeon
Nes
Bs th |
Fra. 14.
26.
27.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
Platyzosteria atrata, Er., g¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria invisa, Walk., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria invisa, Walk., 9 .—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria punctata, Br., g.—Apex of abdomen, a,
dorsal view, b, ventral view.
Platyzosteria castanea, Br., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, a, dorsal
view, b, ventral view.
Platyzosteria obscura, Tepp., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria scabriuscula, Tepp., ¢.—Apex of abdomen,
dorsal view.
Platyzosteria morosa, Shelf. ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Platyzosteria albomarginata, Br., ¢.—Apex of abdomen,
dorsal view.
Platyzosteria obscuripes, Tepp., ¢ nymph.—Apex of abdo-
men, dorsal view.
Platyzosteria soror, Br., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, a, dorsal
view, b, ventral view.
Platyzosteria communis, Tepp., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, a,
dorsal view, b, ventral view.
Platyzosteria semivitta, Walk.—a, Apex of abdomen ¢
dorsal view, b, ditto ventral view, c, apex of abdomen @
dorsal view, d, maxillary palp ¢, e, maxillary palp 9,
f, posterior tibia ¢.
Platyzosteria coolgardiensis, Tepp., ¢.—Apex of abdomen,
dorsal view,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate VIII.
aS)
16
H. Knight dei. C. Hentschel,
AUSTRALIAN BLATTINAE.
Tare wis? sores ME e i.
a
ae eget A rr eee 2 .
wee? oS eee) sell ay pUta paw ito sts ah {H8
ee
eg
i
ey PI
ein joi mie Wir ensue eke ee)
I ek
ra
BEV aun: ahe gate oaks de:
/ ar" S.
hizeul eens ey shes 2
be. : ik ; ¥ ‘pau J “gots :
points bie hiyiee si: ae a a coe er et soapy “ee Oa
; . ed po ath arc. rst Me | va Sah hes Heer a ; ;
e! Tain « chat ere: F hee Ate ee Daa rs, FS.
ahs ai). ee my. < Py Vato ge wag. aM NS) eT cat
ins ors ven ae
: ne F pet LAs s
Fig. 28.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
Zonioploca pallida, Shelf., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, a, dorsal
view, b, ventral view.
Platyzosteria aposematica, sp. n., 9.—Apex of abdomen,
ventral view.
Platyzosteria, rufoterminata. Br., 9.—Apex of abdomen,
dorsal view.
Cosmozosteria zonata, Walk., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Cosmozosteria zonata, Walk., ?.
view.
Cosmozosteria bicolor, Sauss. 9.—Apex of abdomen,
dorsal view.
Anamesia polyzona, Walk., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Anamesia polyzona, Walk., 9 .—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Temnelytra wndulivitta, Walk., ¢.—Apex of abdomen,
dorsal view. :
Temnelytra truncata, Br., ¢.—a, lst and 2nd abdominal
tergites, b, apex of abdomen, dorsal view.
Phenacisma semialata, sp. n., 9 .—Left wing.
Gynopeltis neavei, sp. n., ¢.—Apex of abdomen, dorsal
view.
Posterior tarsus of, a, Polyzosteria limbata, b, Cutilia nitida,
c, Blatta orientalis.
Apex of abdomen, dorsal
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate IX.
28 | 29
Cc
Hi. Knight del. C. Hentschel.
AUSTRALIAN AND AFRICAN BLATTIDAE.
«
we
--
x
* 4 ghee 5 ‘ca
Pie
nd
AAT BS
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fic. 1. Poecilocoris croesus.
2. Rhynchocoris bicolor.
3a. Alcimocoris marapokensis.
4a. Embolosterna wnicolorus.
5. Amissus testaceus.
6. Sanganus jenseni.
7a. Lembeja crassa.
8a. Philagra flavosparsa.
9. Carcinochelis ornatus.
10a. Tribelocephala gigantea
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate X.
A. Knight del. C. Hentschel.
MALAYAN RHYNCHOTA.
.
~" =)8 . : : . - a : 6 _ ’ *
PEL LA OE ee eee eve re 2,
ee
at
ty
Y x
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
Fie. 1. Thecla paphlagon, Feld., ¢, p. 434.
adamsi, sp. nov. ¢, p. 432.
gibberosa tomlinsoni, ¢, nov. p. 433.
melidor, sp. nov. ¢, p. 431.
ematheon, Cr. ¢, p. 432.
crepundia, sp. nov. ¢, p. 435. Magnified 1$.
phrosine, sp. nov. 9, p. 435. Magnified 14.
vesper, Sp. nov. g, p. 436.
gamma, sp. nov. 2 (2), p. 487. Magnified 13.
heodes, sp. nov. ¢, p. 487.
» Sp. nov. 9, p. 438.
purpurantes, H. H. Druce, 9, p. 435.
alatus, H. H. Druce, @, p. 434.
———
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,1909. Pl. XI.
H. Knight del.et lith. West, Newman chr.
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN NEOTROPICAL LYCAENIDAE.
Boe ee
oo
pal
so H
—
S
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
. Stethynium triclavatum, ¢ x 33 diams.
s5 = @ x 33 diams.
A 6 antenna of ¢ x 45 diams.
0 os ss Q x 45 diams.
= 3p wings of x 45 diams.
Cleruchus pluteus, ¢ x 33 diams.
FS a @ x 33 diams.
ss » antenna of ¢ x 45 diams.
“ . ‘5 2 x 45 diams,
= wings of x 45 diams.
i a st ies
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate X11.
M
EZ \\
MAY
en
ernaenee
Photo-micro
ad nat, F. Enock.
NEW BRITISH MYMARIDAE.
me
2.
3.
» 4
5
6.
is
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
Parallelaptera panis, g x 33 diams,
” ” Q XG ats diams.
2 » antenna of ¢ x 45 diams.
” ” » ® se) x 45 diams.
» Wings of x 45 diams.
. ”
Erythmelus goochi, ¢ x 33 diams.
~ 5) (2X 33. diams:
m » antenna of ¢ x 45 diams.
re “i 4 @ x 45 diams.
is » wings of x 45 diams.
. Dicopus minutissima, 2 x 33 diams.
3 a antenna of 9 x 45 diams.
ss ss wings of x 45 diams.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate XIII.
MQ 4
\S
FAIRE
WY W XU GE
2s
Photo-micro
ad nat. F. Enock.
NEW BRITISH MYMARIDAE.
”
”
?
el
2
3
4
5 ”
6
7
8
9.
10.
11.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Enaesius agilis, ¢ x 18 diams.
a bEGS XU1S diamas:
» antenna of ¢ x 33 diams.
» wings of x 33 diams.
. Stephanodes elegans, g x 18 diams.
@ x 33 diams.
@ x 18 diams.
antenna of ¢ x 33 diams.
Ay 9 x 33 diams.
wings of x 33 diams.
scape and carina of x 118 diams.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate XIV.
TEN
TATE
Photo-micro
ad nat. F. Enock.
NEW BRITISH MYMARIDAE.
> Aead
Ft
Perit hase ae ¢
‘
Fic. 1. Oophilus longicauda, ¢ x 18 diams.
2.
2 oe go
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
”
”
”
”
”
Q x 18 diams.
Q side x 18 diams.
antenna of ¢ x 33 diams.
3 2 x 33 diams.
wings of x 33 diams.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate XV.
Photo-micro
ad nat. F. Enock.
NEW BRITISH MYMARIDAE.
SAVE arha'l 40 notrawaiaa dl
Aestine sonbess fue EEL ey SY ckdvivenlh ehigpns'§ [ HAS:
LA Sd): Cae iS Remy 9 f
Aras qe baat Wine ABE, 5, P a eT ae
°
f
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
Fic. 1. Peucephila essoni, 9. Upper and under sides.
la.
1b.
le.
1d.
”
”
”
”
”
”
”
”
head enlarged.
side view of head, body and abdomen.
neuration.
legs.
Trans.Ent. Soc. Lond.1909. Pl. XVI
H. Knight del. West, Newman chr.
PEUCH PHILA ESSONI, Hampson.
rm ®
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
Fic. 1. Oothecae of Mantid from Delagoa Bay. na
A. An ootheca cut open, showing the eggs and median
septum.
B. Portion of oothecal wall removed from A.
C. Intact ootheca.
2. Ootheca of Mantid from the Andes split open to show the
central egg-mass.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, Plate X VII.
TY PE LLL TTY |
Photo, A. Robinson.
MANTID OOTHECAE.
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